scholarly journals Necessity, Norm and Missing Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Müller
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
Press Coverage ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
German Press ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Crisis Discourse ◽  
The One

AbstractThis study examines modal verbs in German press coverage of COVID-19 during the first phase of the pandemic. The data basis is an 18-million-word corpus of newspaper articles. For analysis, a sample is drawn from the total number of modal verbs in the corpus and these are categorised according to their discourse function. The corresponding annotated data are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. For this purpose, the study draws back to Kratzer’s concept of conversational backgrounds. It turns out that in addition to normative speech backgrounds, goal formulations can be found above all. Normative backgrounds are evoked, on the one hand, to address official rules and their effects and, on the other hand in appeals and demands, to refer to social norms that are assumed as common ground. The fact that teleological backgrounds play a relatively large role indicates that the normalisation perspective is of great importance as a regulative in the crisis discourse. More positive than negative determining factors are indicated and uncertainty markings occur comparatively rarely. This points to successful crisis communication in this discourse phase.

Fielding and Richardson

PMLA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-388
Author(s):  
William Park
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
General Type ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Tom Jones ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

But the Discovery [of when to laugh and when to cry] was reserved for this Age, and there are two Authors now living in this Metropolis, who have found out the Art, and both brother Biographers, the one of Tom Jones, and the other of Clarissa.author of Charlotte SummersRather than discuss the differences which separate Fielding and Richardson, I propose to survey the common ground which they share with each other and with other novelists of the 1740's and 50's. In other words I am suggesting that these two masters, their contemporaries, and followers have made use of the same materials and that as a result the English novels of the mid-eighteenth century may be regarded as a distinct historic version of a general type of literature. Most readers, it seems to me, do not make this distinction. They either think that the novel is always the same, or they believe that one particular group of novels, such as those written in the early twentieth century, is the form itself. In my opinion, however, we should think of the novel as we do of the drama. No one kind of drama, such as Elizabethan comedy or Restoration comedy, is the drama itself; instead, each is a particular manifestation of the general type. Each kind bears some relationship to the others, but at the same time each has its own identity, which we usually call its conventions. By conventions I mean not only stock characters, situations, and themes, but also notions and assumptions about the novel, human nature, society, and the cosmos itself. If we compare one kind of novel to another without first considering the conventions of each, we are likely to make the same mistake that Thomas Rymer did when he blamed Shakespeare for not conforming to the canons of classical French drama.

On the interaction of core and emergent common ground in Internet memes

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Communicative Interaction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Interactive Dynamics ◽  
The One ◽  
Modern Form

Abstract Internet memes are meaningful objects of diverse shapes that spread across networks of mediated participation (term from Milner 2012: 10). The distribution and reception of memes bears aspects of communicative interaction, because memes establish usage conventions. This paper will be concerned with the pragmatics of Internet memes. Given that flexibility, novelty and originality are driving forces in meme culture, the question arises how traditional pragmatic notions like recipient design and common ground can be said to apply for the interaction with memes. Kecskes’ (2008, 2010, 2012, 2014; Kecskes and Zhang 2009) distinction between core common ground and emergent common ground will be discussed and put to use for an explanation of the complex interactive dynamics of Internet communication. This modern form of communication oscillates between reference to shared cultural contents and the establishment and perpetuation of conventions on the one hand, and the pursuit of originality on the other hand. This paper will demonstrate how memes can vary with respect to the degree to which they require core common ground or the generation of emergent common ground for their proper usage. The scale presented as a result of the discussion represents a continuum of the prevalence of semantics versus pragmatics involved in the usage and interpretation of memes.

scholarly journals Oesterreich ist eben Oesterreich

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-205
Author(s):  
Imre Tarafás
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
Master Narratives ◽  
National Community ◽  
The One

The study offers a comparative analysis of historical grand récits written during the period of the Austro–Hungarian Empire in the imperial center, Hungary and Bohemia. On the one hand, the study focuses on different strategies of legitimizing the existence of the empire from Austro-German historians and, on the other, on how compatible these historical visions were with those of Hungarian and Czech scholars. Rather than seeing “imperial” and “national” histories as isolated, by genre different narratives, our aim is to study them as community histories which have serious implications for each other: smaller (national) community histories for the larger (imperial) community, and vice versa. The study does not only rely on the analysis of these community histories, but aims to situate them in the larger context of the historical argumentation of the contemporary political discourse, as well as the central notions with which loyalty to Austria could be expressed. According to the conclusion of the study, there is no discernible common ground for Austro-German historians in terms of defining the mission and essence of Austria or even for basic notions describing the empire’s past. Also, their definitions of crucial notions such as the “nation” significantly contradicted the major Hungarian master narratives.

On the Concept of Freedom in the West

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Rached Ghannouchi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Agent ◽  
The West ◽  
Power Domination ◽  
New Class ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

This chapter examines the Western concept of freedom. It links this concept to human rights and expounds on its history in the West. Here, the origin of the various declarations of human rights is associated with the historical rise of the bourgeoisie and, fundamentally, with the struggle that took place between the new class of merchants and industry leaders on the one hand and the kings, feudal lords, and the church on the other. In fact, the chapter argues that to conceive of the free agent as a person without any outside pressure underlines a negative and mechanical definition of individual freedoms. It asserts that the balance of powers—political power, domination, and wealth—are the true determining factors of rights and freedoms in the West. Despite these, the chapter stresses that the development of human rights is indeed significant; it is only that such a legacy fails to shine through from within Western political and economic structures as well as the international arena.

Development of English referring expressions in the narratives of Chinese–English bilinguals

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIANG CHEN ◽  
NING PAN
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Picture Book ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Referring Expressions ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Character Type ◽  
The One ◽  
Learning English

This paper investigates the development of referring expressions in the narratives of children learning English as a second language (L2). Spoken narratives in English were elicited from sixty Chinese-speaking participants at four ages – five, eight, ten, and young adults – using the wordless picture bookFrog, where are you?(Mayer, 1969). Narrative analysis focused on the referring expressions that the L2 speakers used to introduce and maintain reference to story characters in the narratives and on the referential appropriateness of those expressions. We then compared the results of this study with other, similar studies on children learning English as a first language (L1) and found both universal and L2-specific patterns in the development of referring expressions in discourse. On the one hand, regardless of whether English is acquired as an L1 or L2, appropriate use of referring expressions in discourse is developed gradually and is influenced by both discourse function (introduction vs. maintenance) and character type (main vs. secondary). On the other hand, L2 children in our study differed from L1 children in previous studies in the development of referential appropriateness in character introduction, the use of pronominals for referent maintenance, and the timeline of the mastery of appropriate forms for referent introductions versus referent maintenance.

scholarly journals Predicting Children’s Nutritional Status Using QUEST Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Izzati Rahmi ◽  
Hazmira Yozza ◽  
HafifatulAuliya Rahmy
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutritional Problem ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Female Children ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
The One ◽  
Method Analysis

Concerning WHO’s standard of nutritional status, the Indonesian Ministry of Health office’s result of monitoring nutritional status in 2017 discovered a nutritional problem among children in Padang, West Sumatra. This study was aimed at determining factors that affect the nutritional status and their malnutrition level for the children under five years in Padang, West Sumatera.Data analysis was conducted using a classification tree technique, namely the QUEST method. By the research, the QUEST method analysis showed some underweight and severely underweight cases were found to be common among children under three years of age. On the one hand, severely underweight and underweight cases were commonly identified among female children. On the other, the prevalence of overweight case is common among the male. At last, the analysis of under-three male children indicated that overweight cases were found in children who did not receive exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: nutritional status; classifications; QUEST method.

scholarly journals Influencia de los factores involucrados en la evaluación de asignaturas técnicas = Influence of the factor involved in the evaluation of technical subject

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Juan Moure Martín ◽  
Adolfo Terán Carrasco ◽  
Pilar Gómez Sanz ◽  
María Isabel Prieto Barrio
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Continuous Assessment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Compulsory Subject

ResumenEl objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia de los diferentes factores que afectan a la evaluación de las asignaturas técnicas y su influencia sobre el aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Para ello se han analizado los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de la asignatura “Resistencia de Materiales y Elasticidad”, materia obligatoria de 6 créditos ECT, tipo I impartida en el cuarto semestre del grado de Edificación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.Como respuesta al objetivo planteado, cabe destacar que la percepción de la asignatura por parte de los alumnos y el sistema de evaluación son factores determinantes en la motivación del alumno, puesto que obtienen mejores calificaciones los estudiantes que tienen una visión más favorable de la asignatura. Por otro lado, el tipo de evaluación realizado tiene una influencia decisiva sobre las calificaciones obtenidas y sobre la manera de afrontar el aprendizaje, siendo la evaluación continua la mejor forma de impulsar el trabajo de los estudiantes y la que más fácilmente les permite adquirir las competencias.AbstractThe objective of this paper is to analyze the influence of the different factors affecting the evaluation gives technical subjects and their influence on student learning. For this purpose, we have analyzed the results obtained in the evaluation of the subject "Resistance of Materials and elasticity", a compulsory subject of 6 credits ECT, type I provided in the fourth semester of grade of Building of the Polytechnic University of Madrid.In response to the stated objective, it should be noted that the perception of the subject and its evaluation system are determining factors in the student's motivation, since students who have a more favorable vision of the subject obtain better grades. On the other hand, the type of evaluation carried out has a decisive influence on the qualifications obtained and on the way of facing the learning, being the continuous assessment the best way to promote the work of the students and the one that more easily allows them to acquire the competences.

scholarly journals La Mortalite Infanto-Juvenile A Bouafle : Contribution A L’analyse Des Conditions De Vie Dans Une Ville Ivoirienne

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Kadet G. Bertin ◽  
Adjelou Kessou ◽  
Anoh Kouassi Paul
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Harmful Effects

The dynamics of Bouaflé, an urban locality in the center-west of Côte d'Ivoire, faces a double challenge. On the one hand, the plight related to the mortality of the under-five stands out as a threat to their future. On the other hand, owing to lack of drinking water in the city as well as harmful effects of polluting activities on the local environment, environmental pathologies affect the urban space. From available documents on this city supplemented by field surveys, this study showcases an inventory of the determining factors of infant and child mortality in Bouaflé and highlights the limitations of local governance in the quest for a sustainable development for the capital city of the Marahoué.

Camping it up and toning it down: gay and lesbian sexual identity in media work

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1061-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Páraic Kerrigan ◽  
Anne O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Sexual Minority ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gay And Lesbian ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Minority Identity ◽  
Media Work ◽  
The One ◽  
Bias And Discrimination

By its make-up, Irish screen production is heteronormative. This can be seen in terms of output, representation and production. Accordingly, this article argues that heteronormativity is a structuring dynamic in the identities of gay and lesbian media workers. Its impacts are two-fold and somewhat contradictory. On the one hand, it results in bias and discrimination towards many media labourers, while on the other hand, heteronormativity offers gay and lesbian workers some opportunities to overcome or challenge overbearing structures wrought by heteronorms within media industries. To demonstrate this argument, we maintain that disclosure and the formation of networks play a role in the maintenance of gay and lesbian identities in media work, whereas bias and discrimination serve to other and discipline gay and lesbian media workers for not meeting heteronormative expectations. The article concludes by exploring how gay and lesbian media workers can manage and co-opt their sexual minority identity in a way that can challenge heteronormative expectations, providing a common ground in media work. Furthermore, this article builds on the growing field of Queer Production Studies by contributing towards the field’s expanding set of empirical practices and diversifying the contexts in which Queer Production Studies research takes place.

Wallace Stevens: Hypotheses and Contradictions

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Helen Vendler
Keyword(s):  
Wallace Stevens ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Haven ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Middle Period ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Over Time

WALLACE STEVEN'S HYPOTHESES——his ifs and ors—— and his contradictions——his buts——play a visibly large role in his poetry. They represent speculation, on the one hand, and the obstruction of speculation, on the other. Speculation is a way to resist the inertial forward movement of the mind; hypothesis is a way to swerve away from present thinking, as is contradiction (see "Earthy Anecdote," Stevens's first manifesto of the need for change and the means to change). Although speculative and contradictory forms of thought are indispensable to Stevens through his middle period, in the later part of his career he begins to resist them. From youth to age, he seeks out truth in different ways. First, by dialectical means, he seeks philosophical "truth." Conceiving of it as an absolute, he relies on a contrastive either/or characterized by tentative hypotheses and frequent selfcontradictions. Next, adopting a Nietzschean multiplicity or a cubist variety of perspectives, he argues not for "the" truth but for "truths," and relies on endless elaboration (as in "The Man with the Blue Guitar") to present many "truths" at once. But in the later work he seeks "a" truth, always a provisional one, and approaches it asymptotically, suggesting various metaphors, each of which comes in some way close to the essence of his goal. ''It is not in the premise that reality / Is a solid'' (An Ordinary Evening in New Haven). From a wish to systematize the access of poetry to ''truth,'' or to register and name all available ''truths,'' Stevens arrives at the emotional and personal reality of many ''shades'' or ''forces'' that present themselves to us, one by one, over time, as ''a'' truth valid for one mood or one hour, but which always must anticipate their own ''decreation.''

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