Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-329
Author(s):  
A. Pfister ◽  
H. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Elevation Model

Abstract. Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth's surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth's surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth's surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property `sea' and `land,' respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.

scholarly journals High-resolution spectropolarimetry of κ Cet: A proxy for the young Sun

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S302) ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
J. D. do Nascimento ◽  
P. Petit ◽  
M. Castro ◽  
G. F. Porto de Mello ◽  
S. V. Jeffers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Radial Magnetic Field ◽  
Field Geometry ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstractκ1 Cet (HD 20630, HIP 15457, d = 9.16 pc, V = 4.84) is a dwarf star approximately 30 light-years away in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. Among the solar proxies studied in the Sun in Time, κ1 Cet stands out as potentially having a mass very close to solar and a young age. On this study, we monitored the magnetic field and the chromospheric activity from the Ca II H & K lines of κ1 Cet. We used the technique of Least-Square-Deconvolution (LSD, Donati et al. 1997) by simultaneously extracting the information contained in all 8,000 photospheric lines of the echelogram (for a linelist matching an atmospheric model of spectral type K1). To reconstruct a reliable magnetic map and characterize the surface differential rotation of κ1 Cet we used 14 exposures spread over 2 months, in order to cover at least two rotational cycles (Prot ~9.2 days). The Least Square deconvolution (LSD) technique was applied to detect the Zeeman signature of the magnetic field in each of our 14 observations and to measure its longitudinal component. In order to reconstruct the magnetic field geometry of κ1 Cet, we applied the Zeeman Doppler Imaging (ZDI) inversion method. ZDI revealed a structure in the radial magnetic field consisting of a polar magnetic spot. On this study, we present the fisrt look results of a high-resolution spectropolarimetric campaign to characterize the activity and the magnetic fields of this young solar proxy.

Surfex : une plateforme pour simuler les flux des surfaces océaniques et continentales

2020 ◽  
pp. 082
Author(s):  
Patrick Le Moigne ◽  
Marie Minvielle
Keyword(s):  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Models ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Lower Boundary Condition ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
The Earth

Dans les modèles atmosphériques de prévision numérique du temps et de climat, la surface constitue la condition à la limite inférieure. La grande variété des paysages présents sur l'ensemble du globe et les spécificités de chacun des types de surface rendent complexe sa description dans les modèles. Par ailleurs, l'augmentation constante de la résolution horizontale des modèles nécessite une description fine des surfaces ainsi que des processus mis en jeu lorsqu'atmosphère et surface interagissent. Cet article décrit la plateforme de modélisation Surfex, en particulier comment la grande variété des types de surface est prise en compte, quelles sont les principales paramétrisations physiques et enfin comment est réalisé le couplage à un modèle atmosphérique. Surface is the lower boundary condition of numerical weather prediction and climate atmospheric models. Its representation in models is complicated by the large diversity in landscapes over the Earth, and the specificities of each surface type. In addition, the continuous increase in model horizontal resolution requires an accurate description of surfaces as well as the processes involved when surface and atmosphere are coupled. This article describes the Surfex modelling platform, particularly how the large amount of surface types are accounted for, which are the main physical processes represented and how the coupling to an atmospheric model can be achieved.

scholarly journals Satellite and In Situ Observations for Advancing Global Earth Surface Modelling: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianpaolo Balsamo ◽  
Anna Agusti-Panareda ◽  
Clement Albergel ◽  
Gabriele Arduini ◽  
Anton Beljaars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Surface Modelling ◽  
The Earth ◽  
In Situ Observations

In this paper, we review the use of satellite-based remote sensing in combination with in situ data to inform Earth surface modelling. This involves verification and optimization methods that can handle both random and systematic errors and result in effective model improvement for both surface monitoring and prediction applications. The reasons for diverse remote sensing data and products include (i) their complementary areal and temporal coverage, (ii) their diverse and covariant information content, and (iii) their ability to complement in situ observations, which are often sparse and only locally representative. To improve our understanding of the complex behavior of the Earth system at the surface and sub-surface, we need large volumes of data from high-resolution modelling and remote sensing, since the Earth surface exhibits a high degree of heterogeneity and discontinuities in space and time. The spatial and temporal variability of the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and anthroposphere calls for an increased use of Earth observation (EO) data attaining volumes previously considered prohibitive. We review data availability and discuss recent examples where satellite remote sensing is used to infer observable surface quantities directly or indirectly, with particular emphasis on key parameters necessary for weather and climate prediction. Coordinated high-resolution remote-sensing and modelling/assimilation capabilities for the Earth surface are required to support an international application-focused effort.

scholarly journals ПРОСТОРОВА ВАРІАБЕЛЬНІСТЬ ЕЛЕКТРОПРОВІДНОСТІ ҐРУНТІВ АРЕНИ ДОЛИНИ Р. ДНІПРО (У МЕЖАХ ПРИРОДНОГО ЗАПОВІДНИКУ «ДНІПРОВСЬКО-ОРІЛЬСЬКИЙ»)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Zhukov ◽  
O. M. Kunakh ◽  
V. O. Taran ◽  
M. M. Lebedinska
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Earth Surface ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Moisture Capacity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Elevation Model

<p>Within experimental range on arena of the river Dnepr in natural reserve "Dneprovsko-Orelsky" in 241 points electric conductivity of soil has been measured by two ways: in a condition of natural humidity and in a condition of a full moisture capacity. It is established that on the average electrical conductivity makes 0.068±0.002 and 0.267±0.014 dSm/m accordingly. As a result of the carried out research by us the established procedure which allows to transform point objects which contain the information on electric conductivity of soil in continual (raster) layer on the basis of established regression dependences of an investigated indicator from predictors which are received on the basis of data of remote sensing of a surface of the Earth. Canonical axes received as a result of the mixed correspondence analysis have been used as regression predictors. Continual data (digital elevation model and its derivative, vegetative and other Landsat indexes, relief and vegetative cover diversity indexes) and discrete data (results of Earth surface classification on elementary relief units and types of a vegetative cover) have been calculated by mixed correspondence analysis. The important result is dependence of electric conductivity of soil on indicators of a relief and a vegetative cover diversity.</p>

The High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment

The high resolution STEM is now a fact of life. I think that we have, in the last few years, demonstrated that this instrument is capable of the same resolving power as a CEM but is sufficiently different in its imaging characteristics to offer some real advantages.It seems possible to prove in a quite general way that only a field emission source can give adequate intensity for the highest resolution^ and at the moment this means operating at ultra high vacuum levels. Our experience, however, is that neither the source nor the vacuum are difficult to manage and indeed are simpler than many other systems and substantially trouble-free.

An Analysis of Dissociation of Molecules in a High Resolution Electron Microscope

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
Mihir Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Molecular Film ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Dissociation Cross Section ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
The Stability

It is well known that the resolution of bio-molecules in a high resolution electron microscope depends not just on the physical resolving power of the instrument, but also on the stability of these molecules under the electron beam. Experimentally, the damage to the bio-molecules is commo ly monitored by the decrease in the intensity of the diffraction pattern, or more quantitatively by the decrease in the peaks of an energy loss spectrum. In the latter case the exposure, EC, to decrease the peak intensity from IO to I’O can be related to the molecular dissociation cross-section, σD, by EC = ℓn(IO /I’O) /ℓD. Qu ntitative data on damage cross-sections are just being reported, However, the microscopist needs to know the explicit dependence of damage on: (1) the molecular properties, (2) the density and characteristics of the molecular film and that of the support film, if any, (3) the temperature of the molecular film and (4) certain characteristics of the electron microscope used

Practical High Resolution Microscopy

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 302-303
Author(s):  
P. A. Marsh ◽  
T. Mullens ◽  
D. Price
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Careful Attention ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy ◽  
New Facilities

It is possible to exceed the guaranteed resolution on most electron microscopes by careful attention to microscope parameters essential for high resolution work. While our experience is related to a Philips EM-200, we hope that some of these comments will apply to all electron microscopes.The first considerations are vibration and magnetic fields. These are usually measured at the pre-installation survey and must be within specifications. It has been our experience, however, that these factors can be greatly influenced by the new facilities and therefore must be rechecked after the installation is completed. The relationship between the resolving power of an EM-200 and the maximum tolerable low frequency interference fields in milli-Oerstedt is 10 Å - 1.9, 8 Å - 1.4, 6 Å - 0.8.

A Super-High-Resolution HVEM (H-1500) Newly Installed in NIRIM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
S. Horiuchi ◽  
Y. Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
The Magnetic Field

A new high-voltage electron microscope (H-1500) specially aiming at super-high-resolution (1.0 Å point-to-point resolution) is now installed in National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials ( NIRIM ), in collaboration with Hitachi Ltd. The national budget of about 1 billion yen including that for a new building has been spent for the construction in the last two years (1988-1989). Here we introduce some essential characteristics of the microscope.(1) According to the analysis on the magnetic field in an electron lens, based on the finite-element-method, the spherical as well as chromatic aberration coefficients ( Cs and Cc ). which enables us to reach the resolving power of 1.0Å. have been estimated as a function of the accelerating As a result of the calculaton. it was noted that more than 1250 kV is needed even when we apply the highest level of the technology and materials available at present. On the other hand, we must consider the protection against the leakage of X-ray. We have then decided to set the conventional accelerating voltage at 1300 kV. However. the maximum accessible voltage is 1500 kV, which is practically important to realize higher voltage stabillity. At 1300 kV it is expected that Cs= 1.7 mm and Cc=3.4 mm with the attachment of the specimen holder, which tilts bi-axially in an angle of 35° ( Fig.1 ). In order to minimize the value of Cc a small tank is additionally placed inside the generator tank, which must serve to seal the magnetic field around the acceleration tube. An electron gun with LaB6 tip is used.

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