scholarly journals Equal Protection by Race with Stop and Frisk: a Risk-Adjusted Disparity (RAD) Index for Balanced Policing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Sherman ◽  
Sumit Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Equal Protection ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Racial Equity ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Residential Population

Abstract Research Question Can racial equity in crime and policing be measured with the use of a Risk-Adjusted Disparity (RAD) Index of the degree to which policing across racial categories is “balanced” in its ratios of preventive police actions per 100 serious crimes committed against members of each racial category? Data Office of National Statistics (ONS) reports on crime and policing in England and Wales, and Dorset Police data on violent crime victimization and stop-search by race of suspect across the 452 Lower-Layer Super-Output Levels in Dorset. Methods We conceptualize the problem of equal protection under law as fundamentally protecting the lives and liberties of each citizen from criminal harms, as well as from disproportionately intrusive policing. We combine these dimensions into a single metric that defines proportionality of policing in relation to risk of violent crime victimization, such that whatever intrusion on liberty is applied for the aim of protection can be equalized across racial groups. Findings The use of a Risk-Adjusted Disparity (RAD) Index to measure reliably the equality of police intrusions across racial groups based on victimization rates can be illustrated by adjusting for homicide. In the past decade, the population-based disparity rate shows that Blacks are stopped by police nine times more often than whites. When that rate is adjusted for the differential risk of homicide in the two groups, the disparity estimate drops from 800% to 58%. Other changes of major magnitude result from using the RAD Index. Conclusions We conclude that an index of proactive policing using victimizations by race is more likely to lead to equal protection of law than a residential population-based metric of proactive police actions, as is commonly used in official reporting. A victim-based, Risk-Adjusted (RAD) Index for measuring racial disparity might focus police efforts on the 5% of local areas where serious violence is concentrated, and deflect stops away from the vast majority of areas that have little serious crime.

scholarly journals Fifteen Minutes per Day Keeps the Violence Away: a Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial on the Impact of Foot Patrols on Serious Violence in Large Hot Spot Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Bland ◽  
Michelle Leggetter ◽  
David Cestaro ◽  
Jacqueline Sebire
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research Question Did a 15-min patrol delivery over 1 day reduce serious violent crime in large hot spots (mean size = 2 km × 2 km), without displacing such crimes to nearby areas? Data We tracked daily official crime reports in a sample of 21 high-crime Bedfordshire (UK) Lower-layer Super Output areas (LSOAs). We measured time spent by two-person police foot patrols in those areas with daily GPS data from handheld devices given to officers working on overtime. We also counted proactively initiated arrests. Methods We used a crossover randomised controlled trial on the 21 “hot spot” LSOAs, each of which was randomly assigned daily to be either in a treatment condition of 15-min of patrol (as one of seven each day) or a control condition of no patrol (as one of 14 each day) for each of 90 days. We used an intention-to-treat framework to analyse the impact of patrols on the outcome measures overall, on consecutive days of assignment to the same condition, and in 100-m ‘buffer’ zones around each hot spot. Findings We found that on treatment days the hot spots had 44% lower Cambridge crime harm index scores from serious violence than on control days, as well as 40% fewer incidents across all public crimes against personal victims. Statistically significant differences in lower prevalence, counts and harm of both non-domestic violent crime and robbery and other non-domestic crimes against personal victims were also found. We found no evidence of either displacement of serious crime into a 100-m buffer zone, nor any evidence of residual deterrence on no-patrol days following patrol days. We did find evidence of a cumulative effect: the largest differences in crime harm on control days were found in treatment days that came after 3 days of consecutive patrol in the same LSOA. Conclusions Even minimal amounts of foot patrol can prevent serious violent crime across a large area, and repeated patrols over several days help even more. Our findings suggest that, to reduce both violent and other forms of crime, uniformed officers need to patrol hot spots for short amounts of times on consecutive days.

scholarly journals Area Deprivation, Urbanicity and Severe Mental Illness – A Population-Based Linkage Study Using Routinely Collected Primary and Secondary Care Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sze Chim Lee ◽  
Marcos Delpozo-Banos ◽  
Keith Lloyd ◽  
Ian Jones ◽  
James TR Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Secondary Care ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Small Area Statistics ◽  
Urban Rural

Background There is a long-standing debate regarding the associations between area deprivation, urbanicity and elevated risk of severe mental illnesses (SMIs). Main Aim We investigated the associations between area deprivation, urbanicity and risk of SMIs in a population cohorts in Wales. Methods/Approach We extracted primary and secondary care electronic health records from 2004 to 2015 from Wales’s population. We identified prevalent and incident individuals with SMIs (schizophrenia related disorders and bipolar disorder) and their level of deprivation and urbanicity. We used the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation (WIMD) and urban/rural indicator to measure the level of area deprivation and urbanicity respectively for all lower layer super output areas, the geographic units used in the reporting of small area statistics comprised of approximately 1,500 individuals. Results Prevalence and incidence of SMIs is not evenly distributed in Wales. Increased prevalence and incidence of SMIs occur in more deprived and urban areas. Such associations occur for both schizophrenia related disorders and bipolar disorder and in both the primary and secondary care cohorts. Conclusion These findings have implications for resource allocation, service configuration and access to services in deprived communities, as well as, for broader public health interventions addressing poverty, and social and environmental contexts.

scholarly journals Kaleidoscope

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek K. Tracy ◽  
Dan W. Joyce ◽  
Sukhwinder S. Shergill
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Population Based ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Persecutory Delusions ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Cannabis Extract ◽  
Drug Induced Psychosis ◽  
The Uk

Drugs and violence are often observed as bedfellows; both have been associated with psychosis but the nature and timing of their relationships remains unclear. As part of the UK Prisoner Cohort Study, Keers et al prospectively followed up 967 prisoners convicted of sexual or violent offences (about a quarter of whom had a psychotic illness) in the community after release. Schizophrenia was associated with greater rates of violence, but the risk was mediated by untreated psychosis or when presenting with persecutory delusions – and no other definable psychopathology. Interestingly, drug-induced psychosis did not increase the risk of violence per se, once the substance misuse itself was accounted for. Does treatment have an impact on risk of violence in a population-based sample of patients with psychosis? Fazel et al demonstrated reductions in violent crime in patients during the time they were prescribed antipsychotics. Interestingly, the rates of violent crime were also reduced in patients with bipolar disorder who received mood stabilisers. Therefore, in addition to the effects of antipsychotics and mood stabilisers on relapse rates, their potential effects on violence and crime could be used to make decisions about management for these groups of patients. There is a clearer need for the appropriate treatment of prisoners with psychotic illnesses if their risk of violence is to be moderated. Cannabis is one of the most commonly used social drugs worldwide; it increases risk of psychosis, but there has been little to offer pharmacologically to those dependent upon this most prevalent illicit drug, and various trials of mood stabilisers, antidepressants and α2 adrenergic agonists have generally been disappointing. Allsop et al evaluated the novel cannabis extract nabiximols, containing cannabidiol – which has been shown to attenuate paranoia and euphoria – and tetrahydrocannabinol, delivered as a buccal spray. The active drug group showed statistically significant benefits in reduced withdrawal irritability, depression and cravings and remained longer in treatment. However, both placebo and drug groups showed reduced cannabis use at follow-up, with placebo being as effective as nabiximols in promoting longer-term cessation.

Predicting Violent Victimization Using Social Network Analysis From Police Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-454
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Fox ◽  
Kenneth J. Novak ◽  
Tinneke Van Camp ◽  
Chadley James
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Violent Victimization ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Assault Victims

Extant research suggests that membership in crime networks explains vulnerability to violent crime victimization. Consequently, identifying deviant social networks and understanding their structure and individual members' role in them could provide insight into victimization risk. Identifying social networks may help tailor crime prevention strategies to mitigate victimization risks and dismantle deviant networks. Social network analysis (SNA) offers a particular means of comprehending and measuring such group-level structures and the roles that individuals play within them. When applied to research on crime and victimization, it could provide a foundation for developing precise, effective prevention, intervention, and suppression strategies. This study uses police data to examine whether individuals most central to a deviant social network are those who are most likely to become victims of violent crime, and which crime network roles are most likely to be associated with vulnerability to violent victimization. SNA of these data indicates that network individuals who are in a position to manage the flow of information in the network (betweenness centrality), regardless of their number of connections (degree centrality), are significantly more likely to be homicide and aggravated assault victims. Implications for police practice are discussed.

Abstract TP493: Herpes Zoster Vaccine Live And Risk For Stroke Among Medicare Beneficiaries: Population Based Matched Cohort Study

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanhe YANG ◽  
Anping Chang ◽  
Xin Tong ◽  
Robert Merritt
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Fee For Service ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Zoster Vaccine ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Introduction: Herpes zoster (HZ) is associated with increased risk of stroke, and Zoster Vaccine Live (ZVL) reduces risk of HZ. No study examined the association between ZVL and risk for stroke. The present study examined this association among US older population. Methods: We included 1,382,051 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries age ≥66 years without a history of stroke and who received ZVL during 2008-2014, and 1,382,051 matched controls (using a comprehensive list of matching variables) without ZVL followed from ZVL receipt to December 31 2016. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between ZVL and composite fatal/non-fatal incident stroke outcomes. Results: During a median of 3.9 years follow-up (interquartile range 2.7-5.4), we documented 42,267 stroke events including 33,510 acute ischemic strokes (AIS) and 4,318 hemorrhagic strokes among beneficiaries who received ZVL over 5,890,113 person years. The corresponding numbers for controls were 48,139, 39,334, and 4,713 during 5,693,943 person years. Crude incidence comparing beneficiaries with and without ZVL were 7.18 vs. 8.45 per 1000 person years for all stroke, 5.40 vs. 6.53 for AIS, and 0.73 vs. 0.82 for hemorrhagic stroke (p<0.001 for difference). Adjusted hazard ratios comparing beneficiaries with ZVL to controls were 0.84 (95% CI 0.83-0.85), 0.82 (0.81-0.83), and 0.88 (0.84-0.91) for all stroke, AIS and hemorrhagic stroke respectively. The association between ZVL and risk for stroke appeared to be stronger among beneficiaries 66-79 years compared to those ≥80 years of age (p=0.020 for interaction), but largely consistent across sex, and racial groups. Conclusion: Among Medicare beneficiaries, receipt of ZVL was associated with lower incidence of stroke. Further study is needed to confirm our findings.

Modeling Crime Density with Population Dynamics in Space and Time: An Application of Assault in Gangnam, South Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872094803
Author(s):  
Yeondae Jung ◽  
Yongwan Chun ◽  
Kamyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Residential Population ◽  
Economic Control ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Residential Use ◽  
Ambient Population

The current study explores populational and environmental factors associated with violent crime. Specifically, it compares ambient and residential populations with regard to their association with assault density at a fine spatial and temporal unit in a city with socio-economic control variables. The results show that the ambient population are consistently associated with the level of assaults throughout the four time periods in a day, while residential population does not contribute much to explaining its variation. In addition, we also find that the percentage of single-member households and the distance to the nearest subway station are constantly associated with assault density, while the proportion of non-residential use and the land price are partially associated.

Apathy or Anger? How Crime Experience Affects Individual Vote Intention in Latin America and the Caribbean

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1010-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Berens ◽  
Mirko Dallendörfer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Criminal Violence ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Vote Intention ◽  
The Caribbean

Does the experience of crime lead to individual disenchantment from politics or can it even stir political activism? We study how crime victimization affects the intention to vote with survey data from Latin America and the Caribbean. Research on non-electoral political behavior reveals that crime victims become politically more engaged. In contrast, findings from psychological research suggest that victimization increases apathy due to loss of self-esteem and social cohesion. Building a cognitive foundation of political activism, we propose that it is the level of distress which increases—in the case of non-violent crime—or decreases—in the case of violent crime experience—the likelihood of voting. The results support the hypothesis on victims of non-violent crime. The probability of turnout does, however, not change for victims of criminal violence. We subsequently test for a possible anti-right-wing incumbent effect, to explain the mobilization of victims of non-violent crime, but only find evidence for an anti-center incumbent tendency.

Analysis of Feeling of Security on Public Transit among Residents of Small Urban Area

1996 ◽  
Vol 1557 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Morse ◽  
Julian M. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Ordinal Data ◽  
Magnitude Estimate ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Interaction Term ◽  
Precautionary Measures

Magnitude estimation for assessing personal security is introduced. Magnitude estimates were obtained and used to compute security indexes. The advantage of magnitude estimate–based indexes over summated scales is that they are ratio rather than ordinal data. Residents of Greensboro, North Carolina, were surveyed regarding crime in the vicinity of bus stops. Responses were analyzed, and violent crime around bus areas was rated 2.5 times more serious than nonviolent crime (e.g., panhandling). In a model of the index, the gender of residents, an interaction term denoting crime victimization and taking precautionary measures, and the crime rate were significant predictors; race and age were not.

scholarly journals Racial inequalities in the socioeconomic, demographic and health conditions of elderly from Maranhão State, Legal Amazon, Brazil: a population-based study

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Luciano Carneiro Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Alécia Maria da Silva ◽  
Raimundo Antonio da Silva ◽  
Erika Barbara Abreu Fonseca Thomaz
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Racial Inequalities

Aging with quality of life does not occur equally among the racial groups of Brazilian elderly, and few studies have analyzed this issue in the states of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The objective of this study was to investigate racial inequalities in the socioeconomic, demographic and health conditions of elderly residents of Maranhão state, Brazil. The present work is a cross-sectional study of 450 elders aged 60 years or older included in the 2008 National Household Sample Survey. The prevalence of socioeconomic, demographic, health and habit indicators and of risk factors were estimated in white, brown and black racial categories that were self-reported by the survey participants. The chi-square test was used for comparisons (a=5%). The majority of the elderly respondents identified themselves as brown (66.4%) or white (23.3%). There were significant socioeconomic, demographic, habit and lifestyle differences among the racial groups. Most of the black and brown elderly lived alone, reported lower educational levels and were in the lowest quintile for income. These respondents were also highly dependent on the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS), exhibited low rates of screening mammograms and lower physical activity levels and had a greater proportion of smokers. However, there was no difference in the prevalence of health indicators or in the proportion of elderly by gender, age, social role in the family or the urban-rural location of the household. These results indicate the presence of racial inequalities in the socioeconomic and demographic status and in the practice of healthy habits and lifestyles among elderly from Maranhão, but suggest equity in health status. The results also suggest the complexity and challenges of interlinking race with socioeconomic aspects, and the findings reinforce the need for the implementation of public policies for these population groups.

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