scholarly journals Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Jiang ◽  
Ying Fu ◽  
Guozhen Liu ◽  
Bowen Shu ◽  
Jason Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Objective Monitoring ◽  
Integrated Devices ◽  
The Status ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Analytical Power

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles that play a crucial role in molecular trafficking, intercellular transport and the egress of unwanted proteins. They have been implicated in many diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. EVs are detected in all bodily fluids, and their protein and nucleic acid content offers a means of assessing the status of the cells from which they originated. As such, they provide opportunities in biomarker discovery for diagnosis, prognosis or the stratification of diseases as well as an objective monitoring of therapies. The simultaneous assaying of multiple EV-derived markers will be required for an impactful practical application, and multiplexing platforms have evolved with the potential to achieve this. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the currently available multiplexing platforms for EV analysis, with a primary focus on miniaturized and integrated devices that offer potential step changes in analytical power, throughput and consistency.

scholarly journals Potential and challenges of specifically isolating extracellular vesicles from heterogeneous populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susann Allelein ◽  
Paula Medina-Perez ◽  
Ana Leonor Heitor Lopes ◽  
Sabrina Rau ◽  
Gerd Hause ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Liquid Biopsies ◽  
Antibody Microarray ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Stable Source ◽  
And Function

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted interest due to their ability to provide diagnostic information from liquid biopsies. Cells constantly release vesicles divers in size, content and features depending on the biogenesis, origin and function. This heterogeneity adds a layer of complexity when attempting to isolate and characterize EVs resulting in various protocols. Their high abundance in all bodily fluids and their stable source of origin dependent biomarkers make EVs a powerful tool in biomarker discovery and diagnostics. However, applications are limited by the quality of samples definition. Here, we compared frequently used isolation techniques: ultracentrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultrafiltration and size exclusion chromatography. Then, we aimed for a tissue-specific isolation of prostate-derived EVs from cell culture supernatants with immunomagnetic beads. Quality and quantity of EVs were confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blot and electron microscopy. Additionally, a spotted antibody microarray was developed to characterize EV sub-populations. Current analysis of 16 samples on one microarray for 6 different EV surface markers in triplicate could be easily extended allowing a faster and more economical method to characterize samples.

scholarly journals Different miRNA Profiles in Plasma Derived Small and Large Extracellular Vesicles from Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2737
Author(s):  
Daisy Sproviero ◽  
Stella Gagliardi ◽  
Susanna Zucca ◽  
Maddalena Arigoni ◽  
Marta Giannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Neurotrophin Signaling ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis

Identifying biomarkers is essential for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Large (LEVs) and small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) are extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different sizes and biological functions transported in blood and they may be valid biomarkers for NDs. The aim of our study was to investigate common and different miRNA signatures in plasma derived LEVs and SEVs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD) patients. LEVs and SEVs were isolated from plasma of patients and healthy volunteers (CTR) by filtration and differential centrifugation and RNA was extracted. Small RNAs libraries were carried out by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). MiRNAs discriminate all NDs diseases from CTRs and they can provide a signature for each NDs. Common enriched pathways for SEVs were instead linked to ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and for LEVs to neurotrophin signaling and Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. LEVs and SEVs are involved in different pathways and this might give a specificity to their role in the spreading of the disease. The study of common and different miRNAs transported by LEVs and SEVs can be of great interest for biomarker discovery and for pathogenesis studies in neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals Glycosylation of Cancer Extracellular Vesicles: Capture Strategies, Functional Roles and Potential Clinical Applications

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Álvaro M. Martins ◽  
Cátia C. Ramos ◽  
Daniela Freitas ◽  
Celso A. Reis
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Recipient Cell ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cancer Biomarkers ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Molecular Information ◽  
Glycosylation Pathway ◽  
Organ Tropism

Glycans are major constituents of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Alterations in the glycosylation pathway are a common feature of cancer cells, which gives rise to de novo or increased synthesis of particular glycans. Therefore, glycans and glycoproteins have been widely used in the clinic as both stratification and prognosis cancer biomarkers. Interestingly, several of the known tumor-associated glycans have already been identified in cancer EVs, highlighting EV glycosylation as a potential source of circulating cancer biomarkers. These particles are crucial vehicles of cell–cell communication, being able to transfer molecular information and to modulate the recipient cell behavior. The presence of particular glycoconjugates has been described to be important for EV protein sorting, uptake and organ-tropism. Furthermore, specific EV glycans or glycoproteins have been described to be able to distinguish tumor EVs from benign EVs. In this review, the application of EV glycosylation in the development of novel EV detection and capture methodologies is discussed. In addition, we highlight the potential of EV glycosylation in the clinical setting for both cancer biomarker discovery and EV therapeutic delivery strategies.

Advances in Microfluidic Extracellular Vesicle Analysis for Cancer Diagnostics

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibo Cheng ◽  
Yutao Li ◽  
He Yan ◽  
Yunjie Wen ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Cancer Diagnostics ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Intercellular Communications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells into the bloodstream and other bodily fluids, including exosomes, have been demonstrated to be a class of significant messengers that mediate intercellular communications. Tumor-derived...

scholarly journals Plasma biomarker discovery in preeclampsia using a novel differential isolation technology for circulating extracellular vesicles

2014 ◽  
Vol 211 (4) ◽  
pp. 380.e1-380.e13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kok Hian Tan ◽  
Soon Sim Tan ◽  
Siu Kwan Sze ◽  
Wai Kheong Ryan Lee ◽  
Mor Jack Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Plasma Biomarker

scholarly journals Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengxiang Yang ◽  
Yong Peng ◽  
Yuan Feng ◽  
Zhuoying Xu ◽  
Panfeng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Pass Through

Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have increasingly become the focus of research due to their unique characteristics and bioinspired applications. They are lipid bilayer membrane nanosized vesicles harboring a range of immune cell-derived surface receptors and effector molecules from parental cells. Immune cell-derived EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication that regulate specific mechanisms of adaptive and innate immune responses. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of EVs are still being explored. Importantly, immune cell-derived EVs have some unique features, including accessibility, storage, ability to pass through blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, and loading of various effector molecules. Immune cell-derived EVs have been directly applied or engineered as potent antitumor vaccines or for the diagnosis of clinical diseases. More research applications involving genetic engineering, membrane engineering, and cargo delivery strategies have improved the treatment efficacy of EVs. Immune cell-derived EV-based therapies are expected to become a separate technique or to complement immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other therapeutic modalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and functions of immune cell-derived EVs derived from adaptive (CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B cells) and innate immune cells (macrophages, NK cells, DCs, and neutrophils) and discuss emerging therapeutic opportunities and prospects in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Proteomic Identification and Quantification of Snake Venom Biomarkers in Venom and Plasma Extracellular Vesicles

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 654
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kevin Willard ◽  
Emelyn Salazar ◽  
Fabiola Alejandra Oyervides ◽  
Cierra Siobhrie Wiebe ◽  
Jack Sutton Ocheltree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidase ◽  
Proteomic Identification ◽  
Identification And Quantification

The global exploration of snakebites requires the use of quantitative omics approaches to characterize snake venom as it enters into the systemic circulation. These omics approaches give insights into the venom proteome, but a further exploration is warranted to analyze the venom-reactome for the identification of snake venom biomarkers. The recent discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and their critical cellular functions, has presented them as intriguing sources for biomarker discovery and disease diagnosis. Herein, we purified EV’s from the snake venom (svEVs) of Crotalus atrox and C. oreganus helleri, and from plasma of BALB/c mice injected with venom from each snake using EVtrap in conjunction with quantitative mass spectrometry for the proteomic identification and quantification of svEVs and plasma biomarkers. Snake venom EVs from C. atrox and C. o. helleri were highly enriched in 5′ nucleosidase, L-amino acid oxidase, and metalloproteinases. In mouse plasma EVs, a bioinformatic analysis for revealed upregulated responses involved with cytochrome P450, lipid metabolism, acute phase inflammation immune, and heat shock responses, while downregulated proteins were associated with mitochondrial electron transport, NADH, TCA, cortical cytoskeleton, reticulum stress, and oxidative reduction. Altogether, this analysis will provide direct evidence for svEVs composition and observation of the physiological changes of an envenomated organism.

Child Sexual Abuse

2018 ◽  
pp. 229-258
Author(s):  
Shubham Thukral ◽  
Tania Debra Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
The Status ◽  
Familial Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Evaluation

This chapter outlines briefly the dynamics of the interplay between Child Sexual Abuse and Family. Child abuse is a state of emotional, physical, economic and sexual maltreatment meted out to a person below the age of eighteen and is a globally prevalent phenomenon. Child abuse is a violation of the basic human rights of a child and is an outcome of a set of inter-related familial factors among other ones. The primary focus is on the issues of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse, familial risk factors for abuse and broadly some theories that contribute to the understanding of intrafamilial child sexual abuse. The chapter also explores reactions of the family to the sexually abused child, evaluation of the interventions suitable for the same and the status of psychotherapy with respect to the sexually abused child and their family.

Child Sexual Abuse

2019 ◽  
pp. 345-375
Author(s):  
Shubham Thukral ◽  
Tania Debra Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
The Status ◽  
Familial Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Evaluation

This chapter outlines briefly the dynamics of the interplay between Child Sexual Abuse and Family. Child abuse is a state of emotional, physical, economic and sexual maltreatment meted out to a person below the age of eighteen and is a globally prevalent phenomenon. Child abuse is a violation of the basic human rights of a child and is an outcome of a set of inter-related familial factors among other ones. The primary focus is on the issues of intrafamilial and extrafamilial child sexual abuse, familial risk factors for abuse and broadly some theories that contribute to the understanding of intrafamilial child sexual abuse. The chapter also explores reactions of the family to the sexually abused child, evaluation of the interventions suitable for the same and the status of psychotherapy with respect to the sexually abused child and their family.

New Media and Democratic Citizenship

2011 ◽  
pp. 1250-1254 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Hardy ◽  
D. A. Scheufele
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Definition Of

The issue of the civic potential of the Internet has been at the forefront of much scholarly discussion over the last 10 to 15 years. Before providing a comprehensive overview of the different schools of thought currently dominating this debate, it is necessary to briefly describe how researchers have defined the terms citizenship and new media. Across different literatures, two ways of examining citizenship emerge. The first approach examines citizenship broadly as citizen involvement in the political process. Scheufele and Nisbet (2002), for example, identified three dimensions of citizenship: feelings of efficacy, levels of information, and participation in the political process. The second approach taps citizenship much more narrowly as social capital (i.e., the more emotional and informal ties among citizens in a community) (Shah, Kwak, & Holbert, 2001). Depending on which definition of citizenship they followed, researchers also have been interested in different types of new media use with a primary focus on the Internet. Some have examined the Internet as a medium that functions in a top-down fashion similar to traditional mass media. These scholars mostly are concerned with how online information gathering differs from traditional media use, such as newspaper readership or TV viewing. More recently, scholars have begun to examine different dimensions of Internet use, including chatting online about politics, e-mail exchanges with candidates and other citizens, and online donations to campaigns.

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