Echolocation call frequencies of bats vary with body temperature and weather conditions

SummaryMonthly observations, extending over one year, were made on the rectal temperature of 114 domestic fowls (Gallus gallus, ♀) and records from forty-one of these were obtained for two years. Six different breeds were used, each located in a separate pen, all under similar conditions, and the mean temperatures for each group were plotted out to form an annual temperature curve. It was found that—1. The lowest temperatures occur in December, January, and February, and the highest in June, July, and August, corresponding in a general way with the temperature of the external air.2. Barometric pressure does not appear to have any influence on the body temperature of the hen.3. The curve of egg-production does not coincide with the annual temperature curve, the former reaching its highest level in April and May, the latter in June, July, and August.If we compare the mean rectal temperature at two periods of the year when the external or weather conditions are approximately the same (April-May and September-October), but when the vitality of the birds, as indicated by the curve of egg-production, moulting, etc., is at a maximum and minimum respectively, we find that the figures are practically identical. This would seem to show that cyclical bodily changes have little effect on body temperature as compared with outside influences.

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Variability of thermoregulation parameters of the common viper

Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS ◽

10.31610/trudyzin/2021.325.1.99 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 325 (1) ◽

pp. 99-112

Author(s):

N.D. Ganyushina ◽

A.V. Korosov

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Simple Calculation ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Physiological Parameter ◽

Calculation Algorithm ◽

Temperature Characteristics ◽

The Common

The results of processing the data of continuous recording of body temperature using loggers obtained with the enclosure keeping 23 individuals of the common viper Vipera berus L. in Karelia (62.068310°N, 33.958824°E) are presented. Nine temperature characteristics, subdivided into 2 groups, were quantitatively evaluated – thermoecological, describing the dependence of the course of the viper’s body temperatures on the heat flux of the medium, and thermophysiological, stable parameters of thermoregulation. The factors that determine the variability of temperature characteristics are considered: time of day, weather conditions, morphometric indicators of an individual. A wide individual variability of thermoecological indicators and low variability of thermophysiological indicators were revealed, which was not associated with significant differences in different individuals. The parameter “maximum voluntary temperature”, which characterizes body temperature while avoiding overheating, is the closest to the physiological parameter of thermoregulation; obtaining such data is a very laborious process associated with deciphering the snake’s behavior from video recordings. An indicator that gives close values to the maximum voluntary temperature, which has a very simple calculation algorithm – “median active temperature (for a sample of temperatures above 30°C)”; however, it requires a volumetric series of continuously recorded temperature records for analysis. An accurate, statistically robust “maximum typical temperature” parameter gives an idea of the true maximum temperature characteristic of a species, but has a complex calculation method. These thermophysiological parameters are recommended to be used for intrapopulation and interspecies comparisons.

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Null models and the thermal biology of the anguid lizard Anguis fragilis; evidence for thermoregulation?

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/156853805774806322 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 445-450

Author(s):

Roger Meek

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Null Models ◽

Body Temperatures ◽

Thermal Biology ◽

Sunny Weather ◽

Standard Deviations ◽

Anguis Fragilis ◽

Selection Of ◽

Operative Temperatures

AbstractObservations were made on the behaviour and body temperatures of the legless lizard Anguis fragilis when active above ground in outdoor enclosures. The lizards were most frequently observed in partially shaded locations followed by fully shaded areas; full basking and locomotory movement were minor activities irrespective of weather conditions. Weather conditions had no significant influence on behaviour. Tests for thermoregulation using null models indicated that the main reason for movement above ground was thermoregulatory. Body temperatures were significantly higher than shade operative temperatures but lower than operative temperatures in open locations whatever the weather. Standard deviations in body temperature, employed as a measure of thermoregulatory precision, were lower than standard deviations of operative temperatures in sunny weather but not significantly different from operative temperatures during overcast weather or shaded operative temperatures during sunny weather. The limited amount of locomotory movement suggests thermoregulation was achieved through selection of appropriate microenvironments.

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Managemental Interventions to Reduce Heat Stress in Chickens

Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika ◽

10.18805/bkap203 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

Pratik R. Wankhade ◽

Amol J. Talokar ◽

Brijesh Patel ◽

Diwakar Verma

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Rhode Island ◽

Egg Production ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Egg Laying ◽

Cold Weather ◽

Broiler Meat ◽

Average Life Span ◽

Hot Weather

Chickens are very sensitive to environmental temperature. Their growth, egg production and health are severely affected during extremes of weather conditions. Therefore, within the economically feasible limits, optimum temperature has to be provided to the poultry birds, in order to obtain optimal growth rate and returns from the farming entity. During the summer season, the chickens will need more special attention. Chickens have a much higher body temperature than other animals and humans. The average body temperature for a chicken normally will run at 102-103 °F. Their heart rate is normally 280-315 beats per minute. Another fact is a rooster will take around 18-20 breaths per minute while a hen has 30-35 breaths per minute. The average life span for an egg laying chicken is around 5-8 years for large breeds such as your Rhode Island Red’s but have been known to live 20 years while broiler meat purpose birds only live up to 1-3 years. The summer heat can create more problems for chickens than cold weather. It’s easy to see they are insulated well with many feathers. Chickens fluff up their feathers as many birds will do which traps air between the layers which keep them warm during cold weather. In hot weather they seek out shade. They lay down and spread their wings and bodies out to cool down. However, the provision of cold drinking water can ameliorate huge amount of stress from the chickens.

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Wallowing in Buffalo and summer management

10.35543/osf.io/juctz ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Champak Bhakat

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Dark Skin ◽

Night Time ◽

Climatic Extremes ◽

Hot Weather ◽

Do So

Wallowing has two purposes; the most obvious is that of cooling, the other is protection from insects. Wallowing during day time is done during the hottest hours. Wallowing during night time is instead a way for the animal to protect itself from insects. The buffalo has few sweat glands and a dark skin which makes it difficult for them to maintain their body temperature in hot and humid environments. Wallowing is a very important way for the buffaloes to maintain their body temperature. When buffaloes enter the water, they defecate and/or urinate. This seems to be a way to mark their wallow. Wallowing behavior is a learnt behavior. An animal that has not wallowed from birth with other animals will not do so on its own. Teaching such an animal to wallow is almost impossible for humans. The buffalo has to learn it from other buffaloes, even so, the adult buffalo will be very suspicious and may not wallow by its own choice. If no water or mud hole is available, the buffaloes behave more like cattle. They will seek shade and graze more during the cool hours and less during the hot hours.Amongst different environmental conditions, it is the hot weather that compromises the productive and reproductive performance of livestock species. The plains, coast-line and foot-hill regions of the Indian subcontinent, home to over 90% of the worlds’ buffaloes, experience varied and extreme weather conditions, with temperatures reaching up to 48°C in summers and as low as minus 2°C in winters. The presence of large buffalo population in such diverse climatic conditions indicates that buffaloes are well-adapted to such climatic extremes.

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Body temperature of horses spending time in paddocks in various weather conditions during the summer

Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.0502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 53-66

Author(s):

Iwona Janczarek ◽

Elżbieta Wnuk - Pawlak ◽

Anna Wiśniewska ◽

Dominika Dziuban ◽

Martyna Frątczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Infrared Camera ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

The Other ◽

Body Parts ◽

Internal Temperature ◽

Thermal Imagers ◽

Sunny Weather

The aim of the study was to determine the internal and surface temperature of selected body parts of horses during their stay in paddocks in various weather conditions in the summer. The study was conducted on 10 adult thoroughbred mares. The experiment was carried out on horses spending time in the paddock in four eight-hour stages with differing weather conditions in summer (sunny, cloudy, rainy and windy). Measurements of internal temperature (Veterinär SC 12 veterinary thermometer) and surface temperature of the head, rib area and croup (Thermal Imagers Ti9 FLUKE infrared camera and SmartView 4.1 software) were carried out at rest and again after four and eight hours in the paddock. It was concluded that the time horses spend in the paddock in summer should depend on weather conditions. Many hours spent outside the stable during sunny weather accompanied by high air temperature can contribute to overheating. On the other hand, rain and wind can cause hypothermia. Therefore, it is worth considering leaving horses in the stable or limiting their stay in the paddock to no more than four hours.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Analyses of Dental Tissues from a Hibernator

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100090877 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 178-179

Author(s):

M. L. Zimny ◽

A. C. Haller

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Ground Squirrel ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

X Ray ◽

Dental Tissues ◽

Bone Minerals ◽

Apical Tooth ◽

Scanning Electron

During hibernation the ground squirrel is immobile, body temperature reduced and metabolism depressed. Hibernation has been shown to affect dental tissues varying degrees, although not much work has been done in this area. In limited studies, it has been shown that hibernation results in (1) mobilization of bone minerals; (2) deficient dentinogenesis and degeneration of alveolar bone; (3) presence of calculus and tears in the cementum; and (4) aggrevation of caries and pulpal and apical tooth abscesses. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of hibernation on dental tissues employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and related x-ray analyses.

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