scholarly journals The emerging roles of exosomal circRNAs in diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Guo ◽  
W. Tan ◽  
C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phospholipid Bilayer ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Abstract Exosomes, the nanoscale phospholipid bilayer vesicles, enriched in selected proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, which they participated in a variety of biological processes in the body, including physiology and pathology. CircRNAs (circular RNAs) are a class of single-stranded closed molecules with tissue development specific expression patterns that have crucial regulatory functions in various diseases. Non-coding RNAs (such as microRNAs and long non‑coding RNAs) in exosomes have also been shown to play an important regulatory role in humans. However, little research has focused on exosomal circRNAs. Recently, CircRNAs have been identified to be enriched and stably expressed in exosomes. In this review, we summarize the biogenesis and biological functions of exosomes and circRNA, and further revealed the potential role of exosome-derived circRNA in different diseases. Besides, we propose its use as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic punctuation for diseases, especially in cancer.

scholarly journals Exosomic microRNAs as emerging key regulators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and beyond

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Murtadha ◽  
Muller Fabbri
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Functions

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs with key gene regulatory functions. Recent evidence has shown that miRs have a central role in shaping the biology of the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). The discovery that some exosomes contain high levels of miR cargo that shuttle between cells and mediate intercellular cross-talk has shifted the focus of miR research towards understanding the biological role of exosomic miRs. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of exosomic miRs in molding the tumor microenvironment towards pro-tumor conditions by altering intercellular communication. We briefly discuss some mechanisms of selective loading of miRs into exosomes, as well as emerging evidence that exosomic miRs are present in all biological fluids. Furthermore, we describe the differences in the exosomic miR signatures between cancer patients and healthy controls, and the potential role of exosomic miRs as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers.

scholarly journals Microarray Expression Profile of Circular RNAs in Heart Tissue of Mice with Myocardial Infarction-Induced Heart Failure

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Jin Wu ◽  
Cheng-Ying Zhang ◽  
Sai Zhang ◽  
Min Chang ◽  
Hong-Yun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Microarray Expression ◽  
Microarray Expression Profile

Background/Aims: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious complication of atherosclerosis associated with increasing mortality attributable to heart failure. This study is aimed to assess the global changes in and characteristics of the transcriptome of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in heart tissue during MI induced heart failure (HF). Methods: Using a post-myocardial infarction (MI) model of HF in mice, we applied microarray assay to examine the transcriptome of circRNAs deregulated in the heart during HF. We confirmed the changes in circRNAs by quantitative PCR. Results: We revealed and confirmed a number of circRNAs that were deregulated during HF, which suggests a potential role of circRNAs in HF. Conclusions: The distinct expression patterns of circulatory circRNAs during HF indicate that circRNAs may actively respond to stress and thus serve as biomarkers of HF diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNAs: Rising Regulators of Plant Reproductive Development

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongtong Yu ◽  
Hongliang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Plant Reproductive Development

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) exert a multitude of functions in regulating numerous biological processes. Recent studies have uncovered a growing number of lncRNAs within the plant genome. These molecules show striking tissue-specific expression patterns, suggesting that they exert regulatory functions in the growth and development processes of plants. Plant reproductive development is tightly regulated by both environmental and endogenous factors. As plant reproductive development is a crucial aspect of crop breeding, lncRNAs that modulate reproductive development are now particularly worth regarding. Here, we summarize findings that implicate lncRNAs in the control of plant reproductive development, especially in flowering control. Additionally, we elaborate on the regulation mechanisms of lncRNAs, tools for research on their function and mechanism, and potential directions of future research.

scholarly journals Insights into the Functions of LncRNAs in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keqin Li ◽  
Yuanliangzi Tian ◽  
Ya Yuan ◽  
Xiaolan Fan ◽  
Mingyao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides (nt). LncRNAs have high spatiotemporal specificity, and secondary structures have been preserved throughout evolution. They have been implicated in a range of biological processes and diseases and are emerging as key regulators of gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Comparative analyses of lncRNA functions among multiple organisms have suggested that some of their mechanisms seem to be conserved. Transcriptome studies have found that some Drosophila lncRNAs have highly specific expression patterns in embryos, nerves, and gonads. In vivo studies of lncRNAs have revealed that dysregulated expression of lncRNAs in Drosophila may result in impaired embryo development, impaired neurological and gonadal functions, and poor stress resistance. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms of lncRNAs and mainly focus on recent insights into the transcriptome studies and biological functions of lncRNAs in Drosophila.

scholarly journals Functional Roles and Biological Mechanisms of Circular RNAs and Their Encoded Peptides in Glioma: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Zahra Bakhti ◽  
Sana Dadashi ◽  
Anahita Dah Pahlevan ◽  
Fatemeh Kafshresan
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Mirna Sponges

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a complicated class of non-coding RNAs that have a covalently closed loop structure and are very stable and cautious. Multiple biological processes of malignancy, including tumorigenesis, development, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, and vascularization, are disrupted by an increased number of circRNAs. Recent research has showed that circRNAs, functioning as microRNA (miRNA) sponges or protein scaffolds, interacting with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), and autophagy regulators, affect the transcription and splicing regulation. Many circRNAs have tissue-specific expression patterns and are heavily conserved. CircRNA levels in neurons are dynamically modulated. Growing evidence suggests that circRNAs are highly abundant in neural tissues, perhaps owing to the proliferation of particular genes that promote circularization, implying that circRNA dysregulation is linked to nervous system disorders including glioma. The most widespread and deadly primary malignant brain tumor is glioma. CircRNA has a close connection to glioma, according to reported research. Here, the current knowledge about the properties of circRNAs is introduced and the biological and molecular functions of circRNAs are described. Then, the clinical association of circRNAs with glioma/glioblastoma and their level of expression and their regulatory mechanisms in tumorigenesis are discussed. Moreover, the potential of circRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and predictors of brain cancer risk and possible therapeutic targets in medicine is examined.

scholarly journals Long non-coding RNAs in castration-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer: Potential role and therapeutic impact

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Kumari S. Prajapati ◽  
Atul K. Singh ◽  
Mohd Shuaib ◽  
Prem P. Kushwaha ◽  
Shashank Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cognate Receptor ◽  
Castration Resistant ◽  
Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide. The disease is heterogeneous in nature exhibiting various clinical subtypes and genetic/transcriptomic features. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides that does not encode any protein and play important role in several biological processes as well as pathologic states. Deregulation of lncRNAs has been associated with human diseases. In prostate cancer, numerous key lncRNAs have been identified as novel players that contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease primarily regulated by androgen and its cognate receptor. The present review attempts to summarize the potential role of lncRNA and their mechanisms of action in prostate cancer with particular focus on lncRNAs regulated by androgen receptor expressed in castration-resistant and neuroendocrine differentiated subtypes. We also emphasize the potential of these lncRNAs for their development as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer.

scholarly journals Emerging Role of MiR-192-5p in Human Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-jia Ren ◽  
Yao Yao ◽  
Xiao-yu Cai ◽  
Guo-ying Fang
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Infection Disease ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small non-coding RNAs that play an essential role in numerous biological processes by regulating the post-transcriptional expression of target genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that miR-192-5p, a member of the miR-192 family, partakes in several human diseases, especially various cancers, including cancers of the lung, liver, and breast. Importantly, the levels of miR-192-5p are abundant in biofluids, including the serum and urine, and the exosomal levels of miR-192-5p in circulation can aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection disease. Notably, recent studies suggest that miR-192-5p is regulated by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, there are no comprehensive overviews on the role of miR-192-5p in human diseases. This review discusses the significant studies on the role of miR-192-5p in various human diseases, with special emphasis on the diseases of the respiratory and digestive systems.

scholarly journals Overexpression of miR-1306-5p, miR-3195, and miR-3914 Inhibits Ameloblast Differentiation through Suppression of Genes Associated with Human Amelogenesis Imperfecta

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2202
Author(s):  
Hiroki Yoshioka ◽  
Yin-Ying Wang ◽  
Akiko Suzuki ◽  
Meysam Shayegh ◽  
Mona V. Gajera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mirna Gene ◽  
Amelogenesis Imperfecta ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Bioinformatic Tools ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Amelogenesis imperfecta is a congenital form of enamel hypoplasia. Although a number of genetic mutations have been reported in humans, the regulatory network of these genes remains mostly unclear. To identify signatures of biological pathways in amelogenesis imperfecta, we conducted bioinformatic analyses on genes associated with the condition in humans. Through an extensive search of the main biomedical databases, we found 56 genes in which mutations and/or association/linkage were reported in individuals with amelogenesis imperfecta. These candidate genes were further grouped by function, pathway, protein–protein interaction, and tissue-specific expression patterns using various bioinformatic tools. The bioinformatic analyses highlighted a group of genes essential for extracellular matrix formation. Furthermore, advanced bioinformatic analyses for microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short non-coding RNAs that suppress target genes at the post-transcriptional level, predicted 37 candidates that may be involved in amelogenesis imperfecta. To validate the miRNA–gene regulation association, we analyzed the target gene expression of the top seven candidate miRNAs: miR-3195, miR-382-5p, miR-1306-5p, miR-4683, miR-6716-3p, miR-3914, and miR-3935. Among them, miR-1306-5p, miR-3195, and miR-3914 were confirmed to regulate ameloblast differentiation through the regulation of genes associated with amelogenesis imperfecta in AM-1 cells, a human ameloblastoma cell line. Taken together, our study suggests a potential role for miRNAs in amelogenesis imperfecta.

scholarly journals Polysome-Associated lncRNAs during Cardiomyogenesis of hESCs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela Tiemy Pereira ◽  
Lucia Spangenberg ◽  
Guillermo Cabrera ◽  
Bruno Dallagiovanna
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Differential Association ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be involved in many biological processes, including the regulation of cell differentiation, but a complete characterization of lncRNA is still lacking. Additionally, there is evidence that lncRNAs interact with ribosomes, raising questions about their functions in cells. Here, we used a developmentally staged protocol to induce cardiogenic commitment of hESCs and then investigated the differential association of lncRNAs with polysomes. Our results identified lncRNAs in both the ribosome-free and polysome-bound fractions during cardiogenesis and showed a very well-defined temporal lncRNA association with polysomes. Clustering of lncRNAs was performed according to the gene expression patterns during the five timepoints analyzed. In addition, differential lncRNA recruitment to polysomes was observed when comparing the differentially expressed lncRNAs in the ribosome-free and polysome-bound fractions or when calculating the polysome-bound vs ribosome-free ratio. The association of lncRNAs with polysomes could represent an additional cytoplasmic role of lncRNAs, e.g., in translational regulation of mRNA expression.

scholarly journals Exosomal Non-coding RNAs-Mediated Crosstalk in the Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Yuefeng Li ◽  
Yueqin Liu ◽  
Wenlin Xu ◽  
Xiaolan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Tumor Cell Growth ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Functions

Exosomes are secreted by different types of cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and participate in multiple biological processes of tumors. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) enveloped in exosomes and released to the TME are shown to be involved in tumorigenesis and development, as well as act as important intracellular communication mediators. However, the understanding on the exact regulatory functions and substrates of exosomal RNA is still at an early stage. In this review, we provided an overview on recent studies on exosomes mediating the modulation of both tumor cells and immune cells, then summarized the exosomal ncRNAs [such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs)] secreted by tumor cells and stromal cells that exhibited potential capabilities to regulate tumor cell growth, progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune response. Our review may hopefully inspire a deeper understanding on the ncRNAs’ function as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and as novel targets therapy for cancer.

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