Commercial or Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis Units for Conversion of Biomass to Bio-Oils: State of the Art

2022 ◽  
pp. 489-514
Author(s):  
Ravneet Kaur ◽  
Simar Preet Singh
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale

scholarly journals CO2 Capture, Use, and Storage in the Cement Industry: State of the Art and Expectations

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta G. Plaza ◽  
Sergio Martínez ◽  
Fernando Rubiera
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
General Overview ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Made In

The implementation of carbon capture, use, and storage in the cement industry is a necessity, not an option, if the climate targets are to be met. Although no capture technology has reached commercial scale demonstration in the cement sector yet, much progress has been made in the last decade. This work intends to provide a general overview of the CO2 capture technologies that have been evaluated so far in the cement industry at the pilot scale, and also about the current plans for future commercial demonstration.

Hydro Casthouse Reference Centre

2009 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Trond Furu ◽  
Idar Kjetil Steen
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Casting Machine ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Hot Tearing ◽  
Ceramic Foam ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Melt Treatment

Since October 2006 the Hydro Casthouse Reference Centre has been operating. The centre is a full scale state of the art pilot casting centre for extrusion ingot, sheet ingot and foundry alloys, consisting of a 17Mtons furnace with a metal loop, a launder system including modular in-line melt treatment units such as ceramic foam filters (CFF) and inline melt refining units (Hycast SIR) and a casting pit with the possibility to cast full size geometries and a casting length of 5.5m. A two strand horizontal casting machine further adds the possibility of continuous casting of extrusion ingot and foundry alloy ingot. The centre has a state of the art superior control system (SCS) and a lay-out, including control room facilities, well suited for training and demonstration purposes. In addition the centre has access to state of the art software codes for simulating the casting process (Alsim) and the as cast microstructure (Alstruc). The present paper gives some examples on how the centre is operating and the support that is offered to casthouses in Hydro. This includes (i) simulation of the casting processes (hot tearing and as cast structures) applying the Alsim and Alstruc codes, (ii) pilot scale testing of casting and melt treatment equipment, (iii) testing of new parameters and procedures for melt treatment and casting (iv) production of trial orders of new alloys and (v) practical training of casthouse operators (basic for molten metal handling, emergency situations and response, casting principles and trouble shooting, etc.).

scholarly journals Sulfolane: Magic Extractor or Bad Actor? Pilot-Scale Study on Solvent Corrosion Potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bak ◽  
Violetta Kozik ◽  
Paulina Dybal ◽  
Slawomir Kus ◽  
Aleksandra Swietlicka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Potential ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Electrochemical Technique ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Equipment Corrosion ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sulfur Containing

The sulfur-containing derivatives and their metabolites, regarded as ‘old devils of green’ chemistry, constitute a relevant class of air/water/soil contaminants in over-polluted world. In fact, some industrially-engineered solvents have become environmentally unfavorable. An attractive alternative to commonly used industrial liquids is sulfolane (C4H8SO2), an anthropogenic medium. The main objective of this paper is the comprehensive review focusing mainly on the state-of-the-art aspects of the sulfolane synthesis, application of sulfolane as an extractive solvent due to its ‘unique’ physicochemical properties as well as the potential of sulfolane to cause equipment corrosion and subsequent spills. The potential risk for groundwater contamination, danger for human health and ways of sulfolane biodegradation were briefly reviewed as well. Interestingly, the analysis performed on data stored in the Reaxys database revealed an alternating tendency of waxing and waning interest in sulfolane during the space of the last fifty years. Moreover, the primary goal of the presented case study was to verify applicability of industrial, multi-electrochemical technique for reliable detection of corrosion in low conductive process fluids. Several aspects of corrosion measurement including the impact of process parameters (temperature) and impurities (oxygen and chlorides) on stainless steel corrosion in pure sulfolane were investigated briefly.

scholarly journals Continuous Ultrasonic Reactors: Design, Mechanism and Application

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengya Dong ◽  
Claire Delacour ◽  
Keiran Mc Carogher ◽  
Aniket Pradip Udepurkar ◽  
Simon Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Immiscible Fluid ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Design Mechanism ◽  
Ultrasonic Reactors

Ultrasonic small scale flow reactors have found increasing popularity among researchers as they serve as a very useful platform for studying and controlling ultrasound mechanisms and effects. This has led to the use of these reactors for not only research purposes, but also various applications in biological, pharmaceutical and chemical processes mostly on laboratory and, in some cases, pilot scale. This review summarizes the state of the art of ultrasonic flow reactors and provides a guideline towards their design, characterization and application. Particular examples for ultrasound enhanced multiphase processes, spanning from immiscible fluid–fluid to fluid–solid systems, are provided. To conclude, challenges such as reactor efficiency and scalability are addressed.

Modeling bioaugmentation with nitrifiers in membrane bioreactors

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Mannucci ◽  
Giulio Munz ◽  
Gualtiero Mori ◽  
Jacek Makinia ◽  
Claudio Lubello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Membrane Bioreactors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Preliminary Step ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
Activated Sludge Models

Bioaugmentation with nitrifiers was studied using two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors, with the purpose of assessing the suitability of state-of-the-art activated sludge models (ASMs) in predicting the efficiency of bioaugmentation as a function of operating conditions. It was demonstrated that the temperature difference between seeding and seeded reactors (ΔT) affects bioaugmentation efficiency. Experimental data were accurately predicted when ΔT was within a range of up to 10 °C at the higher range, and when the temperature was significantly lower in the seeded reactor compared to the seeding one, standard ASMs overestimated the efficiency of bioaugmentation. A modified ASM, capable of accurately representing the behavior of seeded nitrifying biomass in the presence of high ΔT, would require the inclusion of the effect of temperature time gradients on nitrifiers. A simple linear correlation between ΔT and the Arrhenius coefficient was proposed as a preliminary step.

Photocatalytic water treatment: fundamental knowledge required for its practical application

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hufschmidt ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
V. Selzer ◽  
D. Bahnemann
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Valence Band ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Conduction Band Electron ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
Valence Band Hole

This review attempts to present a state-of-the art overview of the underlying principles of photocatalysis that should not be neglected when designing pilot-scale facilities. In particular, the roles and properties of the primary charge carriers generated upon bandgap illumination within a photocatalyst particle, i.e. valence band hole and conduction band electron, are discussed. The chemical nature of the primary oxidant is critically assessed.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

A Macintosh Interface for the Cameca Camebax-Micro Electron Microprobe

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Carl E. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Computer Control ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Disk Storage ◽  
The Past ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Instrument Control

Over the past few years it has become apparent in our multi-user facility that the computer system and software supplied in 1985 with our CAMECA CAMEBAX-MICRO electron microprobe analyzer has the greatest potential for improvement and updating of any component of the instrument. While the standard CAMECA software running on a DEC PDP-11/23+ computer under the RSX-11M operating system can perform almost any task required of the instrument, the commands are not always intuitive and can be difficult to remember for the casual user (of which our laboratory has many). Given the widespread and growing use of other microcomputers (such as PC’s and Macintoshes) by users of the microprobe, the PDP has become the “oddball” and has also fallen behind the state-of-the-art in terms of processing speed and disk storage capabilities. Upgrade paths within products available from DEC are considered to be too expensive for the benefits received. After using a Macintosh for other tasks in the laboratory, such as instrument use and billing records, word processing, and graphics display, its unique and “friendly” user interface suggested an easier-to-use system for computer control of the electron microprobe automation. Specifically a Macintosh IIx was chosen for its capacity for third-party add-on cards used in instrument control.

Current Issues: Advanced Digital Technology for Supervising Graduate Clinicians

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Tellis ◽  
Lori Cimino ◽  
Jennifer Alberti
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Clinical Training ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Video Capture ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Clinical Supervisors ◽  
Training And Supervision

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide clinical supervisors with information pertaining to state-of-the-art clinic observation technology. We use a novel video-capture technology, the Landro Play Analyzer, to supervise clinical sessions as well as to train students to improve their clinical skills. We can observe four clinical sessions simultaneously from a central observation center. In addition, speech samples can be analyzed in real-time; saved on a CD, DVD, or flash/jump drive; viewed in slow motion; paused; and analyzed with Microsoft Excel. Procedures for applying the technology for clinical training and supervision will be discussed.

Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Behavioral Genetics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Behavioral Genetic ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

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