scholarly journals Managing Balance: Pursuit of Equilibrium Permeates the History of Science and Influences Contemporary Investigations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kasmire
Keyword(s):  
Sustainability Science ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Successes And Failures

AbstractThe word “sustainable” débuted in 1987 but has since become a hot topic issue, both for scientific research and wider society. Although sustainability may appear to be a thoroughly twenty-first century goal, sustainability science concepts and goals such as balance, endurance, order and change, reach back at least as far as the proto-scientific investigations of alchemy. Both alchemy and sustainability science can be understood as systems or strategies which individuals and societies can use to organise and manage themselves in a complex world filled with dynamic problems. Alchemy never created a panacea or transmuted base metals into gold because those goals proved to be based on fundamentally flawed theories and premises. Nevertheless, alchemy did succeed in helping adherents manage themselves and their societies in advantageous ways. Alchemy also positively and significantly influenced subsequent scientific development. Likewise, science helps humanity manage itself on multiple scales, from the individual to the international, and will certainly contribute to further scientific research and development. However, it is not yet known whether carbon neutrality, entirely renewable energy and other sustainability goals will be achieved or whether these goals will also come to be seen as based on flawed understandings and theories. For this reason, this article explores key features of alchemy, traces how they persisted through Enlightenment-era science and how they continue to be present and influential within scientific efforts today. The article goes on to reflect on how the history, development and continued use of concepts such as balance, endurance, order and change may be useful portents of how humans and human society will manage themselves in the future. Such reflections may also temper the zeal with which individuals that accept or reject sustainability goals treat each other, thereby offering a way for divergent groups to manage their interactions. Flawed theories prevented alchemy from achieving many of its primary stated goals. However, alchemy was very beneficial, both during its period of use and subsequently through its influence on subsequent development. This article identifies ideas from alchemy that were originally beneficial and that have persisted through Enlightenment-era science and into contemporary science. The article also explores how those ideas continue to influence scientific and sustainability goals today. Understanding and reflecting on alchemy’s successes and failures facilitates reflection on the potential successes and failures of sustainability and the human consequences of trying to manage a sustainable future.

Józef Muczkowski: Dyrektor Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej, historyk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
History Of ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of the presented thesis is to show a figure of one of the directors of the Jagiellonian Library in the 19th century, a professor at the Jagiellonian University and historian – Józef Muczkowski. In the thesis, the Professor’s personal life has been presented in chronological order, as well as his achievements in the professional field and his scientific accomplishments. The thesis consists of seven chapters, each dealing with issues related to the individual stages of the Professor’s life. Special attention has been focused on the process of intellectual and scientific development of Józef Muczkowski from his birth, through youth, to the period of holding office of the director of the Jagiellonian Library, and finally up to the last days of his life. Large part of the work is devoted to changes that were implemented by the Professor during the period when he was the Jagiellonian Library director. It concerns, among others, the organisation of library collections and complete reconstruction of the library building which is located within the Collegium Maius edifice. The thesis also introduces a broad spectrum of activities undertaken by the Professor in the political field. Presentation of profiles of his loved ones and relationships that connected him with his family and other people of science constitutes important part of the work because it connects all chapters. The thesis is based largely on unpublished sources, such as manuscripts, numerous fragments of official letters and the Professor’s correspondence. Analysis and interpretation of many types of information sources, followed by their elaboration and organisation, allow to fill the “information gap” regarding the person of Józef Muczkowski. As a result, by recreating Józef Muczkowski’s professional path, the thesis also supplements the information resource of history of the Jagiellonian Library in the first half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Science as theatre: a New Zealand history of performances and exhibitions

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. A01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hodder
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Displays ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science Centres ◽  
The Government

In colonial times in New Zealand the portrayal of science to the public had a sense of theatre, with nineteenth and early twentieth century grand exhibitions of a new nation’s resources and its technological achievements complemented by spectacular public lectures and demonstrations by visitors from overseas and scientific ‘showmen’. However, from 1926 to the mid-1990s there were few public displays of scientific research and its applications, corresponding to an inward-looking science regime presided over by the Government science agency, the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. The subsequent development of science centres with their emphasis on visitor participation has led to an increase in the audience for science and a revival of theatricality in presentation of exhibitions, demonstration lectures, café scientifiques, and science-related activities.

LIFE COMPETENCE OF PERSONALITY AS A CONDITION OF LIFE CREATION: ORIGINS AND MODERN DIMENSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-297
Author(s):  
В. А. Яковлєва ◽  
Л. Ю. Москальова ◽  
С. С. Рашидова
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
First Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
Theoretical Category ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Universe

This article discusses current issues of personal development associated with the formation of its vital competence. In particular, attention is paid to the problem of man, his place in the world, spiritual life, happiness, ways to achieve it throughout the history of world scientific thought; the evolution of views on the essence of the concept of "life competence" of the individual, which has its own history and specifics, is analyzed. It was found that the study of this pedagogical problem is carried out on the border of the sciences of society and education, so in the philosophical and sociological literature partially developed a general theoretical foundation for studying the problem of forming the vital competence of the individual. Modern views of Ukrainian scientists on the essence and components of life competence of the individual are revealed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that this concept as a certain theoretical category took shape only in the last century. The life competence of a person of the twenty-first century involves the ability to mobilize in any situation, in any action to acquire knowledge, understanding experience, in order to learn to live in human society, learn to design their lives, skills that would allow her to productively build her life in accordance with the requirements of her own spirit and the demands of society, the essence of life competence will always be insufficiently represented in the history of society. It is concluded that trying to understand or define the essence of the concept of "life" is the same impossible task as trying to overcome the speed of light. Too low a level of awareness does not allow the average person to plunge into the secrets of the universe. Everyone has the right to create and realize their own picture of the world.

Climate Change and Religious Response: The Case of Early Medieval China

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Asian Philosophy ◽  
Religion And Ethics ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Book Of The Dead ◽  
Point Of Departure

The following remarks were originally drafted to serve as the thirty-seventh Evans-Wentz Lecture in Asian Philosophy, Religion and Ethics at Stanford University in May 2006, and take therefore as their tacit point of departure the work of Walter Y Evans-Wentz (1878–1965). His Tibetan Book of the Dead, first published by Oxford University Press in 1927, long remained the most influential account of the way in which Buddhists confronted their future as mortal beings, though in this lecture the scope of my own inquiry is widened from the individual to encompass fears concerning the transience of human society as a whole. This broader approach, moreover, allows for a degree of innovation. Ever since the era of Evans-Wentz, if not earlier, the problem of presenting the impulses behind traditions as unfamiliar as those of South and East Asia without simply confirming their apparent ‘exoticism’ has been difficult to solve, but over recent years our greatly increased knowledge of the history of the planetary environment that we all inhabit has offered an unprecedented perspective on the widely shared hopes and fears of the past. This is because we now know that at times different regions of the planet were subjected to events caused by the same catastrophic upheavals in climate. By taking one of the best known of these in the sixth century CE – and the information given below by no means exhausts what has been discovered about this phenomenon – and looking at its impact in terms of the sense of foreboding it engendered, it is therefore possible to trace the extent to which Europe and East Asia reacted in similar ways.

Petrus Johann du Toit, 1888-1967

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
International Level ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Individual

The life and work of Dr P. J. du Toit spanned a significant period in the history of South Africa. During his lifetime there were two World Wars, as well as the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902; in 1910 the two recently independent republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were united with the colonies of the Gape of Good Hope and Natal in the Union of South Africa which, in 1961, became the Republic of South Africa. The last ten years of his life, from 1957 to 1967, saw the virtual disappearance of European colonialism which had dominated the African scene for more than two centuries. The life of P. J. du Toit—the individual, the scientist and the public figure—is inextricably bound up with the rapidly changing patterns of social, political and scientific development brought about by these momentous events and his contribution, at both the national and the international level, must be seen against the background of these happenings.

scholarly journals Frustacionit and Crime in Contemporary Society - Case Study the Western Balkan

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Fatmir Qollkaj
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual

When we talk about society, in particular in terms of developing its sociological us always remains good impression when talking to a healthy society and developed, however long history of social development gives us to understand that the development of society is also followed by numerous pathological phenomenon, deviant and criminal. This phenomenon, as the development of regression contradictions are development testified as a driving force of society, not just the dialectical point of view worldly but also from the standpoint of Merton Dyrkemit of other thinkers of the twentieth century. Criminality as a result of the promoters, different forces the drive has been the phenomenon of early and ongoing follow-up of human society, caused in most of the time the frustrations such as individual and collective. Starting from the individual, then the family, group and to greater social organization, frustrations are manifest modalities of development as controversial complex, multidimensional social. Changes occurring in contemporary society in the late twentieth century terms as in terms development economic, technical and technological followed with profound changes in the political, legal and cultural.These changes greatly influenced the lives of states social training, companies involved in this global development where ragging result of increased individual and collective result of which is also the growing crime in intensity and modalities manifest.

scholarly journals The Wellcome Research Institution

1948 ◽  
Vol 193 (1035) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Research Institution ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Physiological Research ◽  
Sole Owner

The Wellcome Research Institution is the name which Sir Henry Wellcome used to describe collectively the Museums and the various research undertakings of the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. Before outlining the development of the individual units I must first briefly relate the history of the Wellcome Foundation itself. The firm of Burroughs Wellcome and Co. was founded in London in 1880 by two young American pharmacists, Silas M. Burroughs and Henry S. Wellcome. This proved a most successful undertaking, and after the death of Burroughs in 1895 Wellcome became the sole owner of a flourishing business with commercial offices in Snow Hill, chemical works at Dartford and the beginnings of his earliest research enterprise, the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories. The next 30 years saw the development not only of the business in this country but of associated houses in U. S. A. and other parts of the world, and in 1924 Wellcome consolidated all his interests in a single company, the Wellcome Foundation Ltd. This fusion was done with a deliberate purpose later to be revealed by his will. Within the framework of the business itself he had already developed the laboratories for scientific research and the educational museums that I shall presently describe. Beyond these the will provided for scientific work outside the business itself, for, on Wellcome’s death in 1936, all the shares in this Company were vested in five trustees who were to receive the whole of the distributable profits and use them in certain specified ways for the advancement of research in medicine and its related subjects anywhere in the world.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

Queering Gender Identity Work: A Life History of a Black Transgender Woman

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esethu Monakali
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This article offers an analysis of the identity work of a black transgender woman through life history research. Identity work pertains to the ongoing effort of authoring oneself and positions the individual as the agent; not a passive recipient of identity scripts. The findings draw from three life history interviews. Using thematic analysis, the following themes emerge: institutionalisation of gender norms; gender and sexuality unintelligibility; transitioning and passing; and lastly, gender expression and public spaces. The discussion follows from a poststructuralist conception of identity, which frames identity as fluid and as being continually established. The study contends that identity work is a complex and fragmented process, which is shaped by other social identities. To that end, the study also acknowledges the role of collective agency in shaping gender identity.

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