scholarly journals Exploring the extremes: applying high concentration of yeast extract leads to drastic morphological changes and elimination of (+)-geodin and asterric acid production in Aspergillus terreus submerged cultures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Boruta ◽  
Adrianna Górnicka ◽  
Iwona Grzybowska ◽  
Ida Stefaniak ◽  
Marcin Bizukojć
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Submerged Cultures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Metabolites Production ◽  
High Level

Abstract Objective Evaluation of morphology and secondary metabolites production in Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 cultures over a wide range of lactose and yeast extract concentrations from 0.2 up to an extremely high level of 200 g l−l. Results The morphological differences of mycelial objects were quantified with the use of morphological parameters calculated by applying the tools of digital image analysis. At 200 g l−l of yeast extract clumps and loose hyphae were recorded instead of pellets commonly observed in submerged cultures of A. terreus. Under these conditions the biosynthesis of (+)-geodin and asterric acid was totally blocked, lovastatin formation was found to be at a relatively low level and biomass production turned out to be greater than in the remaining variants, where the pelleted growth was observed. At 200 g l−l of lactose the production of lovastatin, (+)-geodin and asterric acid was visibly stimulated compared to the media containing 0.2, 2 and 20 g l−l of the sugar substrate, but at the same time no traces of butyrolactone I could be detected in the broth. Lactose at the extremely high concentration of 200 g l−l did not induce the drastic morphological changes observed in the case of 200 g l-1 of yeast extract. It was proved that at the C/N values as low as 4 and as high as 374 A. terreus not only continued to display growth but also exhibited the production of secondary metabolites. The use of cultivation media representing the equivalent C/N ratios led to different metabolic and morphological outcomes depending on the concentration of lactose and yeast extract that contributed to the given C/N value. Conclusion The extremely high concentration of yeast extract leads to marked morphological changes of A. terreus and the elimination of (+)-geodin and asterric production, while applying the excess of lactose is stimulatory in terms of lovastatin production.

scholarly journals Improvement and prediction of secondary metabolites production under yeast extract elicitation of Azadirachta indica cell suspension culture using response surface methodology

AMB Express ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Farjaminezhad ◽  
Ghasemali Garoosi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Metabolites Production

AbstractNeem is a medicinal plant used as antimalarial, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticide, and antimicrobial drug. This study aimed to investigate and predict the effect of yeast extract and sampling time on cell growth, secondary metabolites synthesis, SQS1 and MOF1 genes expression by response surface methodology. The highest fresh and dry cell weights were 580.25 g/L and 21.01 g/L, respectively obtained 6 days after using 100 mg/L yeast extract. The highest azadirachtin accumulation and production were 16.08 mg/g DW and 219.78 mg/L obtained 2 and 4 days, respectively after using 25 mg/L yeast extract. Maximum mevalonic acid accumulation (1.75 mg/g DW) and production (23.77 mg/L) were observed 2 days after application of 50 mg/L yeast extract. The highest amount of squalene accumulation (0.22 mg/g DW) and production (4.53 mg/L) were achieved 4 days after using 50 mg/L yeast extract. Prediction results exhibited the highest azadirachtin accumulation (13.61 mg/g DW) and production (190.50 mg/L), mevalonic acid accumulation (0.50 mg/g DW) and production (5.57 mg/L), and squalene accumulation (0.30 mg/g DW) by using 245 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, 71 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, 200 mg/L yeast extract for 4.96 days, without yeast extract for 6.54 days and 4 days, respectively. Also, it was predicted that the highest squalene production is achieved by long-term exposure to high concentrations of yeast extract. The qRT-PCR analysis displayed the maximum relative gene expression of SQS1 and MOF1 by using 150 and 25 mg/L yeast extract for 4 and 2 days treatment.

scholarly journals Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler ile Sebzelerde Kök Kaynaklı Sekonder Metabolitlerin Üretiminin Artırılmasına Yönelik In Vitro Uygulamalar

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Tunhan Demirci ◽  
Pınar Özdamar ◽  
Nilgün Göktürk Baydar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Metabolites Production

Secondary metabolites, gaining importance in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, perfumery, food industry and agrarian struggle, are synthesized in different organs such as root, leaves, shoot and seed in plants. These compounds are defined as “light in bulk” because of the low synthesis rate but “high in value” because of the wide range of applications, activities and economic values. Obtaining of the secondary metabolites found in roots by conventional methods is based on dismantling of these plants from the nature or the cultural field and isolating by the different methods. Detachment of plants from nature causes the loss of genetic resources. And it has some difficulties as the challenges and differences in terrain and climate conditions, low metabolite yield and quality and more labor. Thus a new approaches is needed to enable more economic, higher metabolite yield and quality compared to the conventional methods. Therefore, in vitro techniques have gained importance. With this review, it was aimed to inform in vitro applications used to increase root-related secondary metabolites production in order to guide future researches.

scholarly journals Bacillus ruris sp. nov., from dairy farms

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 2551-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Heyndrickx ◽  
Patsy Scheldeman ◽  
Gillian Forsyth ◽  
Liesbeth Lebbe ◽  
Marina Rodríguez-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
High Level ◽  
Phenotypic Tests

Four novel ellipsoidal spore-forming Bacillus isolates with swollen sporangia, isolated from raw milk and feed concentrate, showed a high level of similarity in SDS-PAGE, fatty acid methyl esters and routine phenotypic tests. However, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that this taxon was different from other related Bacillus species, and only a low level of DNA relatedness was found with the closest phylogenetic and phenotypic relative, Bacillus galactosidilyticus. This taxon could be differentiated from B. galactosidilyticus on the basis of morphological differences, stronger acid reactions with a wide range of substrates after 48 h incubation, and qualitative and quantitative differences in fatty acid content. On the basis of these data, a novel species, Bacillus ruris sp. nov., is proposed, with LMG 22866T (=DSM 17057T) as the type strain.

scholarly journals High-Yielding Lovastatin Producer Aspergillus terreus Shows Increased Resistance to Inhibitors of Polyamine Biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8290
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Zhgun ◽  
Gulgina K. Nuraeva ◽  
Ivan A. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Inhibitory Analysis ◽  
Intracellular Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multistep Process

The biosynthesis of pharmaceutically significant secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi is a multistep process that depends on a wide range of various factors, one of which is the intracellular content of polyamines. We have previously shown that in Aspergillus terreus lovastatin high-yielding strain (HY) exogenous introduction of polyamines during fermentation can lead to an increase in the production of lovastatin by 20–45%. However, the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon have not been elucidated. In this regard, we carried out an inhibitory analysis at the key stage of polyamine biosynthesis, the conversion of L-ornithine to putrescine by the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). A. terreus HY strain showed upregulation of genes for biosynthesis of polyamines, 3–10-fold, and increased resistance compared to the original wild-type strain upon inhibition of ODC on synthetic medium with 5 mM α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), by 20–25%, and 5 mM 1-aminooxy-3-aminopropane (APA), by 40–45%. The data obtained indicate changes in the metabolism of polyamines in A. terreus HY strain. The observed phenomenon may have a universal character among fungal producers of secondary metabolites improved by classical methods, since previously the increased resistance to ODC inhibitors was also shown for Acremonium chrysogenum, a high-yielding producer of cephalosporin C.

scholarly journals Improvement and prediction of secondary metabolites production under yeast extract elicitation of Azadirachta indica cell suspension culture using response surface methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Farjaminezhad ◽  
ghasemali Garoosi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Metabolites Production

Abstract Neem is the medicinal plant used as antimalarial, antibacterial, antiviral, insecticide, and antimicrobial. This study aimed to investigate and prediction the effect of yeast extract and sampling time on cell growth, secondary metabolites synthesis, SQS1 and MOF1 genes expression by response surface methodology. The highest fresh and dry cell weights were 580.25 g/L and 21.01 g/L obtained 6 days after using 100 mg/L yeast extract. The highest azadirachtin accumulation and production were 16.08 mg/g DW and 219.78 mg/L obtained 2 and 4 days after using 25 mg/L yeast extract. Maximum mevalonic acid accumulation and production were 1.75 mg/g DW and 23.77 mg/L observed 2 days after application of 50 mg/L yeast extract. The highest amount of squalene accumulation (0.22 mg/g DW) and production (4.53 mg/L) were achieved 4 days after using 50 mg/L yeast extract. Prediction results showed that the highest azadirachtin accumulation (13.61 mg/g DW) and production (190.50 mg/L), mevalonic acid accumulation (0.50 mg/g DW) and production (5.57 mg/L), and squalene accumulation (0.30 mg/g DW) obtained by using 245 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, 71 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, 200 mg/L yeast extract for 4.96 days, without yeast extract for 6.54 days and 4 days, respectively. Also, predicted that the highest squalene production is achieved by long-term exposure to high concentrations of yeast extract. The qRT-PCR analysis showed the maximum relative gene expression of SQS1 and MOF1 obtained by using 150 mg/L yeast extract for 4 days and 25 mg/L yeast extract for 2 days, respectively.

The way of value of Correlation of genomic DNA microsatellite loci and live weight of Chukchi reindeer

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
V. Dodokhov ◽  
N. Pavlova ◽  
T. Rumyantseva ◽  
L. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Dna Microsatellite

The article presents the genetic characteristic of the Chukchi reindeer breed. The object of the study was of the Chukchi reindeer. In recent years, the number of reindeer of the Chukchi breed has declined sharply. Reduced reindeer numbers could lead to biodiversity loss. The Chukchi breed of deer has good meat qualities, has high germination viability and is adapted in adverse tundra conditions of Yakutia. Herding of the Chukchi breed of deer in Yakutia are engaged only in the Nizhnekolymsky district. There are four generic communities and the largest of which is the agricultural production cooperative of nomadic tribal community «Turvaurgin», which was chosen to assess the genetic processes of breed using microsatellite markers: Rt6, BMS1788, Rt 30, Rt1, Rt9, FCB193, Rt7, BMS745, C 143, Rt24, OheQ, C217, C32, NVHRT16, T40, C276. It was found that microsatellite markers have a wide range of alleles and generally have a high informative value for identifying of genetic differences between animals and groups of animal. The number of identified alleles is one of the indicators of the genetic diversity of the population. The total number of detected alleles was 127. The Chukchi breed of deer is characterized by a high level of heterozygosity, and the random crossing system prevails over inbreeding in the population. On average, there were 7.9 alleles (Na) per locus, and the mean number of effective alleles (Ne) was 4.1. The index of fixation averaged 0.001. The polymorphism index (PIC) ranged from 0.217 to 0.946, with an average of 0.695.

COVID-19 Outbreak Prediction with Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Faizollahzadeh Ardabili ◽  
Amir Mosavi ◽  
Pedram Ghamisi ◽  
Filip Ferdinand ◽  
Annamaria R. Varkonyi-Koczy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
High Level

Several outbreak prediction models for COVID-19 are being used by officials around the world to make informed-decisions and enforce relevant control measures. Among the standard models for COVID-19 global pandemic prediction, simple epidemiological and statistical models have received more attention by authorities, and they are popular in the media. Due to a high level of uncertainty and lack of essential data, standard models have shown low accuracy for long-term prediction. Although the literature includes several attempts to address this issue, the essential generalization and robustness abilities of existing models needs to be improved. This paper presents a comparative analysis of machine learning and soft computing models to predict the COVID-19 outbreak as an alternative to SIR and SEIR models. Among a wide range of machine learning models investigated, two models showed promising results (i.e., multi-layered perceptron, MLP, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system, ANFIS). Based on the results reported here, and due to the highly complex nature of the COVID-19 outbreak and variation in its behavior from nation-to-nation, this study suggests machine learning as an effective tool to model the outbreak. This paper provides an initial benchmarking to demonstrate the potential of machine learning for future research. Paper further suggests that real novelty in outbreak prediction can be realized through integrating machine learning and SEIR models.

CRIMINOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CORRUPTION-RELATED CRIMES IN THE FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Сергей Иванович Вележев ◽  
Антон Михайлович Седогин
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
High Level

В представленной статье авторами рассматриваются вопросы уголовно-правовой охраны топливно-энергетического комплекса Российской Федерации от преступных проявлений, в том числе от коррупционной противоправной деятельности должностных лиц. Такие действия причиняют значительный ущерб нормальному функционированию предприятий топливно-энергетического комплекса. Авторами приводятся результаты исследования некоторых криминологических характеристик должностных лиц, совершивших преступления коррупционного характера. Дан анализ причин и условий, способствующих совершению вышеуказанных противоправных действий. Определена типовая модель преступника для данной категории преступлений и его характеристики: в первую очередь, это высокий уровень компетентности, специальное образование и т. д. Авторами отмечается высокий уровень латентной преступности в данной отрасли. Предложены некоторые пути профилактики данной категории правонарушений. Исследование проводилось на основе анализа конкретных уголовных дел, возбужденных следственными органами по результатам оперативно-розыскной деятельности правоохранительных органов. In the article the authors consider the issues of criminal and legal protection of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation from criminal activity including corrupt illegal practices of officials. The authors cite the results of some criminological characteristics study of the fuel and energy complex staff committed corruption crimes. As a result of these illegal actions significant damage is caused to the normal functioning of the fuel and energy enterprises. Such officials` actions determine not only a wide range of other illegal activities, but also lead to public outcry and discredit the industry as a whole. The analysis of the reasons and conditions contributing to the above illegal actions commission is given. A typical model of a criminal for a given crime category and its characteristics are determined. First of all it is a high level competence, special education, etc. A high level of latent crime in this industry is shown. The study results are presented on the example of specific criminal cases initiated by the investigating authorities based on the results of the operation detection activities of law enforcement agencies. Some ways of preventing this category of offenses are proposed.

Associated microflora of medicinal ferns: biotechnological potentials and possible applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 4927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhi Srivastava ◽  
Paul A. K.
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Plant associated microorganisms that colonize the upper and internal tissues of roots, stems, leaves and flowers of healthy plants without causing any visible harmful or negative effect on their host. Diversity of microbes have been extensively studied in a wide variety of vascular plants and shown to promote plant establishment, growth and development and impart resistance against pathogenic infections. Ferns and their associated microbes have also attracted the attention of the scientific communities as sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. The ferns and fern alleles, which are well adapted to diverse environmental conditions, produce various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, triterpenoid compounds, variety of amino acids and fatty acids along with some unique metabolites as adaptive features and are traditionally used for human health and medicine. In this review attention has been focused to prepare a comprehensive account of ethnomedicinal properties of some common ferns and fern alleles. Association of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of these medicinally important ferns and their interaction with the host plant has been emphasized keeping in view their possible biotechnological potentials and applications. The processes of host-microbe interaction leading to establishment and colonization of endophytes are less-well characterized in comparison to rhizospheric and phyllospheric microflora. However, the endophytes are possessing same characteristics as rhizospheric and phyllospheric to stimulate the in vivo synthesis as well as in vitro production of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities such as plant growth promotion by production of phytohormones, siderophores, fixation of nitrogen, and phosphate solubilization. Synthesis of pharmaceutically important products such as anticancer compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antiviral substances and hydrolytic enzymes could be some of the promising areas of research and commercial exploitation.

Bioprospecting Cryptogams as Potential Source of Unique Biodynamic Phytochemicals with Diverse Pharmaceutical Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brahma N. Singh ◽  
Garima Pandey ◽  
Prateeksha ◽  
J. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Structures

With the advent of green pharmaceuticals, the secondary metabolites derived from plants have provided numerous leads for the development of a wide range of therapeutic drugs; however the discovery of new drugs with novel structures has declined in the past few years. Cryptogams including lichens, bryophytes, and pteridophytes represent a group of small terrestrial plants that remain relatively untouched in the drug discovery process though some have been used as ethnomedicines by various tribes worldwide. Studies of their secondary metabolites are recent but reveal unique secondary metabolites which are not synthesized by higher plants. These compounds can have the potential to develop more potential herbal drugs for prevention and treatment of diseases The present article . deals with the secondary metabolites and pharmacological activities of cryptogams with an objective to bring them forth as potential source of biodynamic compounds of therapeutic value.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document