scholarly journals Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles – New Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengxiang Yang ◽  
Yong Peng ◽  
Yuan Feng ◽  
Zhuoying Xu ◽  
Panfeng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Pass Through

Immune cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have increasingly become the focus of research due to their unique characteristics and bioinspired applications. They are lipid bilayer membrane nanosized vesicles harboring a range of immune cell-derived surface receptors and effector molecules from parental cells. Immune cell-derived EVs are important mediators of intercellular communication that regulate specific mechanisms of adaptive and innate immune responses. However, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of EVs are still being explored. Importantly, immune cell-derived EVs have some unique features, including accessibility, storage, ability to pass through blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers, and loading of various effector molecules. Immune cell-derived EVs have been directly applied or engineered as potent antitumor vaccines or for the diagnosis of clinical diseases. More research applications involving genetic engineering, membrane engineering, and cargo delivery strategies have improved the treatment efficacy of EVs. Immune cell-derived EV-based therapies are expected to become a separate technique or to complement immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and other therapeutic modalities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and functions of immune cell-derived EVs derived from adaptive (CD4+ T, CD8+ T and B cells) and innate immune cells (macrophages, NK cells, DCs, and neutrophils) and discuss emerging therapeutic opportunities and prospects in cancer treatment.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Innate Immune Cell Programming

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Daan Paget ◽  
Robin P. Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cell ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Parent Cell ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Organ Systems

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a heterogeneous group of bilipid-enclosed envelopes that carry proteins, metabolites, RNA, DNA and lipids from their parent cell of origin. They mediate cellular communication to other cells in local tissue microenvironments and across organ systems. EV size, number and their biologically active cargo are often altered in response to pathological processes, including infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and in response to metabolic perturbations such as obesity and diabetes, which also have a strong inflammatory component. Here, we discuss the broad repertoire of EV produced by neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, their precursor hematopoietic stem cells and discuss their effects on the innate immune system. We seek to understand the immunomodulatory properties of EV in cellular programming, which impacts innate immune cell differentiation and function. We further explore the possibilities of using EV as immune targeting vectors, for the modulation of the innate immune response, e.g., for tissue preservation during sterile injury such as myocardial infarction or to promote tissue resolution of inflammation and potentially tissue regeneration and repair.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles Mediate B Cell Immune Response and Are a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taketo Kato ◽  
Johannes F. Fahrmann ◽  
Samir M. Hanash ◽  
Jody Vykoukal
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Cell Immune Response ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Tumor Types

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly understood to participate directly in many essential aspects of host antitumor immune response. Tumor- and immune-cell-derived EVs function in local and systemic contexts with roles in immune processes including cancer antigen conveyance, immune cell priming and activation, as well as immune escape. Current practice of cancer immunotherapy has de facto focused on eliciting T-cell-mediated cytotoxic responses. Humoral immunity is also known to exert antitumor effects, and B cells have been demonstrated to have functions that extend beyond antibody production to include antigen presentation and activation and modulation of T cells and innate immune effectors. Evidence of B cell response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is observed in early stages of tumorigenesis and in most solid tumor types. It is known that EVs convey diverse TAAs, express antigenic-peptide-loaded MHCs, and complex with circulating plasma antitumoral autoantibodies. In this review, we will consider the relationships between EVs, B cells, and other antigen-presenting cells, especially in relation to TAAs. Understanding the intersection of EVs and the cancer immunome will enable opportunities for developing tumor antigen targets, antitumor vaccines and harnessing the full potential of multiple immune system components for next-generation cancer immunotherapies.

scholarly journals The molecular basis for differential type I interferon signaling

2017 ◽  
Vol 292 (18) ◽  
pp. 7285-7294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gideon Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Effector Molecules ◽  
Cell Type Specific

Type I interferons (IFN-1) are cytokines that affect the expression of thousands of genes, resulting in profound cellular changes. IFN-1 activates the cell by dimerizing its two-receptor chains, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, which are expressed on all nucleated cells. Despite a similar mode of binding, the different IFN-1s activate a spectrum of activities. The causes for differential activation may stem from differences in IFN-1-binding affinity, duration of binding, number of surface receptors, induction of feedbacks, and cell type-specific variations. All together these will alter the signal that is transmitted from the extracellular domain inward. The intracellular domain binds, directly or indirectly, different effector proteins that transmit signals. The composition of effector molecules deviates between different cell types and tissues, inserting an additional level of complexity to the system. Moreover, IFN-1s do not act on their own, and clearly there is much cross-talk between the activated effector molecules by IFN-1 and other cytokines. The outcome generated by all of these factors (processing step) is an observed phenotype, which can be the transformation of the cell to an antiviral state, differentiation of the cell to a specific immune cell, senescence, apoptosis, and many more. IFN-1 activities can be divided into robust and tunable. Antiviral activity, which is stimulated by minute amounts of IFN-1 and is common to all cells, is termed robust. The other activities, which we term tunable, are cell type-specific and often require more stringent modes of activation. In this review, I summarize the current knowledge on the mode of activation and processing that is initiated by IFN-1, in perspective of the resulting phenotypes.

Effect of Annexins Translocated in Extracellular Vesicles on Tumorigenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qionghui Wu ◽  
Haidong Wei ◽  
Wenbo Meng ◽  
Xiaodong Xie ◽  
Zhenchang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Tumor Cell Adhesion ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Tumor Neovascularization

: Annexin, a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein, can affect tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, as well as tumor neovascularization in different ways. Recent studies have shown that annexin exists not only as an intracellular protein in tumor cells, but also in different ways to be secret outside the cell as a “crosstalk” tool for tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, thus playing an important role in the development of tumors, such as participating in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, regulating immune cell behavior, promoting neovascularization and so on. The mechanism of annexin secretion in the form of extracellular vesicles and its specific role is still unclear. This paper summarizes the main role of annexin secreted into the extracellular space in the form of extracellular vesicles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance and analyzes its possible mechanism.

scholarly journals Antibody Conjugation of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Targeted Innate Immune Cell Activation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena P. Suarez-Kelly ◽  
Steven H. Sun ◽  
Casey Ren ◽  
Isaac V. Rampersaud ◽  
David Albertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Antibody Conjugation ◽  
Fluorescent Nanodiamonds

scholarly journals Finding an easy way to harmonize: a review of advances in clinical research and combination strategies of EZH2 inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Li ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Yueqing Gong ◽  
Tengrui Zhang ◽  
Jiaqi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Combination Therapies ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual

AbstractEnhancer of zeste homolog 2 inhibitors (EZH2i) have garnered increased attention owing to their anticancer activity by targeting EZH2, a well-known cancer-promoting factor. However, some lymphomas are resistant to EZH2i, and EZH2i treatment alone is ineffective in case of EZH2-overexpressing solid tumors. The anti-cancer efficacy of EZH2i may be improved through safe and effective combinations of these drugs with other treatment modalities. Preclinical evidence indicates that combining EZH2i with other therapies, such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and endocrine therapy, has complementary or synergistic antitumor effects. Therefore, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of the individual constituents of the combination therapies is fundamental for their clinical application. In this review, we have summarized notable clinical trials and preclinical studies using EZH2i, their progress, and combinations of EZH2i with different therapeutic modalities, aiming to provide new insights for tumor treatment.

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