scholarly journals The Effects of NF-kB Inhibition with p65-TMD-Linked PTD on Inflammatory Responses at Peri-implantitis Sites

Inflammation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Jung Jung ◽  
Won Lee ◽  
Jin-Su Shin ◽  
Sang-Kyou Lee ◽  
Jae Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Palatal Implant ◽  
Group A ◽  
Trap Staining ◽  
Immunohistological Staining ◽  
Group B

AbstractThe objective of this study was to find out if suppression of NF-kB complex function by p65-TMD-linked PTD could reduce host inflammation and bone resorption at peri-implantitis sites in rats. Twenty-one male 5-week-old SD rats were divided into three groups: untreated control group (A), silk-induced peri-implantitis group (B), and nt (nucleus transducible)-p65-TMD-treated, silk-induced peri-implantitis group (C). Implant sulcus of a rat in group C were divided into two groups, namely group Cp and Cb. Palatal implant sulcus where nt-p65-TMD solution was applied with an insulin syringe were assigned to group Cp. Buccal implant sulcus without topical nt-p65-TMD application were assigned to group Cb. H&E staining, TRAP staining, and immunohistological staining were done. The crestal bone levels of group A were significantly higher than those of group B at p<0.01. The crestal bone levels of group Cp were significantly higher than those of group Cb at p<0.05. H-E staining showed increased apical migration of junctional epithelium and inflammatory cells in group Cb. TRAP staining revealed more multinucleated osteoclasts in group Cb. As for immunohistological staining, group Cb showed many IL-6-positive cells while group Cp had none. In this study, p65-TMD-linked PTD inhibited NF-kB functions and reduced inflammation and bone resorption at peri-implantitis sites in rats.

scholarly journals Histology and Immunohistochemistry of Radial Arteries Are Suggestive of an Interaction between Calcification and Early Atherosclerotic Lesions in Chronic Kidney Disease

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Lysitska ◽  
Nikiforos Galanis ◽  
Ioannis Skandalos ◽  
Christina Nikolaidou ◽  
Sophia Briza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Vascular Calcification ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background and Objectives: recent studies suggest an implication of immune mechanisms in atherosclerotic disease. In this paper, the interaction between inflammation, calcification, and atherosclerosis on the vessel walls of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is described and evaluated. Materials and Methods: patients with stage V CKD, either on pre-dialysis (group A) or on hemodialysis (HD) for at least 2 years (group B), in whom a radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) was created, were included in the study. The control group included healthy volunteers who received radial artery surgery after an accident. The expressions of inflammatory cells, myofibroblasts, and vascular calcification regulators on the vascular wall were estimated, and, moreover, morphometric analysis was performed. Results: the expressions of CD68(+) cells, matrix carboxyglutamic acid proteins (MGPs), the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG), were significantly increased in CKD patients compared to the controls p = 0.02; p = 0.006; p = 0.01; and p = 0.006, respectively. In morphometric analysis, the I/M and L/I ratios had significant differences between CKD patients and the controls 0.3534 ± 0.20 vs. 0.1520 ± 0.865, p = 0.003, and 2.1709 ± 1.568 vs. 4.9958 ± 3.2975, p = 0.03, respectively. The independent variables correlated with the degree of vascular calcification were the intensity of CD34(+), aSMA(+) cells, and OPG, R2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001, and, with intima-media thickness (IMT), the severity of RANKL expression R2 = 0.3, p < 0.0001. Conclusion: atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in CKD seem to be strongly regulated by an immunological and inflammatory activation on the vascular wall.

scholarly journals Stimulation burn healing using 790 nm diode laser in rabbit's skin

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-175
Author(s):  
Ali S. Mahmood ◽  
Nadeem H. Meikha
Keyword(s):  
Diode Laser ◽  
Power Density ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Control

Burn is one of the most important conditions in veterinary and human medicine. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the enhancing therapeutic effect of 790 nm diode laser on the burn healing. Twenty-five rabbits (mean weight was 2.3 ± 0.03 kg) were divided into 5 groups (A, B, F, H and control group), each group consists of 5 animals. All groups were inflected with burn (scalds) by 99 degree of Celsius hot water applied for 30 seconds, on skin of the femoral region. Four groups were treated by laser and one group was without laser irradiation as a control group. The animals were treated by diode laser five times a week at different power density. The power density (PD) of 58.9 mW/cm² with exposure time 120 seconds was used for group (A), but in group (B), the same PD used with exposure time of 60 seconds, for group (F) the PD was 255mW/cm² and for group (H) the PD was 888 mW/cm² and same exposure time of 20 seconds for both last 2 groups. Results of four groups were compared with control group clinically and histopathologically. The study showed a good response in burn healing in (F) and (B) and (A) group, with no differences between group (H) and control group. The treatment of 5 times a week gave benefit in acceleration of the burn healing. The histological examinations revealed an increase in the proliferation of epithelial cells from the burn edge and decrease in the inflammatory cells infiltration in group F, B and A .The statistical results showed that the best results are

scholarly journals EFEK PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KAYU MANIS (CINNAMOMUM BURMANNII) TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI LAMBUNG TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIBERI ASPIRIN

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Walangitan ◽  
Lily Loho ◽  
Meilany Durry
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Cinnamon Extract ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cinnamomum Burmannii ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Abstract: Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) is a traditional herbal plants which are often found in our daily life and has many benefits especially in health. This study were designed to know the effect of cinnamon on gastric mucosa given aspirin. This was an experimental research and used Wistar rats as the subject research.  The Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 mice of control group and 9 mice of treatment group. Group A (K-) given pellets, group B (K+) given pellets and aspirin 150 mg/kgBB for 7 days, group C given pellets, aspirin 150 mg/kgBB and cinnamon extract 3 mg for 3 days, group D given pellets, aspirin 150 mg/kgBB for 7 days and given cinnamon extract 3 mg for 3 days, group E given pellets, aspirin 150 mg/kgBB for 7 days and given pellets only (without treatment) for 3 days. The results showed that aspirin cause gastric mucosa damage in group B (K+) compared with kelompok A (K-). Group C and D showed less inflammatory cells compared with group B (K+). Group E showed more inflammatory cells compared with group D. The study suggested that cinnamon extract has protective and therapeutic effects on gastric mucosa of Wistar rats. Keywords: cinnamon, gaster, aspirin.   Abstrak: Kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) merupakan tanaman herbal tradisional yang banyak dijumpai dalam kehidupan sehari- hari dan memiliki banyak manfaat termasuk dalam bidang kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada efek pemberian kayu manis terhadap mukosa lambung yang diberi aspirin. Desain Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental dan subjek penelitian menggunakan tikus Wistar, yang terbagi atas 6 ekor kontrol dan 9 ekor perlakuan. Kelompok A (K-) diberikan pelet selama 7 hari, kelompok B (K+) diberikan pelet dan aspirin 150mg/kgBB selama 7 hari, kelompok C diberikan pelet, aspirin 150 mg/kgBB, ekstrak kayu manis 3 mg secara bersama- sama selama 7 hari, kelompok D diberikan pelet dan Aspirin 150 mg/kgBB selama 7 hari dilanjutkan dengan pemberian ekstrak kayu manis 3 mg selama 3 hari, kelompok E diberikan pelet dan Aspirin 150 mg/kgBB selama 7 hari dilanjutkan dengan pemberian pelet saja (tanpa perlakuan) selama 3 hari. Hasilnya menunjukkan aspirin menimbulkan kerusakan mukosa lambung pada kelompok B (K+) dibandingkan dengan kelompok A (K-). Kelompok C dan D menunjukkan sel-sel radang yang lebih sedikit dari kelompok B(kontrol +). Kelompok E menunjukkan sel- sel radang yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan kelompok D. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kayu manis mempunyai efek protektif dan terapeutik terhadap mukosa lambung tikus Wistar. Kata kunci: kayu manis, lambung, aspirin.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI LAMBUNG TIKUS WISTAR (Rattus norvegicus) YANG DIBERIKAN LENGKUAS (Alpinia galanga Willd) SETELAH DIINDUKSI OLEH ASAM MEFENAMAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juita Pasaribu ◽  
Lily Loho ◽  
Poppy Lintong
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Acute Gastritis ◽  
Group A ◽  
Mucosal Lining ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Abstrak: Gastritis akut merupakan proses inflamasi yang bersifat akut dan biasanya terjadi pada bagian permukaan mukosa lambung. Penyakit ini biasanya disebabkan karena banyak faktor salah satunya yaitu penggunaan asam mefenamat dalam dosis yang berlebihan. Pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya didapatkan bahwa lengkuas dapat mengurangi terjadinya radang akut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi lambung tikus wistar yang diberikan lengkuas setelah diinduksi dengan asam mefenamat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan sampel 11 ekor tikus wistar yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok A tidak diberikan perlakuan. Kelompok B diberikan asam mefenamat 10 mg selama 7 hari. Kelompok C diberikan asam mefenamat 10 mg selama 7 hari kemudian diberikan perasan lengkuas selama 7 hari. Kelompok D diberikan asam mefenamat 10 mg kemudian tidak diberikan perlakuan selama 7 hari. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gambaran mikroskopik lambung tikus wistar pada kelompok C terdapat sel-sel radang PMN yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kelompok B dan D. Simpulan: lengkuas dapat mengurangi sel-sel radang PMN pada mukosa lambung yang diberikan dengan asam mefenamat. Kata kunci: Lengkuas, Asam Mefenamat, Gastritis akut.   Abstract : acute gastritis is an acute inflammatory process normally occurring in the mucosal lining of the stomach. This disease is caused by a variety of factors, one of which is the use of mefenamat acid in large doses. Previous research has revealed that galangal can be used to reduce acute inflammation. The objective of this research was to reveal the histopathological pictures of stomach of wistar rats that treatment with galangal after induce by mefenamat acid. This study is an experimental, employing 11 wistar rats which were assigned for four treatment groups. Group A was the control group in which the rats received no treatment. Rats in group B were administered mefenamat acid 10 mg for 7 days. In group C, the rats were also administered mefenamat acid 10 mg for 7 days and then received galangal distillation for 7 days. In group D, rats were administered mefenamat acid 10 mg for 7 days and then for 7 days without receiving anymore mefenamat acid or galangal distillation. Results showed that microscopic pictures of stomach of wistar rats in group C were presented with PMN inflammatory cells fewer than rats in group B and D. Conclusion: galangal can reduce PMN inflammatory cells in mucosal lining of the stomach exposed to mefenamat acid. Key words: galangal, mefenamat acid,  acute gastritis.

Clinical effect of Suvarna Bindu Prashan

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patil Aniket ◽  
Dindore Pallavi ◽  
Arbar Aziz ◽  
Kadam Avinash ◽  
Saroch Vikas
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inform Consent ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Immune Booster ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The quest for excellence in mental and physical health is not new. We find various references and formulations in Ayurvedic classics meant for promoting mental and physical health of a child. Suvarna Prashan is one of the formulations explained in age old Ayurvedic classic Kashyap Samhita. This formulation is very widely used now days as a memory and immune booster for children. But there is very little systematic documented study which can be used to evaluate the efficacy of the formulation. Suvarna Bhasma was prepared in Ayurved Rasayani Pharmacy, Pune. Madhu and Ghrita were collected from KLE Ayurveda Pharmacy, Belgaum. Suvarna Bindu Prashan was prepared in KLE Ayurved pharmacy, Belgaum. It contains Suvarna Bhasma, Ghrita and Madhu. Twenty apparently healthy male and female children with age group of three to four years were ready to sign inform consent form were selected into two groups each. Subjects in Group A received Suvarna Bindu Prashan where as Group B (Control group) did not receive any treatment. Both the groups were observed for six months. Children in Suvarna Bindu Prashan group showed significant reduction in the scores of eating habits, behavior, mood, temperament and scores of event of illness. However there was no significant difference in the score of sleeping habit. There was significant increase in IQ percentage.

scholarly journals Microecological preparation combined with an modified low-carbon diet improves glucolipid metabolism and cardiovascular complication in obese patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianguo Liu ◽  
Liehui Xiao ◽  
Hezhongrong Nie ◽  
Yong Pan ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Control Group Group

Abstract Objective To investigate the impact of microecological preparation combined with modified low-carbon diet on the glucolipid metabolism and cardiovascular complication in obese patients. Methods From August 2017 to July 2020, 66 obese patients were recruited, and administrated with an modified low-carbon diet with (group A) or without (Group B) microecology preparation and a balanced diet in control group (group C) for 6 months. Meanwhile, 20 volunteers administrated with a balanced diet were recruited as the healthy control group (group D). Results After 6-month intervention, obese subjects in group A and B showed significant improvement of body and liver fat mass, reduction of serum lipid levels, intestinal barrier function markers, insulin resistance index (IRI), high blood pressure (HBP) and carotid intima thickness, as compared with subjects in group C. More importantly, subjects in group A had better improvement of vascular endothelial elasticity and intimal thickness than subjects in group B. However, these intervention had no effect on carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Conclusion Administration of microecological preparation combined with modified low-carbon diet had better improvement of intestinal barrier function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular complications than low-carbon diet in obese patients, but the effect of a simple low-carb diet on carotid atherosclerotic plaque need to be further addressed.

scholarly journals Effects of different thermal insulation methods on the nasopharyngeal temperature in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy: a prospective randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanyu Yang ◽  
Zefei Zhu ◽  
Hongyu Zheng ◽  
Shifeng He ◽  
Wanyue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Warming Blanket ◽  
Group A ◽  
Insulation Effect ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background This study explored the comparison of the thermal insulation effect of incubator to infusion thermometer in laparoscopic hysterectomy. Methods We assigned 75 patients enrolled in the study randomly to three groups: Group A: Used warming blanket; group B: Used warming blanket and infusion thermometer; group C: Used warming blanket and incubator. The nasopharyngeal temperature at different time points during the operation served as the primary outcome. Results The nasopharyngeal temperature of the infusion heating group was significantly higher than that of the incubator group 60 min from the beginning of surgery (T3): 36.10 ± 0.20 vs 35.81 ± 0.20 (P<0.001)90 min from the beginning of surgery (T4): 36.35 ± 0.20 vs 35.85 ± 0.17 (P<0.001). Besides, the nasopharyngeal temperature of the incubator group was significantly higher compared to that of the control group 60 min from the beginning of surgery (T3): 35.81 ± 0.20 vs 35.62 ± 0.18 (P<0.001); 90 min from the beginning of surgery (T4): 35.85 ± 0.17 vs 35.60 ± 0.17 (P<0.001). Regarding the wake-up time, that of the control group was significantly higher compared to the infusion heating group: 24 ± 4 vs 21 ± 4 (P = 0.004) and the incubator group: 24 ± 4 vs 22 ± 4 (P = 0.035). Conclusion Warming blanket (38 °C) combined infusion thermometer (37 °C) provides better perioperative thermal insulation. Hospitals without an infusion thermometer can opt for an incubator as a substitute. Trial registration This trial was registered with ChiCTR2000039162, 20 October 2020.

scholarly journals The Bone Buttress Theory: The Effect of the Mechanical Loading of Bone on the Osseointegration of Dental Implants

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
David Chavarri-Prado ◽  
Aritza Brizuela-Velasco ◽  
Ángel Álvarez-Arenal ◽  
Markel Dieguez-Pereira ◽  
Esteban Pérez-Pevida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Matrix ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Bone To Implant Contact ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Group B

Objectives: To determine the effect of mechanical loading of bone on the stability and histomorphometric variables of the osseointegration of dental implants using an experimental test in an animal model. Materials and Methods: A total of 4 human implants were placed in both tibiae of 10 New Zealand rabbits (n = 40). A 6-week osseointegration was considered, and the rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (Test group) included 5 rabbits that ran on a treadmill for 20 min daily during the osseointegration period; Group B (Controls) included the other 5 that were housed conventionally. The monitored variables were related to the primary and secondary stability of the dental implants (implant stability quotient—ISQ), vertical bone growth, bone to implant contact (BIC), area of regenerated bone and the percentage of immature matrix. Results: The results of the study show a greater vertical bone growth (Group A 1.26 ± 0.48 mm, Group B 0.32 ± 0.47 mm, p < 0.001), higher ISQ values (Group A 11.25 ± 6.10 ISQ, 15.73%; Group B 5.80 ± 5.97 ISQ, 7.99%, p = 0.006) and a higher BIC (Group A 19.37%, Group B 23.60%, p = 0.0058) for implants in the test group, with statistically significant differences. A higher percentage of immature bone matrix was observed for implants in the control group (20.68 ± 9.53) than those in the test group (15.38 ± 8.84) (p = 0.108). A larger area of regenerated bone was also observed for the test implants (Group A 280.50 ± 125.40 mm2, Group B 228.00 ± 141.40 mm2), but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.121). Conclusions: The mechanical loading of bone improves the stability and the histomorphometric variables of the osseointegration of dental implants.

Glycine and L-Arginine supplementation ameliorates gastro-duodenal toxicity in a rat model of NSAID (Diclofenac)-gastroenteropathy via inhibition of oxidative stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinleye Stephen Akinrinde ◽  
Halimot Olawalarami Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Significant Amelioration ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Abstract Objectives This study examined the possible protective roles of exogenous glycine (Gly) and L-Arginine (l-Arg) against Diclofenac (DIC)-induced gastro-duodenal damage in rats. Methods Rats were divided into Group A (control), Group B (DIC group) and Groups C–F which were pre-treated for five days with Gly1 (250 mg/kg), Gly2 (500 mg/kg), l-Arg1 (200 mg/kg) and l-Arg2 (400 mg/kg), respectively, before co-treatment with DIC for another three days. Hematological, biochemical and histopathological analyses were then carried out. Results DIC produced significant (p<0.05) reduction in PCV (13.82%), Hb (46.58%), RBC (30.53%), serum total protein (32.72%), albumin (28.44%) and globulin (38.01%) along with significant (p<0.05) elevation of serum MPO activity (83.30%), when compared with control. In addition, DIC increased gastric H2O2 and MDA levels by 33.93 and 48.59%, respectively, while the duodenal levels of the same parameters increased by 19.43 and 85.56%, respectively. Moreover, SOD, GPx and GST activities in the DIC group were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the stomach (21.12, 24.35 and 51.28%, respectively) and duodenum (30.59, 16.35 and 37.90%, respectively), compared to control. Treatment with Gly and l-Arg resulted in significant amelioration of the DIC-induced alterations although l-Arg produced better amelioration of RBC (29.78%), total protein (10.12%), albumin (9.93%) and MPO (65.01%), compared to the DIC group. The protective effects of both amino acids against oxidative stress parameters and histological lesions were largely similar. Conclusions The data from this study suggest that Gly or l-Arg prevented DIC-induced gastro-duodenal toxicity and might, therefore be useful in improving the therapeutic index of DIC.

scholarly journals Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Local Doxycycline and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy during Supportive Periodontal Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Raluca Cosgarea ◽  
Sigrun Eick ◽  
Ionela Batori-Andronescu ◽  
Søren Jepsen ◽  
Nicole B. Arweiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Periodontal Therapy ◽  
Local Drug Delivery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Supportive Periodontal Therapy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Attachment Level

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival instrumentation (SI) alone or combined with either local drug delivery (LDD) or photodynamic therapy (PDT) in persistent/recurrent pockets in patients enrolled in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). A total of 105 patients enrolled in SPT were randomly treated as follows: group A (n = 35): SI +PDT and 7 days later 2nd PDT; group B (n = 35): SI+LDD; group C (n = 35): SI (control). Prior intervention, at 3 and 6 months after therapy, probing pocket depths, clinical attachment level, number of treated sites with bleeding on probing (n BOP), full mouth plaque and bleeding scores (gingival bleeding index, %BOP) were recorded. At the same time points, 8 periodontopathogens were quantitatively determined. All three treatments resulted in statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) of all clinical parameters without statistically significant intergroup differences (p > 0.05). Several bacterial species were reduced in both test groups, with statistically significantly higher reductions for LDD compared to PDT and the control group. In conclusion, the present data indicate that: (a) In periodontal patients enrolled in SPT, treatment of persistent/recurrent pockets with SI alone or combined with either PDT or LDD may lead to comparable clinical improvements and (b) the adjunctive use of LDD appears to provide better microbiological improvements for some periodontal pathogens than SI alone or combined with PDT.

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