scholarly journals Metalogical Remarks on Induction

Axiomathes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Woleński
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Logical Probability ◽  
Problem Of Induction ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Degree Of Confirmation ◽  
Quantitative Account

AbstractThe problem of induction belongs to the most controversial issues in philosophy of science. If induction is understood widely, it covers every fallible inference, that is, such that its conclusion is not logically entailed by its premises. This paper analyses so-called reductive induction, that is, reasoning in which premises follow from the conclusion, but the reverse relation does not hold. Two issues are taken into account, namely the definition of reductive inference and its justification. The analysis proposed in the paper employs metalogical tools. The author agrees with the view that a quantitative account of degree of confirmation for universal theories via logical probability is problematic. However, prospect for a qualitative approach look as more promising. Using the construction of maximally consistent sets allows to distinguish good and worthless induction as well as shows how to understand induction in a semantic way. A closer analysis of deductivism in the theory of justification shows that it is a hidden inductivism.

Conceptualizing Computer Simulations in Philosophy of Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Timur V. Khamdamov ◽  
Mikhail Yu. Voloshin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Taxonomic Problem ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

In the modern Russian philosophy, discussions about the phenomenon of computer simulations in the scientific research practice of conducting experiments are just beginning to pass the stage of initiation in small interdisciplinary groups studying this new direction for the philosophy of science. At the same time, in Western philosophy by the current moment there have been formed entire directions for the study of computer simulations. Different groups of researchers in different ways form ideas about the basic characteristics of simulations: from skeptical views on their nature, which are of no philosophical interest, to extremely revolutionary attitudes that assign simulations to the main role in the next expected turn of philosophy, comparable in its power to the linguistic turn in early XX century. One of the main controversial issues in Western philosophical thought was the search for relevant criteria and signs of simulations that could create a solid basis for formulating a rigorous definition of this phenomenon. Thus, through the definition, researchers first of all try, on the one hand, to solve the taxonomic problem of the correlation and interconnection of simulations with other types of experiment: natural, laboratory, mental, mathematical. On the other hand, to reveal for philosophy ontological and epistemological foundations of simulations, which carry the potential of new philosophical knowledge. This article is devoted to a brief review of the existing concepts of representatives of Western schools of thought on the phenomenon of computer simulations in the context of the philosophy of science. The structure of the review is built on three basic conceptual directions: 1) definition of the term "computer simulation"; 2) computer simulations as an experiment; 3) the epistemic value of simulations. Such a review can become the subject of discussion for Russian researchers interested in the impact of computer simulations on science and philosophy.

Confirmation

Philosophy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Dallmann ◽  
Franz Huber
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Scientific Theories ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Problem Of Induction ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Degree Of Confirmation

The term confirmation is used in epistemology and the philosophy of science whenever observational data and other information that is taken for granted speak in favor of or support scientific theories and everyday hypotheses. Historically, confirmation has been closely related to the problem of induction, the question of what to believe regarding the future given information that is restricted to the past and present. One relation between confirmation and induction is that the conclusion H of an inductively strong argument with premise E is confirmed by E. If inductive strength comes in degrees and the inductive strength of the argument with premise E and conclusion H is equal to r, then the degree of confirmation of H by E is likewise said to be equal to r.

scholarly journals Validation of Sexological Worldview

SAGE Open ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401243907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin A. Sitron ◽  
Donald A. Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Perspective Transformation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of

The authors originally posited that a new construct must be developed to measure the success of affective training for sexologists, particularly the Sexuality Attitudes Reassessment (SAR) modality. Couching their critique in studies that have been conducted to measure the SAR’s effectiveness as a method used to evoke perspective transformation and more sensitive and humanistic service provision, the authors argued that the development of a professional’s sexological worldview would be a more accurate construct than attitude change to measure when considering the outcomes of SAR training. This study in the United States used a two-phase qualitative approach to validate the proposed sexological worldview construct. In the first phase, they surveyed a panel of 16 sexologists regarding their original proposed definition of sexological worldview and refined it. In the second phase, they completed 30 one-on-one interviews with a convenience sample of sexologists and sexology students. Using an inductive content analysis of the interview transcripts, seven themes emerged in support of the proposed definition of sexological worldview, including its components and its developmental characteristics. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for the use of the construct for the training of sexologists.

Two Refutations of the Vorhanden Reading of Heidegger’s Philosophy of Science in Being and Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 174-187
Author(s):  
Paul Goldberg ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Robert Brandom ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hubert Dreyfus

The dominant interpretation of Heidegger’s philosophy of science in Being and Time is that he defines science, or natural science, in terms of presence-at-hand (Vorhandenheit). I argue that this interpretation is false. I call this dominant view about Heidegger’s definition of science the vorhanden claim; interpreters who argue in favor of this claim I call vorhanden readers. In the essay, I reconstruct and then refute two major arguments for the vorhanden claim: respectively, I call them equipmental breakdown (Section 1) and theoretical assertion (Section 2). The equipmental breakdown argument, stemming mainly from Hubert Dreyfus, advances a vorhanden reading on the basis of three other interpretive claims: I call them, respectively, the primacy of practice claim, the decontextualization claim, and the breakdown claim. While I remain agnostic on the first claim, the argument fails because of decisive textual counterevidence to the latter two claims. Meanwhile, the theoretical assertion argument, which I reconstruct mainly from Robert Brandom, premises its vorhanden claim on the basis of some remarks in Being and Time indicating that theoretical assertions, as such, refer to present-at-hand things. Since science is taken to be a paradigmatic case of an activity that makes theoretical assertions, the vorhanden claim is supposed to follow. I refute this argument on the grounds that it equivocates on Heidegger’s concept of “theoretical assertion” and cannot account for his insistence that science does not principally consist in the production of such assertions. I conclude that, with the failure of these two arguments, the case for the vorhanden claim is severely weakened.

A Strategic Choice: The State Policy Requirement in Core International Crimes

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATHANASIOS CHOULIARAS
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
State Policy ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Policy Perspective ◽  
International Crimes ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe article focuses on one of the most intriguing and, at the same time, controversial issues of international criminal law: whether the state policy requirement should be considered as a constitutive element in core international crimes. Adopting a criminal policy perspective, my intention is to contribute to the ongoing discussion by offering a doctrinal and criminological corroboration of the position that answers in the affirmative. Nevertheless, I am not necessarily promoting a normative choice entailing the amendment of the definition of core international crimes, but I rather call for a policy choice of focusing on cases that presume a state policy component.

scholarly journals PANDANGAN WARTAWAN TELEVISI PADA PELIPUTAN KERUSUHAN AKSI 22 MEI

MEDIUM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Lisna Nurpadillah ◽  
Ujang Saepullah ◽  
Khoiruddin Muchtar
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Television Journalists

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemahaman, pemaknaan serta pengalaman wartawan televisi pada saat peliputan kerusuhan Aksi 22 Mei. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori fenomenologi Alfred Schutz. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan menggunakan paradigma konstuktivis dengan metode studi fenomenologi. Informan dalam penelitian ini merupakan wartawan televisi INews TV, Net TV, Kompas TV, RTV, Jawa Pos TV, TVOne, dan CNN Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan,bahwa wartawan televisi memahami peliputan kerusuhan Aksi 22 Mei yaitu definisi peliputan kerusuhan Aksi 22 Mei, etika peliputan kerusuhan dan posisi peliputan wartawan. Wartawan televisi juga memaknai peliputan kerusuhan Aksi 22 Mei yaitu pentingnya peran wartawan televisi dan mendahulukan humanisme. Berdasarkan pengalamannya yaitu adanya hambatan peliputan, intimidasi dan diskriminasi serta keselamatan peliputan. This study aims to determine the understanding, interpretation, and experience of television reporters during the rioting of the May 22 Action. The theory used is Alfred Schutz's phenomenology theory. This research uses a qualitative approach and uses a constructivist paradigm with phenomenological study methods. The informants in this study were television reporters from INews TV, Net TV, Kompas TV, RTV, Jawa Pos TV, TVOne, and CNN Indonesia. This study concludes that television journalists understand the May 22 riots coverage, namely the definition of May 22 riots coverage, the ethics of riot reporting, and the position of journalists covering. Television reporters also interpreted the reporting of the May 22 riots, namely the importance of the role of television journalists and prioritizing humanism. Based on his experience, there are barriers to coverage, intimidation, and discrimination, as well as safety of coverage.

scholarly journals The grounds for initiation of service-related objects of patent law in the system of the MIA of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Molchanov ◽  
Elizaveta Zaytseva
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Design ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Utility Model ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Correct Definition ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the study of the grounds for initiation of service-related objects of patent law in the system of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of Russia. The authors define the conditions necessary for the recognition of the service-related character of an invention, utility model, or industrial design. This is especially important for the correct definition of the legal regime of the created results and the application of legal consequences to the relations arising between the subjects. The purpose of the work is to analyse the grounds for initiation of service-related objects in the system of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of Russia. As a result of the study, the legal relationships between the subjects of patent law in the system of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of Russia, the grounds for their occurrence and the specifics are analysed, the question of the relationships between the moment of creation of the service-related product and the period of validity of the working contract between the author and the employer are determined, the procedure of distributing intellectual rights to service-related products, including those created as a result of the joint creative activity of several persons are clarified, other conditions and criteria for vesting an invention, utility model, industrial design with a service-related character are determined. As a separate basis, a civil law contract is highlighted, which has essential importance in the implementation of service-related objects of patent law in the system of the Ministry of the Internal Affairs of Russia. The analysis of legal norms revealed the lack of the legally fixed list of the grounds for the initiation of service-related objects of patent law, and therefore a number of controversial issues arising in practice require additional clarification.

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