scholarly journals Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Maltese Citizens Abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 337-355
Author(s):  
Hillary Briffa ◽  
Alessandra Baldacchino
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Domestic Law

Abstract This chapter assesses the social protection policies enacted by the Maltese government to support Maltese citizens living abroad. First, the current status of the Maltese diaspora and their engagement with the homeland is contextualized, and key infrastructure and policies outlined. In the Maltese legal system, there is no domestic law granting the right to consular or diplomatic protection, however this is offered as a matter of practice based on respect for the fundamental rights of the individual. The strength of historic ties with the destination countries of Maltese emigrants is mainly reflected in the number of Reciprocal Agreements signed between Malta and partner countries. An overview of these formal treaties and their assured benefits is provided. Thereafter, five areas of concern for the social security needs of Maltese diaspora are addressed: unemployment, healthcare, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The chapter concludes by acknowledging the communication initiatives between the Maltese government and its citizens abroad; however, it recognises that there is still a long way to go in terms of ensuring democratic participation of citizens in elections. Throughout, the evidence has been compiled primarily as a result of consultation with primary source material, as well as interviews with a range of experts within relevant Maltese governmental bodies.

scholarly journals Dødens variation

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merethe Sundby-Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Religious Importance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Aztekisk dødekult og dødeforestillingerThe subject is dealt with in the light of Bernadino de Sahagun's extensive source material from the mi-sixteenth century, but in relation to the theoretical discussions and the use of the sources, I refer to previous works: The first argues for a separate land of the dead for children; and the second treats the social and religious importance of women in Aztec society. In the light of interpretations based on analyses of the interaction between the descriptions of ritual and myth, I describe the Aztec lands of the dead: Mictlan, Tlalocan, *Tonacatlan and Ichan tonatiu ilhujcac. Which land of de dead the individual was to reside in depended neither on social position nor on meritorious acts, but only the circumstances of the death, the funeral form and the ritual equipment ensured access to the right environment. Most adults went to Mictlan, children went to *Tonacatlan and people who died in connection with water went to Tlalocan. Ichan tonatiu ilhujcac (the home of the sun in the sky) was reserved for young women and men who died in active battle - for women active battle meant death in childbed and for men death in the heat of war or as victims on the enimies' sacrificial stone. The distance between life and death seems minimal in the Aztec world - the living made use of death and the dead.

The 2016 Police and Crime Commissioner elections

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the 2016 elections for Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) and to compare them with those that took place in 2012. It seeks to evaluate the background of the candidates who stood for office in 2016, the policies that they put forward, the results of the contests and the implications of the 2016 experience for future PCC elections. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based around several key themes – the profile of candidates who stood for election, preparations conducted prior to the contests taking place, the election campaign and issues raised during the contests, the results and the profile of elected candidates. The paper is based upon documentary research, making particular use of primary source material. Findings The research establishes that affiliation to a political party became the main route for successful candidates in 2016 and that local issues related to low-level criminality will dominate the future policing agenda. It establishes that although turnout was higher than in 2012, it remains low and that further consideration needs to be devoted to initiatives to address this for future PCC election contests. Research limitations/implications The research focusses on the 2016 elections and identifies a number of key issues that emerged during the campaign affecting the conduct of the contests which have a bearing on future PCC elections. It treats these elections as a bespoke topic and does not seek to place them within the broader context of the development of the office of PCC. Practical implications The research suggests that in order to boost voter participation in future PCC election contests, PCCs need to consider further means to advertise the importance of the role they perform and that the government should play a larger financial role in funding publicity for these elections and consider changing the method of election. Social implications The rationale for introducing PCCs was to empower the public in each police force area. However, issues that include the enhanced importance of political affiliation as a criteria for election in 2016 and the social unrepresentative nature of those who stood for election and those who secured election to this office in these contests coupled with shortcomings related to public awareness of both the role of PCCs and the timing of election contests threaten to undermine this objective. Originality/value The extensive use of primary source material ensures that the subject matter is original and its interpretation is informed by an academic perspective.

Theories of the food insecurity ‘problem’ and the right to food ‘solution’

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Lambie-Mumford
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sufficient Food

Chapter 3 sets out the key theories with which the book engages: food insecurity and the human right to food. Following on from a conceptualisation and definition of food insecurity, the right to food is introduced. Emphasis is placed on normative element of ‘adequacy and sustainability of food availability and access’ and on the state’s obligation to ‘respect, protect and fulfil the right to food’. Theories of ‘othering’ and ‘agency’ are employed to assess the social acceptability of emergency food systems as a means of acquiring food, and the power of providers to make sufficient food available through these systems and of potential recipients to access it. Theories of ‘care’ and ‘social protection’ are employed to explore the ways in which charitable providers are in practice taking responsibility for the duty to respect, protect and fulfil the right to food and how shifts in welfare policy are affecting need for this provision.

scholarly journals Mexican Medical Students Protest During Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Torres-Hernández ◽  
Patricio García-Espinosa ◽  
Edgar Botello-Hernández ◽  
Diego Ortega-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
City Hall ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Precarious Situation

During February  2021, a protest was organized by Mexican medical students through social media. About 200 interns, social service physicians and physicians protested peacefully in front of the city hall of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, the capital of Mexico's second largest metropolitan area. Due to the current contingency situation, it was requested to attend with face shield and masks. The reason for the protest was to raise their voice due to the precarious situation where social service physicians are sent to rural areas of the country in which they have all the obligations of workers but without belonging to the working class - lacking the the benefits of this same as a living wage or fair working hours. The protesters were in limbo between student and worker. The protest also demanded justice for the sensitive death of young doctors due to malpractice situations of the Mexican authorities. We believe that a total reform of the social service in medicine is necessary. It is the responsibility of the authorities to cover the rural areas with permanently trained doctors without depending on recently graduated doctors. It is always important to assert our fundamental rights, including the right to protest in a peaceful manner.

scholarly journals Fundamentos constitucionais da proteção social: continuidades e ruturas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Ferreira ◽  
Daniel Carolo ◽  
Mariana Trigo Pereira ◽  
Pedro Adão e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Political ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Right

This article discusses the ways in which the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic has embodied to the political choices made during the process of creating and defining a democratic welfare state and how the various constitutional principles are reflected in the architecture of the system and have gradually changed over the years. The authors argue that when Portugal transitioned to democracy, unlike other areas of the country’s social policies the social security system retained some of its earlier organising principles. Having said this, this resilience on the part of the Portuguese system’s Bismarckian template has not prevented social protection from expanding here in accordance with universal principles, and has given successive governments manoeuvring room in which to define programmatically distinct policies and implement differentiated reformist strategies. The paper concludes by arguing that while the Constitution has not placed an insurmountable limit on governments’ political action, it has served as a point of veto, namely by means of the way in which the Constitutional Court has defended the right to social protection, be it in the form of social insurance, be it in the imposition of certain social minima.

Two Charters and a Pillar

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Bruno de Witte
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Social ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights

This chapter retraces the post-enlargement trajectory of the protection of fundamental social rights in Europe. The chapter selects three years that signpost this trajectory: 2000, when the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights was adopted, with the inclusion of a social rights chapter; 2009, when the Lisbon Treaty seemed to contain a renewed promise of social progress in the Union; and 2017, when the European Union launched a European Pillar of Social Rights, as part of an effort to revitalize the social protection agenda of the European Union after the disappointing post-Lisbon years.

scholarly journals A reflection about the social and technological aspects in flood risk management – the case of the Italian Civil Protection

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. del Carmen Llasat ◽  
F. Siccardi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ground Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Abstract. The right of a person to be protected from natural hazards is a characteristic of the social and economical development of the society. This paper is a contribution to the reflection about the role of Civil Protection organizations in a modern society. The paper is based in the inaugural conference made by the authors on the 9th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms. Two major issues are considered. The first one is sociological; the Civil Protection organizations and the responsible administration of the land use planning should be perceived as reliable as possible, in order to get consensus on the restrictions they pose, temporary or definitely, on the individual free use of the territory as well as in the entire warning system. The second one is technological: in order to be reliable they have to issue timely alert and warning to the population at large, but such alarms should be as "true" as possible. With this aim, the paper summarizes the historical evolution of the risk assessment, starting from the original concept of "hazard", introducing the concepts of "scenario of event" and "scenario of risk" and ending with a discussion about the uncertainties and limits of the most advanced and efficient tools to predict, to forecast and to observe the ground effects affecting people and their properties. The discussion is centred in the case of heavy rains and flood events in the North-West of Mediterranean Region.

The Invocation of Member State Responsibility before National and International Courts

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 484-501
Author(s):  
Francesco Messineo
Keyword(s):  
Public Law ◽  
International Courts ◽  
State Immunity ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
Legal Costs ◽  
International Adjudication ◽  
The Right ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Domestic Law

This article highlights the various legal obstacles faced by injured parties when litigating against States in relation to their participation in the operations of international organizations. The primary issue is finding the right forum. Rules on the invocation of responsibility hinge on whether the respondent State is sued before its own courts (domestic law being decisive), before the courts of another country (state immunity notwithstanding), or before international courts or tribunals (Monetary Gold difficulties aside). This choice will largely depend on who the applicant is: an individual, or a State. In turn, a State may act either because it was directly injured or because it is espousing a claim of one of its citizens, in which case rules on diplomatic protection may present further obstacles. Assuming that a suitable forum is available, other hindrances may be encountered, such as legal costs and restrictive substantive law. Solutions often proposed as remedies to such obstacles, such as the further reduction of State immunity before domestic courts, may be less effective than a more ambitious strategy aimed at increasing the range of situations in which domestic public law procedures and international adjudication are actually available to victims of harm.

New regulation of the right to a dignified dying in Spain: Repercussions for nursing

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 619-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cayetano Fernández-Sola ◽  
José Granero-Molina ◽  
Gabriel Aguilera Manrique ◽  
Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez ◽  
José Manuel Hernández-Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Patient Empowerment ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Discourse Practice

Preserving dignity during the dying process requires reviewing the roles of those involved in the treatment, care methods and decision-making. This article examines the participation and responsibility assigned to nurses regarding decision-making in the final stages of life, as laid out in the Rights to and Guarantee of Dignity for the Individual During the Process of Death Act. This text has been analysed on the levels of socio-cultural practice and discourse practice, using the critical discourse analysis methodology. The results show that, although the law is another result of the social trend of patient empowerment, the responsibility of the nurses is not recognised, and they are left out of the decision-making process in the final stages of life.

scholarly journals A Panoramic View of the Social Security and Social Protection Provisioning in Lesotho

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1629
Author(s):  
Kananelo E Mosito
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Panoramic View ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government

Social security is one of the most important areas of social policy.As part of its social policy, the government of Lesotho has promulgated various pieces of legislation and introduced an assortment of public assistance programmes for the benefit of the people of the country. There are also various informal social security measures which are the result of coordinated activities by individuals and groupings in Lesotho. These initiatives together provide a broad spectrum of social security provisioning for the people of Lesotho. This article sets out to discuss the said social security provisioning measures and appraises the efficacy of their interventions.Lesotho is a constitutional state.The Constitution of Lesotho came into force on 2April 1993. It provides for a Bill of Rights as well as principles of state policy. There is, however, no express provision in the Constitution for a right to social security. This is regrettable. Thus, the intersection between constitutional law and social security within the context of Lesotho can be achieved only through the interpretation of the fundamental rights as well as the principles of state policy provided in the Constitution. While the provisions relating to fundamental rights help to establish entitlements to social security, the principles of state policy play an important role in giving direction to service delivery.Understanding the link between the various governmental and social initiatives is crucial if interventions are to be designed which will enhance the provision of social security for the benefit of the people of Lesotho.

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