New method for measuring the impact energy of a piling hammer

In this paper, biaxial warp-knitted fabrics were produced with different high tenacity polyester linear density and inserted yarns density. The low-velocity impact property of flexible composites made of polyurethane as matrix and biaxial warp-knitted fabric as reinforcement has been investigated. The effect of impactor shape and initial impact energy on the impact response of flexible composite is tested. The results show that the initial impact energy have minor effect on the impact response of the biaxial warp-knitted flexible composites. The impact resistance of flexible composite specimen increases with the increase of high tenacity polyester linear density and inserted yarns density. The damage morphology of flexible composite materials is completely different under different impactor shapes. The findings have theoretical and practical significance for the applications of biaxial warp-knitted flexible composite.

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Impact resistance of steel materials to ballistic ejecta and shelter development using steel deck plates

Journal of Applied Volcanology ◽

10.1186/s13617-021-00105-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hiroyuki Yamada ◽

Kohei Tateyama ◽

Shino Naruke ◽

Hisashi Sasaki ◽

Shinichi Torigata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Impact Energy ◽

Impact Test ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Protective Layer ◽

High Strength ◽

Steel Plates ◽

Corrugated Plates ◽

Shelter Construction ◽

The Impact ◽

Ballistic Ejecta

AbstractThe destruction caused by ballistic ejecta from the phreatic eruptions of Mt. Ontake in 2014 and Mt. Kusatsu-Shirane (Mt. Moto-Shirane) in 2018 in Japan, which resulted in numerous casualties, highlighted the need for better evacuation facilities. In response, some mountain huts were reinforced with aramid fabric to convert them into shelters. However, a number of decisions must be made when working to increase the number of shelters, which depend on the location where they are to be built. In this study, we propose a method of using high-strength steel to reinforce wooden buildings for use as shelters. More specifically, assuming that ballistic ejecta has an impact energy of 9 kJ or more, as in previous studies, we developed a method that utilizes SUS304 and SS400 unprocessed steel plates based on existing impact test data. We found that SUS304 is particularly suitable for use as a reinforcing material because it has excellent impact energy absorption characteristics due to its high ductility as well as excellent corrosion resistance. With the aim of increasing the structural strength of steel shelters, we also conducted an impact test on a shelter fabricated from SS400 deck plates (i.e., steel with improved flexural strength provided by work-hardened trapezoidal corrugated plates). The results show that the shelter could withstand impact with an energy of 13.5 kJ (2.66 kg of simulated ballistic ejecta at 101 m/s on impact). In addition, from the result of the impact test using the roof-simulating structure, it was confirmed the impact absorption energy is further increased when artificial pumice as an additional protective layer is installed on this structure. Observations of the shelter after the impact test show that there is still some allowance for deformation caused by projectile impact, which means that the proposed steel shelter holds promise, not only structurally, but also from the aspects of transportation and assembly. Hence, the usefulness of shelters that use steel was shown experimentally. However, shelter construction should be suitable for the target environment.

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A new method of inferring the size, number density, and charge of mesospheric dust from its in situ collection by the DUSTY probe

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-12-1673-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 1673-1683 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ove Havnes ◽

Tarjei Antonsen ◽

Gerd Baumgarten ◽

Thomas W. Hartquist ◽

Alexander Biebricher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Method ◽

Production Model ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Bottom Plate ◽

Charged Dust ◽

Fundamental Parameters ◽

Dust Charge ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

June July ◽

The Impact

Abstract. We present a new method of analyzing measurements of mesospheric dust made with DUSTY rocket-borne Faraday cup probes. It can yield the variation in fundamental dust parameters through a mesospheric cloud with an altitude resolution down to 10 cm or less if plasma probes give the plasma density variations with similar height resolution. A DUSTY probe was the first probe that unambiguously detected charged dust and aerosol particles in the Earth's mesosphere. DUSTY excluded the ambient plasma by various biased grids, which however allowed dust particles with radii above a few nanometers to enter, and it measured the flux of charged dust particles. The flux measurements directly yielded the total ambient dust charge density. We extend the analysis of DUSTY data by using the impact currents on its main grid and the bottom plate as before, together with a dust charging model and a secondary charge production model, to allow the determination of fundamental parameters, such as dust radius, charge number, and total dust density. We demonstrate the utility of the new analysis technique by considering observations made with the DUSTY probes during the MAXIDUSTY rocket campaign in June–July 2016 and comparing the results with those of other instruments (lidar and photometer) also used in the campaign. In the present version we have used monodisperse dust size distributions.

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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Heat-Affected Zone of Repeated Welding AISI 304N Austenitic Stainless Steel by Gleeble Simulator

Metals ◽

10.3390/met8100773 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 773

Author(s):

Y.H. Guo ◽

Li Lin ◽

Donghui Zhang ◽

Lili Liu ◽

M.K. Lei

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Heat Affected Zone ◽

Ferrite Content ◽

Equipment Safety ◽

Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽

Δ Ferrite ◽

The Impact

Heat-affected zone (HAZ) of welding joints critical to the equipment safety service are commonly repeatedly welded in industries. Thus, the effects of repeated welding up to six times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HAZ for AISI 304N austenitic stainless steel specimens were investigated by a Gleeble simulator. The temperature field of HAZ was measured by in situ thermocouples. The as-welded and one to five times repeated welding were assigned as-welded (AW) and repeated welding 1–5 times (RW1–RW5), respectively. The austenitic matrices with the δ-ferrite were observed in all specimens by the metallography. The δ-ferrite content was also determined using magnetic and metallography methods. The δ-ferrite had a lathy structure with a content of 0.69–3.13 vol.%. The austenitic grains were equiaxial with an average size of 41.4–47.3 μm. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) mainly depended on the δ-ferrite content; otherwise, the impact energy mainly depended on both the austenitic grain size and the δ-ferrite content. The UTS of the RW1–RW3 specimens was above 550 MPa following the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard. The impact energy of all specimens was higher than that in ASME standard at about 56 J. The repeated welding up to three times could still meet the requirements for strength and toughness of welding specifications.

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The Investigation in the Influence of Hardness to Transition Point after Tempering for Boric Carbon Steels

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.186 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 690-693 ◽

pp. 186-192

Author(s):

Ho Hua Chung ◽

Tsong Hsin Chen

Keyword(s):

Impact Energy ◽

Carbon Steels ◽

Material Strength ◽

Tempering Temperature ◽

Material Test ◽

Wire Material ◽

Steel Material ◽

The Wire ◽

The Impact ◽

Test Fragment

This study concerned the influence of the material strength, ductility and impact energy and the relationship of the broken section profile vs. ductile transition brittle where the steel material was treated under different tempering temperature and hardness. Generally after the steel materials, 10B35 coil wire materials which was generally applied to form screws, was treated by quenching and tempering, its hardness ranged from HRC30 to HRC45. The results showed that the elongation rate beyond 20.4% would be proportional to the impact energy with linear relation, but with reverse proportion to the hardness value. The brittle-tough point of the hardness was set around HRC37 after heat treatment in order to balance the strength and the toughness. In addition, the coil wire materials were analyzed from broken section materials showing good toughness; this represented that the area of the cross section radiation layer due to ductile fracture would largely increase. On the contrary, the wire material test fragment with bad toughness represented that the area of the shear layer due to brittle fracture would largely increase as well. As to that material, if its hardness was greater than or equal to HRC37, that material would have an excellent turning danger from transition. At the same time, when the tempering temperature of the wire steel material was set under 4600C and its corresponding central hardness was about HRC37, the distance between two cementite phase layers suddenly increased. This result leaded to the reason why the wire material test fragment was turned into brittleness from ductility. Therefore, when the fastener was manufactured under tempering treatment, avoiding the tempering brittleness temperature range was necessary.

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Response of Mild Steel Pipes Under High Mass Low Velocity Impacts

Volume 6A: Pipeline and Riser Technology ◽

10.1115/omae2014-23366 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Shamsoon Fareed ◽

Ian May

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Mild Steel ◽

Impact Energy ◽

High Mass ◽

Low Velocity ◽

Element Analysis ◽

Steel Pipes ◽

Impact Tests ◽

The Finite Element Analysis ◽

The Impact

Accidental loads, for example, due to heavy dropped objects, impact from the trawl gear and anchors of fishing vessels can cause damage to pipelines on the sea bed. The amount of damage will depend on the impact energy. The indentation will be localized at the contact area of the pipe and the impacting object, however, an understanding of the extent of the damage due to an impact is required so that if one should occur in practice an assessment can be made to determine if remedial action needs to be taken to ensure that the pipeline is still serviceable. There are a number of parameters, including the pipe cross section and impact energy, which influence the impact behaviour of a pipe. This paper describes the response, and assesses the damage, of mild steel pipes under high mass low velocity impacts. For this purpose full scale impacts tests were carried out on mild steel pipe having diameter of 457 mm, thickness of 25.4 mm and length of 2000 mm. The pipe was restrained along the base and a 2 tonnes mass with sharp impactor having a vertical downward velocity of 3870 mm/sec was used to impact the pipe transversely with an impact energy of 16 kJ. It was found from the impact tests that a smooth indentation was produced in the pipe. The impact tests were then used for validation of the non-linear dynamic implicit analyses using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS. Deformations at the impact zone, the rebound velocity, etc, recorded in the tests and the results of the finite element analysis were found to be in good agreement. The impact tests and finite element analyses described in this paper will help to improve the understanding of the response of steel pipes under impact loading and can be used as a benchmark for further finite element modelling of impacts on pipes.

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Theoretical and experimental studies of impact energy and rock-drilling efficiency in vibro-impact drilling

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.4050881 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Quan Cao ◽

Huaizhong Shi ◽

Weiqiang Xu ◽

Chao Xiong ◽

Zhaoliang Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Loading ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Penetration Rate ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Impact Frequency ◽

Optimal Frequency ◽

Rock Drilling ◽

Loading Waveform ◽

Impact Parameters ◽

The Impact

Abstract Vibro-impact drilling has been proven to be a viable technique for enhancing the Rate of Penetration (ROP) in deep and ultra-deep well drilling. It is essential to study the effects of impact parameters on impact energy and rock-drilling efficiency for impact tool design and operating parameter optimization. In this paper, the influences of impact parameters including impact frequency, dynamic loading amplitude and loading on impact energy were analyzed by theoretical method. Then a full-scale drilling experiment was conducted to study the rock-drilling efficiency. The results are as follows: the optimal frequency is higher than the resonance frequency of the rock. The impact energy increase with the dynamic loading amplitude. The penetration rate at dynamic loading amplitude of 4 KN (0.13137 mm/s) is 38.7% higher than that of 2 KN (0.09473mm/s). When the impact frequency is lower than150 Hz, the rock-drilling efficiency increases with the impact frequency and dynamic loading amplitude. The penetration rate is 0.1051 mm/s at impact frequency of 150 Hz, which is 29.8% higher than that of 10 Hz. The impact energy and penetration rate at square loading waveform are the largest. The impact energy per second at loading waveform of square, sine and triangular is 19.6 J, 12 J and 7.91 J respectively when the impact frequency is set to optimal frequency of impact energy. This study provides a theoretical guidance for the optimization design of vibro-impact drilling technology.

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The Impact of the Quality Assessment of Optimal Assignment for Data Association in a Multitarget Tracking Context

Cybernetics and Information Technologies ◽

10.1515/cait-2015-0092 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 88-98

Author(s):

J. Dezert ◽

A. Tchamova ◽

P. Konstantinova

Keyword(s):

Quality Assessment ◽

Data Association ◽

New Method ◽

Multitarget Tracking ◽

Belief Functions ◽

Tracking Systems ◽

Optimal Assignment ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact

Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to apply and to test the performance of a new method, based on belief functions, proposed by Dezert et al. in order to evaluate the quality of the individual association pairings provided in the optimal data association solution for improving the performances of multisensor-multitarget tracking systems. The advantages of its implementation in an illustrative realistic surveillance context, when some of the association decisions are unreliable and doubtful and lead to potentially critical mistake, are discussed. A comparison with the results obtained on the base of Generalized Data Association is made.

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Molecular Dynamics Studies on the Growth and Structural Properties of Hydrogenated DLC Films

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.373-374.108 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 373-374 ◽

pp. 108-112

Author(s):

Yu Jun Zhang ◽

Guang Neng Dong ◽

Jun Hong Mao ◽

You Bai Xie

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Structural Properties ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Frictional Coefficient ◽

Carbon Films ◽

Dynamics Simulation ◽

Diamond Surface ◽

Hydrogen Atoms ◽

Molecular Configuration ◽

The Impact

The novel frictional properties of hydrogenated DLC (Diamond-like Carbon) films have been reported for nearly ten years. But up to now, researchers still haven’t known the exact mechanism resulting in the super-low frictional performance of hydrogenated DLC films. Especially they have little knowledge on the molecular configuration and structural properties of these kinds of films. In this paper, CH3 radicals with different impact energies are selected as source species to deposit DLC films on diamond (100) by molecular dynamics simulation. Results show hydrogenated DLC films can be successfully obtained when impact energy is in an appropriate scope that is no less than 20eV. The depositing processes involve impinging diamond surface and bonding procedure. Some atoms, instead of bonding with substrate atoms, fly away from the diamond surface. Only suitable impact energy can improve the growth of the film. Within 30eV to 60eV, the maximum deposition ratio is attained. In addition, when carbon atoms act as the deposition sources, the deposition ratio is relatively higher. Furthermore, the authors find that species with higher concentration of carbon atoms in deposition sources lead to a better deposition rate. Carbon atoms are more reactive than hydrogen atoms. Then the relative densities of DLC films are calculated. The density curves indicate that the structures of the films vary obviously as the impact energy augments. The average relative density is generally monotone increase with the increment of impact energy. The hybridization of carbon atoms greatly affects the properties of hydrogenated DLC films. The transition between sp2 and sp3 will result in the graphitization and reduce the frictional coefficient when DLC films are used as tribo-pair in friction.

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