scholarly journals Population Structure of Phytophthora infestans from a Single Location in Poland Over a Long Period of Time in Context of Weather Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Janiszewska ◽  
S. Sobkowiak ◽  
E. Stefańczyk ◽  
J. Śliwka
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Metalaxyl Resistance ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Single Location

Abstract Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a destructive potato pathogen. Changing weather conditions are among the factors that influence the pathogen population structure. In this study, 237 P. infestans isolates were collected from a single unprotected experimental field in an area with high late-blight pressure located in Boguchwała in the southeastern part of Poland during 15 growing seasons (2000–2014). The isolates were assessed for mating type, mitochondrial haplotype, resistance to metalaxyl, virulence, and polymorphism of 14 single-sequence repeat markers (SSRs). The results revealed 89 unique genotypes among the 237 P. infestans isolates. Eighty-seven isolates belonged to genotype 34_A1, which was detected in all the years of research except 2012. Isolates of P. infestans from individual years were very similar to each other, as shown by Nei’s genetic identity based on 14 SSR markers. The obtained results on isolate characteristics were analyzed in terms of meteorological data (air temperature and precipitation) and indicated that frost, long winters, and hot, dry summers did not directly affect the P. infestans population structure. We described the variability in metalaxyl resistance and virulence among isolates of the P. infestans genotype 34_A1.

scholarly journals The influence of local climate change on the productivity of spring cereals in the Kirov region

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-253
Author(s):  
I. V. Lyskova ◽  
O. E. Sukhoveeva ◽  
T. V. Lyskova
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Spring Cereals

On the basis of long-term meteorological data and research results in a long-term stationary experiment of 1971-2020 a retrospective analysis of changes in air temperature and precipitation in the eastern region of the central climatic zone of the Kirov region was carried out and the influence of these characteristics on the dynamics of the yield of spring cereals was estimated. It has been established that the average annual air temperature during the research period was 2.4±1.0 °C. At the same time, its stable positive trend was observed at the rate of 0.39 °С /10 years. Two decades from 2001 to 2020 were recorded as the warmest for 50 years, when the temperature was 0.7...2.6 °C above climate normal. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (0.7...2.1) testifies to the contrasting conditions of humidification of the vegetation periods during the research years – from drought to excessively humidified. In a long-term experiment, the yield of spring cereals increased in the row wheat – barley – oats: 2.17±0.86, 3.04±0.61, 3.39±0.65 t/ha, respectively. Strong correlations were marked between the average yield (spring wheat) and weather conditions in June: reverse with air temperature (rр = -0.735) and direct with the amount of precipitation (rр = 0.686). It has been established that the use of phosphorus fertilizers (and their aftereffect) in combination with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers weakened the influence of weather conditions on the productivity of spring wheat: the determination coefficients (R2), which reflect the portion of variability due to weather conditions, were 0.59-0.73 for the variant without fertilizers and decreased to 0.50-0.56 when applying NP3K.

scholarly journals Increased Difficulties to Control Late Blight in Tunisia Are Caused by a Genetically Diverse Phytophthora infestans Population Next to the Clonal Lineage NA-01

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 898-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalthoum Harbaoui ◽  
Walid Hamada ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Vivianne G. A. A. Vleeshouwers ◽  
Theo van der Lee
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Potato Seed ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
High Genetic Diversity

In Tunisia, late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is a serious threat to potato and tomato. The Mediterranean weather conditions can be conducive to infection in all seasons and the host crops, tomato and potato, are grown year round. Potato is planted and harvested in two to four overlapping intervals from August to June and tomato is grown both in open fields and in greenhouses. The consequences of these agricultural practices and the massive import of seed potato on the genetic variation of P. infestans are largely unknown. We conducted a survey in which 165 P. infestans isolates, collected from five subregions in Tunisia between 2006 and 2008, on which we studied genotypic diversity through nuclear (simple-sequence repeat [SSR]) markers and combined this with a previous study on their mitochondrial haplotypes (mtDNA). The phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of a major clonal lineage (NA-01, A1 mating type, mitochondrial haplotype Ia). Isolates belonging to this clonal lineage were found in all regions and showed a relatively simple virulence pattern on a potato differential set carrying different Solanum demissum resistance genes. Apart from isolates belonging to this NA-01 clonal lineage, a group of isolates was found that showed a high genetic diversity, comprising both mating types and a more complex race structure that was found in the regions where late blight on potato was more difficult to control. The population on potato and tomato seems to be under different selection pressures. Isolates collected from tomato showed a low genetic diversity even though potato isolates collected simultaneously from the same location showed a high genetic diversity. Based on the SSR profile comparison, we could demonstrate that the four major clonal lineages found in the Netherlands and also in other European countries could not be found in Tunisia. Despite the massive import of potato seed from Europe, the P. infestans population in Tunisia was found to be clearly distinct.

scholarly journals Impact of Environmental Conditions and Agronomic Practices on the Prevalence of Fusarium Species Associated with Ear- and Stalk Rot in Maize

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Pfordt ◽  
Lucia Ramos Romero ◽  
Simon Schiwek ◽  
Petr Karlovsky ◽  
Andreas von Tiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Local Range ◽  
The Impact

Fusarium species are common pathogens on maize and reduce the product quality through contamination with mycotoxins thus jeopardizing safety of both animal feed and human food products. Monitoring of Fusarium infected maize ears and stalks was conducted in Germany to determine the range of Fusarium species present in the field and to assess the impact of tillage, crop rotation, and weather conditions on the frequency of Fusarium species. From 2016 till 2018, a total of 387 infected ears and 190 stalk segments from 58 locations in Germany were collected. For each sample location, site-specific agronomic data on tillage and previous crops as well as meteorological data on precipitation, air temperature, and relative humidity during the vegetation period were recorded. The most frequent Fusarium species detected in maize ears were Fusarium graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. temperatum, whereas, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, and F. temperatum were the species prevailing on maize stalks. Differences in the local species composition were found to be primarily associated with weather variations between the years and the microclimate at the different locations. The results indicate that mean temperature and precipitation in July, during flowering, has the strongest impact on the local range of Fusarium spp. on ears, whereas the incidence of Fusarium species on stalks is mostly affected by weather conditions during September. Ploughing significantly reduced the infection with F. graminearum and F. temperatum, while crop rotation exerted only minor effects.

scholarly journals Outbreak of Potato Late Blight and First Report of Mating Type A2 and Metalaxyl Resistance of Phytophthora infestans in Iceland

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Olafsson ◽  
A. Hermansen
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Seed Potatoes ◽  
Metalaxyl Resistance ◽  
Pure Cultures

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary was endemic on potato in Iceland from about 1890 until 1961. Probably because of a cooler climate in the 1960s, the disease disappeared and there were no epidemics until 1990 and 1991. Late blight was not found in the period 1992 to 1998 even though the weather conditions were favorable for epidemic development in some of the years. Lack of initial inoculum was probably the limiting factor for an epidemic in Iceland some years. During the summer of 1999, late blight reappeared in Iceland. In August 1999, potato leaves with single lesions of late blight were sampled from two locations and sent to the Norwegian Crop Research Institute. Isolates were trapped by placing infected leaves under tuber slices in petri dishes. Pure cultures were made by picking small pieces of mycelium from the upper side of the potato slice after 7 to 10 days incubation at 15°C and plating them onto modified rye B agar with antibiotics (1). Sixteen isolates maintained on rye B agar were paired with reference isolates of mating types A1and A2 and examined for oospores at the hyphal interfaces between the isolates (1). One isolate was typed as A2 and 15 isolates were A1. Response to metalaxyl was determined for 13 isolates in vitro (1) on rye B agar amended with 5 mg/l metalaxyl-m. One of the A1 isolates was metalaxyl-resistant and 12 isolates, including the A2 isolate, showed intermediate resistance to the fungicide. These data show that the “new” population of P. infestans is now present in Iceland as in the other Nordic countries (1). Iceland imports some seed potatoes each year, mainly from the Netherlands. Imported seed potatoes were probably the source of initial inoculum in 1999 in Iceland. In the future, oospores in the soil might be an additional inoculum source in Iceland since both mating types are now present. Reference: (1) A. Hermansen et al. Plant Pathol. 49:11, 2000.

scholarly journals First Report from Morocco of Phytophthora infestans Isolates with Metalaxyl Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 831-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sedegui ◽  
R. B. Carroll ◽  
A. L. Morehart ◽  
A. Arifi ◽  
R. Lakhdar
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Metalaxyl Resistance ◽  
Commercial Potato ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Allozyme Loci

Late blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary first appeared in Africa in 1941. It has been observed sporadically in Morocco for decades but only recently became a major problem. Significant losses have been recorded in the last two growing seasons in spite of the use of various disease control programs that included combinations of systemic and protectant fungicides. Phytophthora infestans was cultured from diseased foliage collected from commercial potato fields near Larache, Morocco. Isolates were analyzed to determine pathogenicity on several potato and tomato cultivars, mating type, genotype at two allozyme loci (2), and relative sensitivity to metalaxyl. Responses of the isolates to metalaxyl were assayed by mycelial radial growth on metalaxyl-amended agar, by floating leaves inoculated with P. infestans on metalaxyl solutions, and via potato tuber disks placed on filter paper saturated with metalaxyl solutions (1). Koch's postulates were completed; all isolates were pathogenic to potato and tomato cultivars tested, are consistent with the A1 mating type, and have the same allozyme pattern (Gpi 100/100, Pep 92/100) as US-6 genotype. All tests indicated resistance to metalaxyl up to 250 ppm. References: (1) K. L. Deahl et al. Am. Potato J. 70:779, 1993. (2) S. B. Goodwin et al. Plant Dis. 79:1181, 1995.

scholarly journals Rain Erosion Maps for Wind Turbines Based on Geographical Locations: A Case Study in Ireland and Britain

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Pugh ◽  
M. M. Stack
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
The Uk

AbstractErosion rates of wind turbine blades are not constant, and they depend on many external factors including meteorological differences relating to global weather patterns. In order to track the degradation of the turbine blades, it is important to analyse the distribution and change in weather conditions across the country. This case study addresses rainfall in Western Europe using the UK and Ireland data to create a relationship between the erosion rate of wind turbine blades and rainfall for both countries. In order to match the appropriate erosion data to the meteorological data, 2 months of the annual rainfall were chosen, and the differences were analysed. The month of highest rain, January and month of least rain, May were selected for the study. The two variables were then combined with other data including hailstorm events and locations of wind turbine farms to create a general overview of erosion with relation to wind turbine blades.

scholarly journals Modeling of Yield Losses Caused by Potato Late Blight on Eight Cultivars with Different Levels of Resistance to Phytophthora infestans

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toky Rakotonindraina ◽  
Jean-Éric Chauvin ◽  
Roland Pellé ◽  
Robert Faivre ◽  
Catherine Chatot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Predictive Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

The Shtienberg model for predicting yield loss caused by Phytophthora infestans in potato was developed and parameterized in the 1990s in North America. The predictive quality of this model was evaluated in France for a wide range of epidemics under different soil and weather conditions and on cultivars different than those used to estimate its parameters. A field experiment was carried out in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 in Brittany, western France to assess late blight severity and yield losses. The dynamics of late blight were monitored on eight cultivars with varying types and levels of resistance. The model correctly predicted relative yield losses (efficiency = 0.80, root mean square error of prediction = 13.25%, and bias = –0.36%) as a function of weather and the observed disease dynamics for a wide range of late blight epidemics. In addition to the evaluation of the predictive quality of the model, this article provides a dataset that describes the development of various late blight epidemics on potato as a function of weather conditions, fungicide regimes, and cultivar susceptibility. Following this evaluation, the Shtienberg model can be used with confidence in research and development programs to better manage potato late blight in France.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of the annual balance of Vadret da Morteratsch, Switzerland, since 1865

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (50) ◽  
pp. 126-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Nemec ◽  
Philippe Huybrechts ◽  
Oleg Rybak ◽  
Johannes Oerlemans
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Continuous Mass ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Precipitation Records ◽  
High Elevations ◽  
Annual Balance ◽  
Almost Continuous

AbstractWe have reconstructed the annual balance of Vadret da Morteratsch, Engadine, Switzerland, with a two-dimensional energy-balance model for the period 1865–2005. The model takes into account a parameterization of the surface energy fluxes, an albedo that decreases exponentially with snow depth as well as the shading effect of the surrounding mountains. The model was first calibrated with a 5 year record of annual balance measurements made at 20 different sites on the glacier between 2001 and 2006 using meteorological data from surrounding weather stations as input. To force the model for the period starting in 1865, we employed monthly temperature and precipitation records from nearby valley stations. The model reproduces the observed annual balance reasonably well, except for the lower part during the warmest years. Most crucial to the results is the altitudinal precipitation gradient, but this factor is hard to quantify from the limited precipitation data at high elevations. The simulation shows an almost continuous mass loss since 1865, with short interruptions around 1920, 1935 and 1980. A trend towards a more negative annual balance can be observed since the beginning of the 1980s. The simulated cumulative mass balance for the entire period 1865–2005 was found to be –46mw.e.

Statistical Analysis of Weather Effects on PM2.5

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 1033-1040
Author(s):  
Wei Dai ◽  
Jia Qi Gao ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Feng Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Weather Effects

Effects of weather conditions including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind and direction on PM2.5 were studied using statistical methods. PM2.5 samples were collected during the summer and the winter in a suburb of Shenzhen. Then, correlations, hypothesis test and statistical distribution of PM2.5 and meteorological data were analyzed with IBM SPSS predictive analytics software. Seasonal and daily variations of PM2.5 have been found and these mainly resulted from the weather effects.

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