scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Inflammation in Histologically Normal Appendices in Patients with Right Iliac Fossa Pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanouil Psaltis ◽  
Abed M. Zaitoun ◽  
Keith R. Neal ◽  
Dileep N. Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Iliac Fossa ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Serotonin Content ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Right Iliac Fossa Pain ◽  
Elective Colectomy

Abstract Background Histologically normal appendices resected for right iliac fossa pain in children demonstrate immunohistochemical markers of inflammation. We aimed to establish if subclinical inflammation was present in histologically normal appendices resected from adults with right iliac fossa pain. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded appendices for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-2R and serotonin in four groups: Group I (n = 120): uncomplicated appendicitis, Group II (n = 118): complicated appendicitis (perforation or gangrene), Group III (n = 104): histologically normal appendices resected for right iliac fossa pain and Group IV (n = 106) appendices resected at elective colectomy. Expression was quantified using the H-scoring system. Results Median, interquartile range expression of TNF-α was increased in Groups I (5.9, 3.1–9.8), II (6.8, 3.6–12.1) and III (9.8, 6.2–15.2) when compared with Group IV (3.0, 1.4–4.7, p < 0.01). Epithelial expression of IL-6 in Groups II (44.0, 8.0–97.0) and III (71.0, 18.5–130.0) was increased when compared with Group IV (9.5, 1.0–60.2, p < 0.01). Expression of mucosal IL-2R in Groups I (47.4, 34.8–69.0), II (37.8, 25.4–60.4) and III (18.4, 10.1–34.7) was increased when compared with Group IV (2.8, 1.2–5.7, p < 0.01). Serotonin content in Groups I (3.0, 0–30.0) and II (0, 0–8.5) was decreased when compared with Groups III (49.7, 16.7–107.5) and IV (43.5, 9.5–115.8, p < 0.01). Conclusion Histologically normal appendices resected from symptomatic patients exhibited increased proinflammatory cytokine expression on immunohistochemistry suggesting the presence of an inflammatory process not detected on conventional microscopy.

scholarly journals Ameliorating Effect of Combined Cinnamon and Ginger Oils against the Neurotoxicity of Nicotine Administration on the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Albino Rats: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Medhat Taha ◽  
Mohie Mahmoud Ibrahim ◽  
Mamdouh Eldesoqui ◽  
Mohamed A. M. Iesa ◽  
Tourki A. S. Baokbah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Nicotine is the active alkaloid in cigarettes. It was reported that tobacco smoking has many hazards; one of these hazards is the effect on the cognitive function of the prefrontal cortex. The aim of our study is to investigate the antioxidant effects of ginger, cinnamon oils, and their combination on morphological changes in the prefrontal cortex that were induced by nicotine. Materials and methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: group I (control group), group II (nicotine), group III (nicotine + cinnamon), group IV (nicotine + ginger), and group V (nicotine + cinnamon + ginger). The coronal sections from the anterior part of the rat brain at the site of prefrontal cortex were examined by light microscope for (H&E and immunohistochemical staining with TNF-α and GFAP), while the ultrastructure morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Levels of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH) in the rats’ brain tissue homogenate were biochemically assessed. Results: Compared to the control group, the rats that were treated with nicotine (group II) showed a significant oxidative stress in the form of marked elevation of MDA and decrease in GSH, apoptotic changes especially in the pyramidal cells in the form of neuronal cell degeneration and pyknosis, and an elevation in the inflammatory marker TNF-α and GFAP expressions. These changes were observed to a lesser degree in rat group (III) and group (IV), while there was a marked improvement achieved by the combined usage of cinnamon and ginger oils, together compared to the nicotine group. Conclusions: Ginger and cinnamon are powerful antioxidants which ameliorate the degenerative and oxidative effects produced by nicotine on a rat’s prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Activity of Callyspongia sp. Extract Towards Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Staphylococcus aureus –Induced Wistar Male Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9311-9317
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Phagocytic Activity ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Wistar Male Rats

The IFN-γ and TNF-α are cytokines that involved in the phagocytic activity, and Callypsongia sp. increases phagocytic activity; thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of Callspongia sp. extract toward IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in Staphylococcus aureus-induced Wistar male rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n=5) and treated orally for 7 d as follows: Group I (extract dose of 300 mg/kgBW); Group II (extract dose of 400 mg/kgBW); Group III (Phylantii extract); and Group IV (0.5% NaCMC). On day 8, animals were infected with Staphylococcus aureus intraperitoneally and left for 1h. Blood was collected and assayed with ELISA Kit for IFN-γ and TNF-α. Data collected were then statistically analyzed using SPSS. According to results obtained, the Callyspongia sp. extract effect in both IFN-γ and TNF-α is significantly different from Group IV as the negative control (p<0.05). Callyspongia sp. extract provided similar potency between Group I and Group III (p>0.05), yet Group II provided higher activity in increasing IFN-γ levels. In contrast, Callyspongia sp. provided similar activity between Group I, Group II, and Group III to increase TNF-α levels (p>0.05). Therefore, we concluded that Callyspongia sp. extract increases both INF-γ and TNF-α, responsible for the phagocytic activity.

P542Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory response in heart failure - markers for cardiac resynchronization therapy response?

EP Europace ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Oliveira ◽  
A Abreu ◽  
P Cunha ◽  
M M Carmo ◽  
B Valente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Cardiac Resynchronization ◽  
Resynchronization Therapy ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Crt Response

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements FCP Introduction Cardiac sympathetic activation and inflammatory response are involved in chronic heart failure (HF) pathophysiology. The severity of autonomic dysfunction and inflammation might be responsible for different responses to HF treatment. Aim To evaluate the impact of cardiac autonomic dysfunction, and it´s association with systemic inflammation, on cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response in severe HF patients. Methods Single centre, prospective, longitudinal study, including consecutive patients, referred to CRT. Demographic data, HF aetiology and NYHA class were evaluated. Left ventricular (LV) function data (LV ejection fraction - LVEF) by echocardiography, heart to mediastinum early ratio (HMRe) by 123I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy, and plasmatic TNF-α levels (pg/mL) were determined, at baseline and 4 months after CRT implantation. CRT response was defined by an absolute increase of at least 5% in LVEF at 4 months evaluation after CRT. Patients were divided in 4 groups according to HMRe and TNF-α cut-points: Group I (TNF-α &gt; 2.0 pg/ml + HMRe ≥ 1.6), Group II (TNF-α &gt; 2.0 pg/ml + HMRe &lt; 1.6), Group III (TNF-α ≤ 2.0 pg/ml + HMRe ≥ 1.6) and Group IV (TNF-α ≤ 2.0 pg/ml + HMRe &lt; 1.6). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and groups were compared by Fisher"s exact test. Results A total of 95 patients were included (age 68.6 ± 10.2 years), 67.4% male and 32.6% female, 40% with diabetes mellitus, 30.5% with ischemic cardiomyopathy, 23.2% in NYHA III/IV, baseline LVEF - 26 ± 7%. At 4 months, LVEF was 40 ± 11%. In total, 73.7% were responders and 26.3% were non-responders to CRT. There were 28 patients (29.5%) with HMRe ≥ 1.6, with 25 responders (89.3%) and 48 patients (50.5%) with TNF-α ≤ 2.0 pg/ml, with 38 responders (79.2%). Group I had 16 patients (16.8%), with 81.2% responders; Group II had 31 patients (32.7%), with 61.3% responders; Group III had 12 patients (12.6%), with 100% responders, and Group IV had 36 patients (37.9%), with 72.2% responders. Conclusion: In patients with severe HF submitted to CRT, combining cardiac autonomic dysfunction and inflammation, associated to high rate of CRT non response. Contrarily, those with preserved cardiac autonomic function and no increased levels of inflammation identified most significantly CRT responders. CRT response according to HMRe and TNFα HMRe ≥ 1.6 (n = 28) HMRe &lt; 1.6 (n = 67) Responders NO Respondersn (%) Responders NO Respondersn (%) TNF α &gt; 2 pg/mL (n = 47) G I: 13 (81.2%) 3 (18.8%) GII: 19 (61.3%) 12 (38.7%) * TNF α ≤ 2 pg/mL (n = 48) G III: 12 (100%) 0 (0%)* G IV: 26 (72.2%) 10 (27.8%)

scholarly journals TNF-α -308 G>A and IL10 -1082A>G polymorphisms as potential risk factors for lymphoproliferative disorders in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Y. Tayel ◽  
Aida Nazir ◽  
Ibtessam M. Abdelhamid ◽  
Myriam A. S. Helmy ◽  
Nadia E. Zaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Disorders ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Group I ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Tgf Β1 ◽  
Distribution Frequency

Abstract Background Chronic inflammation with sustained unregulated immune stimulation in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARD) may be a risk factor for developing lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD). Markers of ARD activity as high erythrocyte sedimentation rate or erosive joint diseases and the development of B-symptoms were accounted as risk factors for LPD development. We investigated the association of five inflammatory cytokine genes single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): TNF-α -308G>A; TGF-β1 gene codon 10 T>C and 25 G>C; IL-10 promoter SNPs -1082 A>G, -819T>C, and -592A>C; IL-6 -174G>C; and IFN-γ 874 T>A with the risk of LPD development in ARD patients. The study was conducted on 70 patients divided into group I, 25 ARD patients diagnosed as RA (n = 15) and SLE (n = 10) and with no history of malignancy; group II, 25 patients diagnosed with LPD and had no ARD; and group III, 20 patients diagnosed with both diseases: ARD and LPD. Cytokine genotyping was analyzed by PCR-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP). Results ARD+LPD patients had significantly higher frequency of TNF-α -308A allele and AA+AG genotype (high TNF-α producers) and IL-10 -1082A allele and AA genotype (low IL-10 producers) than ARD patients (p = 0.003, p = 0.024, p = 0.003, p = 0.03, respectively) with a significantly increased risk of LPD development in ARD patients expressing the corresponding alleles and genotypes. No significant differences were detected in the distribution frequency of either TGF-β1, IL-6, or IFN-γ SNPs between groups I and III or any of the studied SNPs between groups II and III. The distribution frequency of IL-10 ATA haplotype was significantly increased in group III as compared to group I (p = 0.037). Conclusion The significantly increased frequency of the high-TNF-α- and low-IL-10-producing alleles and genotypes in ARD patients may participate in the provision of a proinflammatory milieu that eventually increases the risk of LPD development.

Analysis of surface conditioning methods on core-veneer bond strength of CAD/CAM zirconia restorations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Anip K. Roy ◽  
Govind N. Prasad ◽  
Tushar V. Bhagat ◽  
Saurabh Chaturvedi ◽  
Vishwanath Gurumurthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Surface Conditioning ◽  
Group I ◽  
Alumina Particles ◽  
Scanning Electron

BACKGROUND: The increased strength of zirconia has resulted in its widespread application in clinical dentistry. Nevertheless, the fracture of veneering porcelains remains one of the key reasons of failure. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the influence of surface conditioning methods on the core-veneer bond strength of zirconia restorations. METHODS: Thirty specimens of zirconia core with sizes 10 × 5 × 5 mm were layered with porcelain of sizes 5 × 3 × 3 mm. On the basis of different surface conditioning methods, four groups were made: Group I: abrasion with airborne alumina particles of 110 μm size, Group II: sandblasting with silica coated alumina particles of 50 μm in size, Group III (modified group): alteration with a coating of zirconia powder prior to sintering, and Group IV (control group): metal core specimens. The shear force of all specimens was tested using a universal testing machine with a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc pair wise comparison (p= 0.05) were performed to analyze the shear bond strength. A scanning electron microscope was used to assess the fractured specimens. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was noted between the groups. The mean value of shear bond strength was 40.25 MPa for Group I, 41.93 MPa for Group II, 48.08 MPa for Group III and 47.01 MPa for Group IV. CONCLUSIONS: The modified zirconia group and control group demonstrated a significantly higher mean bond strength than that of Group I, where airborne particle abrasion was used. The scanning electron microscope showed that cohesive fracture in the porcelain veneers was the main problem of failure in altered zirconia. The modified zirconia specimens in Group III demonstrated significantly improved values of shear bond strength.

scholarly journals Effect and mechanisms of reproductive tract infection on oxidative stress parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, and semen quality in infertile males

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang-Sheng Liu ◽  
Xiao-Dong Mao ◽  
Feng Pan ◽  
Rui Fang An
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infection ◽  
Group I ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Elastase Level

AbstractRecent years have seen a rising incidence of male infertility, mostly caused by the decline of sperm quality. The ratio of infertile males to infertile females has escalated from 3:7 in 2013 to current 5:5, which turns male infertility into the research focus of reproductive medicine. This study aimed to clarify the effect of reproductive tract infection by ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and chlamydia trachomatis (CT) on the DNA integrity and routine semen parameters of infertile males. A retrospective study was performed. A total of 259 infertile males who were treated at the Andrological Laboratory Examination and Reproductive Medicine Center in our hospital were analyzed. qRT-PCR was used to examine the infection status of CT and UU. According to the eligibility criteria, we evaluated the semen parameters and biochemical data of 253 men. Based on the results of PCR, the subjects were divided into four groups: Group I (CT positive, 63 cases), Group II (UU positive, 60 cases), Group III (CT positive and UU positive, 62 cases), and Group IV (no infection, 68 cases). DNA fragmentation index (DFI), sperm count, vitality and morphology, elastase level, seminal plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Compared to Group IV, three groups (Group I, Group II and Group III) showed difference in semen volume, proportion of sperm with normal morphology, sperm motility, progressive motility, and vitality (P < 0.05). Compared to Group IV, Group II and Group III showed difference in DFI (P < 0.05). Compared to Group IV, Group II and Group III showed difference in elastase level (P < 0.05). VCL, VSL, VAP, WOB, ROS, TM, HDS showed differences between groups of abnormal/normal WBC (*P < 0.01).UU infection significantly increased the level of seminal leukocytes only in Group II, but not in the other three groups, indicating that UU is a factor to increase the level of seminal leukocytes. Compared with the normal leukocyte group, there were significant differences in total motility, forward motility and normal sperm ratio between the two groups. The proportion of sperm with abnormal morphology (mostly in the head) showed obvious difference between groups of high and normal seminal leukocytic levels. At the same time, in this study, SCGE and SCD verified that leukocytes could damage sperm DNA by increasing ROS, which ultimately affects male fertility.

A Study on the Effect of Samoa Extract (Cleome droserifolia) on Sperm Quality in Male Albino Rats Exposed to Pyrethroid

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Nura I. Al-Zail ◽  
Salah F. Kamies
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Induced Changes

Pyrethroid cyhalothrin (PC) is an insecticide that is used worldwide for pest control in agriculture and household use. Samoa extract (SE) is a potent antioxidant protecting cells from oxidative stress. The present study investigates the protective and therapeutic effect of SE on PC-induced changes in sperm quality in male rats. Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: group I: served as control; group II: received PC i.p. only (6.2 mg/kg b.wt.); group III: received SE only (100 mg/kg b.wt., p.o.) for eight weeks; group IV: received SE as a protective agent daily for eight weeks, then followed by the administration of PC (i.p.) three times a week for two weeks; group V: exposed to PC (i.p.) three times a week for two weeks, then treated with the SE daily for 8 weeks. Results showed that PC caused markedly impaired sperm quality (a count, viability, motility, and abnormality). Compared to PC-treated animals, SE in the protective group markedly restored the alteration of sperm indices. However, SE in the curative group was found to be less effective in restoring PC-induced alterations. In conclusion, the data of this study revealed that the SE as a protective agent is more effective than as a therapeutic agent. Keywords: Samoa; Pyrethroid; Sperm quality; Rat

Effect of amino acid infusion on renal hemodynamics in humans: a dose-response study

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. F703-F708 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giordano ◽  
P. Castellino ◽  
E. L. McConnell ◽  
R. A. DeFronzo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Renal Hemodynamics ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion ◽  
Group I ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Group Ii

We evaluated the dose-response relationship between the plasma amino acid (AA) concentration and renal hemodynamics in eight normal subjects. After an overnight fast, a balanced 10% AA solution was infused for 180 min at five separate infusion rates: 0.5 (group I), 1.0 (group II), 2.0 (group III), 4.0 (group IV), and 6.0 (group V) ml.kg-1.min-1 on separate days. Basal plasma AA concentration was 1.87 +/- 0.1 mmol/l and increased to 2.26 +/- 0.1 (group I), 2.66 +/- 0.2 (group II), 3.79 +/- 0.5 (group III), 5.81 +/- 0.4 (group IV), and 7.41 +/- 0.4 mmol/l (group V). Basal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) averaged 95 +/- 4 and 476 +/- 29 ml.1.73 m-2.min-1, respectively, and rose to 98 +/- 5 and 506 +/- 40 (group I) [P = not significant (NS)], 102 +/- 3 and 533 +/- 30 (group II) (P < 0.05 vs. basal), 110 +/- 4 and 567 +/- 29 (group III), 115 +/- 7 and 610 +/- 55 (group IV), and 117 +/- 7 and 614 +/- 66 ml.1.73 m-2.min-1 (group V) (P = NS vs. group IV). Basal plasma glucagon concentration averaged 68 +/- 10 pg/ml and increased to 74 +/- 10 (group I), 83 +/- 11 (group II) (P < 0.05 vs. basal), 100 +/- 14 (group III), 121 +/- 14 (group IV), and 229 +/- 35 pg/ml (group V) (P < 0.01 vs. basal). Increases in plasma growth hormone (GH) and insulin levels were observed only during groups IV and V.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Validation of tonometric measurement of gut intramural pH during endotoxemia and mesenteric occlusion in pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (4) ◽  
pp. G519-G523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Antonsson ◽  
C. C. Boyle ◽  
K. L. Kruithoff ◽  
H. L. Wang ◽  
E. Sacristan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Tissue Pco2 ◽  
Tissue Acidosis ◽  
The Individual

Tonometry is a minimally invasive method for estimating gastrointestinal intramural pH (pHi). Tissue pH is calculated by using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and measurements of arterial [HCO-3] and CO2 tension (PCO3) of saline contained in a Silastic balloon within the lumen of the gut. The validity of the method rests on two key assumptions: 1) PCO2 in saline in the tonometer balloon is similar to tissue PCO2 and 2) tissue and arterial [HCO-3] are similar. To validate this method, ileal pHi measured directly with a microelectrode was compared with pHi estimated tonometrically in four groups of anesthetized pigs. Group I (n = 4) were controls. In group II (n = 4), intestinal tissue acidosis was induced by total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). In group III (n = 5), acidosis was induced by partial occlusion of the SMA. In group IV (n = 4), tissue acidosis was induced by endotoxemia. Agreement was excellent between direct and tonometric measurements in groups I and IV and less good in groups II and III. Weighted mean correlation coefficients (rw) for the two measurement methods were 0.743 and 0.9447 in groups II and IV, respectively. Correlation coefficients for the individual animals in group III were more variable than the other groups and ranged from 0.547 to 0.990. The tonometric method for measuring GI pHi is invalid under conditions of zero flow and leads to error under conditions of low flow. However, the method is reliable in the setting of tissue acidosis induced by endotoxemia.

scholarly journals Effect of concurrent exposure of toxic concentrations of lead and endosulfan on oxidative stress indices in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-195
Author(s):  
Ranganathan V ◽  
◽  
Malik JK ◽  
Rao GS ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Stress Indices ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Toxic Concentrations

The effect of concurrent exposure of toxic concentrations of lead and endosulfan were evaluated on oxidative stress parameters in male wistar rats. Group I served as untreated control whereas Group II received drinking water containing lead as lead acetate @1000 ppm (Pb1000). Group III was exposed to feed containing technical grade endosulfan @ 100 ppm (E100). Group IV was exposed to Pb (1000) +E (100). All the treatments were given daily for 28 days. Combination of lead and endosulfan modified the indices of oxidative stress in the parameters such as lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase in rats as compared to their individual compounds. The results suggest that the combination of these individual compounds may have the potential to modify oxidative stress produced by single compounds in male rats

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