scholarly journals Joining of SiO2 glass and 316L stainless steel using Bi–Ag-based active solders

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 3444-3454
Author(s):  
Felix Weber ◽  
Markus Rettenmayr
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Cast State ◽  
Metallic Component ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Solder Interface

Abstract Active brazing is a commonly used method for joining dissimilar materials with at least one non-metallic component. In the present study, joining of SiO2 glass to 316L stainless steel was performed utilizing Bi–Ag-based solders. Ti up to a concentration of 4 and Mg up to 1 wt.% were added as active elements. Microstructures of the solder alloys in the as-cast state and of cross sections of the joined compounds were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In the as-cast state of the solder, Ti is found in Bi–Ti intermetallic phases; Mg is partially dissolved in the fcc-(Ag) phase and additionally contained in a ternary Ag-Bi-Mg phase. After soldering, a tight joint was generated using several alloy compositions. Ti leads to the formation of reaction products at the steel/solder and glass/solder interfaces, and Mg is exclusively accumulated at the glass/solder interface.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Process Parameter Influence in Laser Cladding of 316L Stainless Steel

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piera Alvarez ◽  
M. Montealegre ◽  
Jose Pulido-Jiménez ◽  
Jon Arrizubieta
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Process Parameter ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

Laser Cladding is one of the leading processes within Additive Manufacturing technologies, which has concentrated a considerable amount of effort on its development. In regard to the latter, the current study aims to summarize the influence of the most relevant process parameters in the laser cladding processing of single and compound volumes (solid forms) made from AISI 316L stainless steel powders and using a coaxial nozzle for their deposition. Process speed, applied laser power and powder flow are considered to be the main variables affecting the laser cladding in single clads, whereas overlap percentage and overlapping strategy also become relevant when dealing with multiple clads. By setting appropriate values for each process parameter, the main goal of this paper is to develop a processing window in which a good metallurgical bond between the delivered powder and the substrate is obtained, trying simultaneously to maintain processing times at their lowest value possible. Conventional metallography techniques were performed on the cross sections of the laser tracks to measure the effective dimensions of clads, height and width, as well as the resulting dilution value. Besides the influence of the overlap between contiguous clads and layers, physical defects such as porosity and cracks were also evaluated. Optimum process parameters to maximize productivity were defined as 13 mm/s, 2500 W, 30% of overlap and a 25 g/min powder feed rate.

Linear Friction Welding of Dissimilar Materials 316L Stainless Steel to Zircaloy-4

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1641-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wanjara ◽  
B. S. Naik ◽  
Q. Yang ◽  
X. Cao ◽  
J. Gholipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Friction Welding ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Dissimilar Materials ◽  
Linear Friction Welding ◽  
Linear Friction

scholarly journals Effect of Rare Earth Oxides on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Laser-Cladding Coating on 316L Stainless Steel

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu ◽  
Wang ◽  
Chen ◽  
Qiao ◽  
Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Salt Spray ◽  
Rare Earth Oxides ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

The effect of rare earth oxides on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of laser-cladding coating on 316L stainless steel was investigated using hardness measurements, a polarization curve, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a salt spray test, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the modification of rare earth oxides on the laser-cladding layer caused minor changes to its composition but refined the grains, leading to an increase in hardness. Electrochemical and salt spray studies indicated that the corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel could be improved by laser cladding, especially when rare earth oxides (i.e., CeO2 and La2O3) were added as a modifier.

Electropolishing of 316L Stainless Steel Using Sulfuric Acid-Free Electrolyte

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Han ◽  
Fengzhou Fang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Limiting Current ◽  
Plateau Region ◽  
X Ray

Abstract The study is to investigate the electropolishing characteristics of 316L stainless steel in a sulfuric acid-free electrolyte of phosphoric acid and glycerol and to explore the possibility of using this eco-friendly electrolyte instead of the widely used sulfuric acid-based electrolyte. The influences of process parameters on polishing effects and the corrosion resistance of electropolished samples are investigated. The experimental results show that the electropolishing temperature and acid concentration are directly related to the mass transport mechanism in the limiting current plateau region. The grain boundaries of workpiece were electrochemically dissolved faster than the grain themselves at the beginning of the electropolishing process because they are more reactive than grains. Moreover, the conventional sulfuric—phosphoric acid electrolyte was also used to electropolish the 316L stainless steel, and the electropolished surfaces were compared with the sulfuric acid-free electrolyte proposed in this study. When the sulfuric acid-free electrolyte was used to electropolish the 316L stainless steel, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis shows that atomic Cr/Fe ratio of 316L stainless steel was increased from 0.802 to 1.909 after electropolishing process in the sulfuric acid-free electrolyte of phosphoric acid and glycerol. The corrosion resistance of the electropolished 316L stainless steel is studied using electrochemical analysis, and the results are verified experimentally.

Electrodeposition of Aluminum on 316L Stainless Steel from Molten Salts Based on Chlorides

2008 ◽  
Vol 373-374 ◽  
pp. 273-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Jiang Wang ◽  
Xin Xin Ma ◽  
Guang Wei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Molten Salts ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Aluminum Layer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Purity Aluminum ◽  
Scanning Electron

The electrodeposition of aluminum on 316L stainless steel from a molten salts based on chloride has been studied. The surface morphology of the aluminum layer has been examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the structure of the aluminum layer has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thickness of the deposited aluminum layer has been measured by the method of cross-section scan. It has been suggested that a white, smooth, non-porous and a high purity aluminum layer can be obtained on 316L stainless steel from the ternary chloride molten salts (AlCl3 – NaCl - KCl). And the structure of the aluminum layer was single-phase.

Phases in Austenitic Cast Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Garbiak ◽  
Bogdan Piekarski
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cast State ◽  
Electrolytic Extraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Titanium Carbonitrides ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Double Carbides

The paper presents the characteristics of intermetallic phases occurring in heat-resistant cast austenitic 0.3% C-30% Ni-18% Cr steel with additions of niobium and titanium. Five alloys were examined, in which the content of the examined elements was (wt.%) Nb 0.03, 0.55, 1.57 and 1.92, and Ti 0.03, 0.05, 0.30, 0.83 and 1.00. The phase composition of alloys in as-cast state and after annealing (temperature of 800°C and 900°C, time of up to 300 hrs) was examined by X-ray diffraction technique. Depending on the chemical composition of cast steel, carbides of MC type (NbC, TiC, (Nb,Ti)C), M23C6, titanium carbonitrides TiCN and G phase were identified in its microstructure. The phase morphology was examined on the polished sections and surfaces of metallographic specimens after deep etching by electrolytic extraction method. It was found that M23C6carbides assume the shape of rods, NbC carbides crystallise in the form of lamellae, and titanium carbonitrides TiCN in the form of cubes. An addition of both the stabilising elements favours the formation of double carbides (Nb,Ti)C of octahedral habit.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Carbide Interfacial Layer Formed During Deposition of DLC Films on 316L Stainless Steel Substrate

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 2211-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Interfacial Layer ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dlc Film

AbstractThe paper presents the analysis of formation of interfacial layer during deposition of diamond like carbon film (DLC) on the 316L stainless steel by capacitive plasma discharge in the CH4atmosphere. The structure of the interfacial layer of DLC film was strongly affected by the temperature increase during the initial stages of the process. Initially, thin interfacial layer of 5 nm has been formed. As the temperature had reached 210°C, the second phase of the process was marked by the onset of carbon atoms diffusion into the steel and by the interface thickness increase. Finally, the growth of chromium carbide interface, the upward diffusion of chromium and nickel atoms to film, the etching and the decrease of the DLC film thickness were observed at 233°C. These investigations were carried out ex-situ by spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Influence of High-Pressure Torsion on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553
Author(s):  
Shahir Mohd Mohd Yusuf ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Nong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Average Hardness ◽  
Ultrafine Grained ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Shear Strains

High-pressure torsion (HPT) is known as an effective severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique to produce bulk ultrafine-grained (UFG) metals and alloys by the application of combined compressive force and torsional shear strains on thin disk samples. In this study, the microstructures and microhardness evolution of an additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel (316L SS) processed through 5 HPT revolutions are evaluated at the central disk area, where the effective shear strains are relatively low compared to the peripheral regions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the cellular network sub-structures in AM 316L SS were destroyed after 5 HPT revolutions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations revealed non-equilibrium ultrafine grained (UFG) microstructures (average grain size: ~115 nm) after 5 revolutions. Furthermore, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis suggested that spherical Cr-based nano-silicates are also found in the as-received condition, which are retained even after HPT processing. Vickers microhardness (HV) measurements indicated significant increase in average hardness values from ~220 HV before HPT processing to ~560 HV after 5 revolutions. Quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns exhibit a considerable increase in dislocation density from ~0.7 × 1013 m−2 to ~1.04 × 1015 m−2. The super-high average hardness increment after 5 HPT revolutions is predicted to be attributed to the UFG grain refinement, significant increase in dislocation densities and the presence of the Cr-based nano-silicates, according to the model established based on the linear additive theory.

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