scholarly journals Agronomic Biofortification with Se, Zn, and Fe: An Effective Strategy to Enhance Crop Nutritional Quality and Stress Defense—A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Szerement ◽  
Alicja Szatanik-Kloc ◽  
Jakub Mokrzycki ◽  
Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Application Form ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Edible Parts ◽  
Agronomic Biofortification

AbstractHuman micronutrient deficiencies are a widespread problem worldwide and mainly concern people whose diet (mainly of plant origin) consists of insufficient amounts of critical vitamins and minerals. Low levels of micronutrients in plants are linked to, i.e., their decreasing concentration in soils and/or low bioavailability and presence of abiotic stresses which disturb the proper growth and development of plants. Agronomic biofortification of crops is a very promising way to improve the concentration of micronutrients in edible parts of crops without compromising yield and is recognized as the cheapest strategy to alleviate hidden hunger worldwide. The review is focused on the factors influencing the effectiveness of biofortified crops (a type of application, form, and a dose of applied microelement, biofertilizers, and nanofertilizers). Also, the accumulation of zinc, selenium, and iron in edible parts of crops, their effects on metabolism, morphological and yield parameters, and an impact on plants’ defense mechanisms against abiotic stress like salt, high/low temperature, heavy metal, and drought was discussed. Finally, the directions of future agronomic biofortification studies are proposed.

scholarly journals Multiplying the efficiency and impact of biofortification through metabolic engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Van Der Straeten ◽  
Navreet K. Bhullar ◽  
Hans De Steur ◽  
Wilhelm Gruissem ◽  
Donald MacKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Engineering ◽  
World Population ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
The World ◽  
Rational Combination ◽  
Socio Economic Impact ◽  
Staple Crop

Abstract Ending all forms of hunger by 2030, as set forward in the UN-Sustainable Development Goal 2 (UN-SDG2), is a daunting but essential task, given the limited timeline ahead and the negative global health and socio-economic impact of hunger. Malnutrition or hidden hunger due to micronutrient deficiencies affects about one third of the world population and severely jeopardizes economic development. Staple crop biofortification through gene stacking, using a rational combination of conventional breeding and metabolic engineering strategies, should enable a leap forward within the coming decade. A number of specific actions and policy interventions are proposed to reach this goal.

scholarly journals Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc in Pakistan: Status, Benefits, and Constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Faisal Nadeem ◽  
Seon Young Im ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Zinc Fertilizer ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Agronomic Biofortification

Micronutrient malnutrition (e.g., zinc) is one of the major causes of human disease burden in the developing world. Zinc (Zn) deficiency is highly prevalent in the Pakistani population (22.1%), particularly in women and children (under 5 years) due to low dietary Zn intake. In Pakistan, wheat is the primary staple food and is poor in bioavailable Zn. However, the number of malnourished populations has decreased over the last decade due to multiplied public awareness, accelerated use of Zn fertilizers (particularly in wheat and rice), initiation of several national/international research initiatives focusing on Zn biofortification in staple crops and availability of supplements and Zn fortified meals merchandise, nonetheless a large number of people are facing Zn or other micronutrient deficiencies in the country. There are few reports highlighting the significant increase in daily dietary Zn uptake in population consuming biofortified wheat (Zincol-2016) flour; indicating the positive prospect of biofortification interventions up scaling in lowering the risk of dietary Zn deficiency in rural and marginalized communities. Zinc fertilizer strategy has not only helped in enhancing the grain Zn concentration, but it also helped in improving crop yield with high economic return. In addition, Zn biofortified seeds have exhibited strong inherent ability to withstand abiotic stresses and produce higher grain yield under diverse climatic conditions. However, there are many constraints (soil, environment, genetic diversity, antinutrients concentration, socioeconomic factors etc.) that hinder the success of biofortification interventions. This review highlights the status of Zn deficiency in Pakistan, the success of agronomic and genetic biofortification interventions. It also discusses the economics of agronomic biofortification and cost effectiveness of Zn fertilization in field conditions in Pakistan and the potential of Zn biofortified seeds against abiotic stresses. Furthermore, it also highlights the constraints which limit the sustainability of biofortification interventions.

Food Fortification: A Tool for Fighting Hidden Hunger

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Nilson ◽  
Jaime Piza
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Staple Foods ◽  
The Impact

This paper reviews the fortification of staple food as a tool to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. The rationale for fortifying salt, wheat flour, milk, and margarine was developed in the 1920s and 1940s, mainly in industrialized countries. At that time, fortification of staple foods was considered by only a few developing countries. Recent research has shown that the prevalences of some deficiencies (clinical and marginal) in some developing countries are higher than expected. Even more important has been the realization that the impact of marginal deficiencies on health and socio-economic development is considerably more important than the impact of clinical deficiencies. Iron, vitamin A, and iodine have gained more attention, but deficiencies of other micronutrients are also relevant. This paper shows that fortification of staple foods to prevent micronutrient deficiencies is effective, easy, fast, safe, and relatively inexpensive.

scholarly journals Tackling the triple threats of childhood malnutrition

BMC Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Mwangome ◽  
Andrew M. Prentice
Keyword(s):  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Nutritional Health ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Nutrition

AbstractThe term ‘double burden of malnutrition’ is usually interpreted in terms of the physical status of children: stunted and wasted children on the one hand and overweight/obese children on the other. There is a third category of malnutrition that can occur at either end of the anthropometric spectrum or, indeed, in children whose physical size may be close to ideal. This third type is most commonly articulated with the phrase ‘hidden hunger’ and is often illustrated by micronutrient deficiencies; thus, we refer to it here as ‘undernutrition’. As understanding of such issues advances, we realise that there is a myriad of factors that may be influencing a child’s road to nutritional health. In this BMC Medicine article collection we consider these influences and the impact they have, such as: the state of the child’s environment; the effect this has on their risk of, and responses to, infection and on their gut; the consequences of poor nutrition on cognition and brain development; the key drivers of the obesity epidemic across the globe; and how undernourishment can affect a child’s body composition. This collection showcases recent advances in the field, but likewise highlights ongoing challenges in the battle to achieve adequate nutrition for children across the globe.

scholarly journals Quadruple Burden of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Chronic Intestinal Parasitoses, and Multiple Micronutrient Deficiency in Ethiopia: A Summary of Available Findings

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bemnet Amare ◽  
Beyene Moges ◽  
Andargachew Mulu ◽  
Sisay Yifru ◽  
Afework Kassu
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Multiple Micronutrient ◽  
Infection Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), and helminthic infections are among the commonest public health problems in the sub-Saharan African countries like Ethiopia. Multiple micronutrient deficiencies also known as the “hidden hunger” are common in people living in these countries either playing a role in their pathogenesis or as consequences. This results in a vicious cycle of multiple micronutrient deficiencies and infection/disease progression. As infection is profoundly associated with nutritional status resulting from decreased nutrient intake, decreased nutrient absorption, and nutrient losses, micronutrient deficiencies affect immune system and impact infection and diseases progression. As a result, micronutrients, immunity, and infection are interrelated. The goal of this review is therefore to provide a summary of available findings regarding the “quadruple burden trouble” of HIV, TB, intestinal parasitic infections, and multiple micronutrient deficiencies to describe immune-modulating effects related to disorders.

scholarly journals Hidden hunger in South Asia: a review of recent trends and persistent challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kassandra L Harding ◽  
Víctor M Aguayo ◽  
Patrick Webb
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Recent Trends

Abstract‘Hidden hunger’ is a term used to describe human deficiencies of key vitamins and minerals, also known as micronutrients. While global in scale, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is particularly high in South Asia despite recent successes in economic growth, agricultural output and health care. The present paper reviews the most recent evidence on patterns and trends of hidden hunger across the region, with a focus on the most significant deficiencies – iodine, Fe, vitamin A and Zn – and interprets these in terms of health and economic consequences. The challenge for South Asian policy makers is to invest in actions that can cost-effectively resolve chronic nutrient gaps facing millions of households. Appropriate solutions are available today, so governments should build on evidence-based successes that combine targeted health system delivery of quality services with carefully designed multisector actions that help promote healthier diets, reduce poverty and ensure social protection simultaneously.

scholarly journals Micronutrients and the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Semba ◽  
A. M. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Micronutrient Supplementation ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Altered Metabolism ◽  
Low Levels

Micronutrient deficiencies may be common during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Insufficient dietary intake, malabsorption, diarrhoea, and impaired storage and altered metabolism of micronutrients can contribute to the development of micronutrient deficiencies. Low plasma or serum levels of vitamins A, E, B6, B12 and C, carotenoids, Se, and Zn are common in many HIV-infected populations. Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection through increased oxidative stress and compromised immunity. Low levels or intakes of micronutrients such as vitamins A, E, B6 and B12, Zn and Se have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes during HIV infection, and new studies are emerging which suggest that micronutrient supplementation may help reduce morbidity and mortality during HIV infection.

scholarly journals Biofortification of UK food crops with selenium

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R. Broadley ◽  
Philip J. White ◽  
Rosie J. Bryson ◽  
Mark C. Meacham ◽  
Helen C. Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Enrich Food ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Agronomic Biofortification ◽  
Se Status

Se is an essential element for animals. In man low dietary Se intakes are associated with health disorders including oxidative stress-related conditions, reduced fertility and immune functions and an increased risk of cancers. Although the reference nutrient intakes for adult females and males in the UK are 60 and 75 μg Se/d respectively, dietary Se intakes in the UK have declined from >60 μg Se/d in the 1970s to 35 μg Se/d in the 1990s, with a concomitant decline in human Se status. This decline in Se intake and status has been attributed primarily to the replacement of milling wheat having high levels of grain Se and grown on high-Se soils in North America with UK-sourced wheat having low levels of grain Se and grown on low-Se soils. An immediate solution to low dietary Se intake and status is to enrich UK-grown food crops using Se fertilisers (agronomic biofortification). Such a strategy has been adopted with success in Finland. It may also be possible to enrich food crops in the longer term by selecting or breeding crop varieties with enhanced Se-accumulation characteristics (genetic biofortification). The present paper will review the potential for biofortification of UK food crops with Se.

Nutrient indexing of lowland rice crop in Ludhiana

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Arora ◽  
H. S. Hundal ◽  
P. N. Takkar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Lowland Rice ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Correlation Studies ◽  
Leaf Analysis ◽  
Dtpa Extraction ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Available Zinc

SUMMARYA nutrient indexing survey of the soils and rice crop was conducted on 300 fields of four villages in some floodplain areas of Ludhiana. The soils are, in general, alkaline in reaction, highly calcareous, medium in organic matter and mostly heavy in texture. Soil analysis (DTPA extraction) indicated that about 27% are deficient in available zinc. Leaf analysis indicated the concentration of N, Zn, Cu, Fe and B to be below their critical levels in 27, 25, 93, 39 and 6% of the samples respectively: the low levels of Cu(l–3 μg/g) are considered as a ‘hidden hunger’ as the crop lacked any visual Cudeficiency symptoms.Correlation studies indicated the absence of any relationship between the micronutrient status of the soils, assessed by DTPA extraction, and leaf content. Consequently leaf analysis is recommended for evaluating the nutritional disorders of lowland rice.

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