Biodegradation or simple adsorption to the support material? Development of a simple, fast and low-cost technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 185 (12) ◽  
pp. 10085-10089
Author(s):  
R. Maurício ◽  
L. Amaral ◽  
P. Santos Coelho ◽  
F. Santana
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Support Material ◽  
Material Development

scholarly journals Clay Hybrid Membranes in Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanushree Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Active Layer ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Composite Membranes ◽  
High Price ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Support Material ◽  
Support Materials ◽  
Micro Particles ◽  
Ceramic Support

Most of NF membranes which are developed recently are composite membranes, whose support layer is covered with an active layer. Among different ceramic support materials that are currently used as support layer, α-alumina supports are integral part of the membrane which is made of artificial materials like alumina and thus adds to the high price of the membrane. This draws our attention in making low cost support material of natural clay which aims to be an excellent membrane support as it possesses high mechanical strength, high permeability, narrow pore size distribution and low manufacturing cost. Titania as active layer for ceramic membrane is preferred over Al2O3 membranes. One of the problems encountered when photocatalysts are immobilized on support is the detachment of the micro particles from the support for high flow rates of liquid effluent. This can be overcome by using Montmorillonite clay as support material as it is a great binder.

600V GaN Schottky Barrier Power Devices for High Volume and Low Cost Applications

2008 ◽  
Vol 600-603 ◽  
pp. 1251-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Lin Liu ◽  
Ting Gang Zhu ◽  
Michael Murphy ◽  
Marek Pabisz ◽  
Milan Pophristic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Schottky Barrier ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Epitaxial Film Growth

The first commercially viable high voltage (>600V) gallium nitride (GaN) Schottky barrier devices are reported. Though GaN does not have any “micropipe” defects, which commonly exists in SiC material, defects like dislocations due to lattice mismatch hamper the material development of GaN high power devices. Improvements in the nitride epitaxial film growth have led to significant reduction of conductive dislocations. Conductive Atomic Force Microscope (CAFM) analysis of conductive dislocations shows only on the order of 103 cm-2 density of conductive dislocations, which are believed to be responsible for the undesired leakage current. GaN diodes compare to SiC or Si devices demonstrate a significant advantage in the thermal resistance. The insulating properties of Sapphire substrates allow fabrication of the devices in TO220 packages with insulating frame and thermal resistance better than 1.8°C/W compare to 3°C/W of SiC or Si devices with insulating frame. Performance of GaN, SiC and Si devices in the switch mode power supplies is compared.

scholarly journals Fundamentals of Sulfate Species in Methane Combustion Catalyst Operation and Regeneration—A Simulated Exhaust Gas Study

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niko M. Kinnunen ◽  
Kauko Kallinen ◽  
Teuvo Maunula ◽  
Matthew Keenan ◽  
Mika Suvanto
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Methane Combustion ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Support Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Al2o3 Support

Emission regulations and legislation inside the European Union (EU) have a target to reduce tailpipe emissions in the transportation sector. Exhaust gas aftertreatment systems play a key role in low emission vehicles, particularly when natural gas or bio-methane is used as the fuel. The main question for methane operating vehicles is the durability of the palladium-rich aftertreatment system. To improve the durability of the catalysts, a regeneration method involving an efficient removal of sulfur species needs to be developed and implemented on the vehicle. This paper tackles the topic and its issues from a fundamental point of view. This study showed that Al2(SO4)3 over Al2O3 support material inhibits re-oxidation of Pd to PdO, and thus hinders the formation of the low-temperature active phase, PdOx. The presence of Al2(SO4)3 increases light-off temperature, which may be due to a blocking of active sites. Overall, this study showed that research should also focus on support material development, not only active phase inspection. An active catalyst can always be developed, but the catalyst should have the ability to be regenerated.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Laser Micromachining Super Hydrophilic–Super Hydrophobic Microgrooves for Robotic Capillary Micromanipulation of Microfibers

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 854
Author(s):  
Bo Chang ◽  
Yuhang Feng ◽  
Jialong Jin ◽  
Quan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Scanning Speed ◽  
Laser Micromachining ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Wetting Properties ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Alignment Technique ◽  
Manufacturing Parameters ◽  
Microsecond Pulse

Capillary self-alignment technique can achieve highly accurate and fast alignment of micro components. Capillary self-alignment technique relies on the confinement of liquid droplets at receptor sites where hydrophobic–hydrophilic patterns are widely used. This paper reports a low-cost microsecond pulse laser micromachining method for fabrication of super hydrophilic–super hydrophobic grooves as receptor sites for capillary self-alignment of microfibers. We investigated the influence of major manufacturing parameters on groove sizes and wetting properties. The effects of the width (20 µm–100 µm) and depth (8 µm–36 µm) of the groove on the volume of water droplet contained inside the groove were also investigated. We show that by altering scanning speed, using a de-focused laser beam, we can modify the wetting properties of the microgrooves from 10° to 120° in terms of the contact angle. We demonstrated that different types of microfibers including natural and artificial microfibers can self-align to the size matching super hydrophilic–super hydrophobic microgrooves. The results show that super hydrophilic–super hydrophobic microgrooves have great potential in microfiber micromanipulation applications such as natural microfiber categorization, fiber-based microsensor construction, and fiber-enforced material development.

scholarly journals The Development and Characterisation of Recycled Polyethylene Reinforced Particulate Cockle Shell for Automobile Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson O Agunsoye ◽  
Chioma I Madueke ◽  
Adeola A Bamigbaiye ◽  
Kenneth C Agbakansi ◽  
Alice Oladipo
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Polymeric Composite ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Polyethylene Composite ◽  
Recycled Polyethylene ◽  
Cockle Shell

Polymer reinforced composites were developed from recycled polyethylene briquettes (matrix) and particulate cockle shells (reinforcement) via compounding and compression moulding technique. The objective was to use urban wastes to produce low-cost material for engineering applications as an alternative to their disposal by incineration, which can cause atmospheric pollution. The composites were characterized for wear test using spin on disk, XRD, Universal Testing Machine for Mechanical Properties and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for microstructure. Results obtained were compared with the unreinforced polymer, the composites exhibited higher tensile strength and impact energy, while the hardness reduced. More so, above 20% filler addition, the flexural strength and Young Modulus decreased. The composite can be used where rigidity is a crucial performance requirement; at 20% weight cockle shell, the composites can be used for car inner door opener where rigidity is required, while at 50% additions, the developed composite will be suitable for use in car interior dashboard where strength and fracture toughness are the most crucial property demand. Furthermore, the morphological study of the RPE/CSP composite showed a high homogeneous polymer matrix’s cockle shell particle blend. In conclusion, the study has established that particulate cockle shell waste and recycled polyethylene are suitable materials to produce polymeric composite. This is a novel material development from waste to wealth for environmental sustainabilityKeywords— Cockle shells, Recycled Polyethylene, Composite, Particulate

A Small Feature-Sized Organic interposer for 2.1D Packaging Solutions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 000619-000623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Romero ◽  
Jeongho Lee ◽  
Kyungseob Oh ◽  
Kyoungmoo Harr ◽  
Youngdo Kweon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
High Density ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
New Material ◽  
Small Feature ◽  
Global Interconnects ◽  
The Impact

The continuing advancement of semiconductor devices steadily increase the number of global interconnects and higher I/O counts thus driving more the importance of smaller feature size interconnects. One of the most difficult technical challenge for interconnects involves new material development, however, it is believed that mitigation of the impact of size scaling such as its aspect ratio (thickness/width) and spacing could fill the gap for high dense packaging requirement brought by Moore's Law. The next generation substrate design rules require a process capability with less than 50um pitch to accommodate leading-edge mobile applications such as Wide I/O memory-Logic packaging integration. In this paper, we describe an organic interposer that is capable of providing high density interface between chips with large I/O counts therefore could be an attractive low-cost 2.1D packaging solution. Our concept can demonstrate ultra fine line interconnects with width/space below 5um with microvias having pitch below 50um which can be effective solution for high density routing. This feature enables the ICs to be attached directly to the substrate therefore eliminating the need for a silicon interposer needed in conventional 2.5D package architecture. Microvia formation using photo-imageable material is another key feature of our organic interposer offering favorable cost efficiency for designs requiring very large numbers of microvias. The buildup layers could be vertically connected by microvias with min. 10um diameter using this process. Aside from the simplicity in supply chain, the high density organic interposer has the potential to meet both power and bandwidth requirement therefore can be considered an incremental move from conventional system-in-package providing flexibility in performance and yield capacity that allows integration of advanced logic and memory devices. We will present our various feasibility results of electrical/mechanical performance obtained from our fabricated test vehicles.

Development of a Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine Through Experiment and Modeling

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Keefe ◽  
Geoffrey P. McKnight ◽  
Guillermo A. Herrera ◽  
P. Anthony Bedegi ◽  
Christopher B. Churchill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heat Engine ◽  
Niti Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Work Cycle ◽  
Forced Air

Few technologies can produce meaningful power from low temperature waste heat sources below 250°C, particularly on a per-mass basis. Since the 1970’s energy crisis, NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) and associated thermal engines have been considered a viable heat-to-power transducer but were not adopted due to previously poor material quality, low supply, design complexity, and cost. Decades of subsequent material development, research, and commercialization have resulted in the availability of consistently high-quality, well-characterized, low cost alloys and a renewed interest in SMA as a waste heat energy recovery technology. The Lightweight Thermal Energy Recovery System (LighTERS) is an ongoing ARPA-E funded collaboration between General Motors Company, HRL Laboratories, Dynalloy, Inc., and the University of Michigan. In this paper we will present initial results from investigations of a closed loop SMA thermal engine (a refinement of the Dr. Johnson design) using a helical coil element and forced-air heat exchange. This engine generates mechanical power by continuously pulling itself through separate hot and cold air streams using the shape memory phase transformation to alternately expand and contract at frequencies between 0.25 and 2 Hz. This work cycle occurs continuously along the length of the coil loop and produces steady state power against an external moment. We present engine features and the thermal envelope that resulted in devices achieving between 0.1 and 0.5 W/g of shape memory alloy material using only forced air heat exchangers and room temperature cooling.

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