Effects of amylin on food intake, weight gain and body composition following exposure to chronic social stress

Appetite ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
K.A. Scott ◽  
S.J. Melhorn ◽  
E.G. Krause ◽  
R.R. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Chronic Social Stress

scholarly journals Meal patterns and hypothalamic NPY expression during chronic social stress and recovery

2010 ◽  
Vol 299 (3) ◽  
pp. R813-R822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Melhorn ◽  
Eric G. Krause ◽  
Karen A. Scott ◽  
Marie R. Mooney ◽  
Jeffrey D. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Meal Patterns ◽  
Chronic Social Stress

In the present study, we examined meal patterns during and after exposure to the visible burrow system (VBS), a rodent model of chronic social stress, to determine how the microstructure of food intake relates to the metabolic consequences of social subordination. Male Long-Evans rats were housed in mixed-sex VBS colonies (4 male, 2 female) for 2 wk, during which time a dominance hierarchy formed [1 dominant male (DOM) and 3 subordinate males (SUB)], and then male rats were individually housed for a 3-wk recovery period. Controls were individually housed with females during the 2-wk VBS period and had no changes in ingestive behavior compared with a habituation period. During the hierarchy-formation phase of VBS housing, DOM and SUB had a reduced meal frequency, whereas SUB also had a reduced meal size. However, during the hierarchy-maintenance phase of VBS housing, DOM meal patterns did not differ from controls, whereas SUB continued to display a reduced food intake via less frequent meals. During recovery, DOM had comparable meal patterns to controls, whereas SUB had an increased meal size. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA levels were not different between these groups during the experimental period. Together, the results suggest that exposure to chronic social stress alters ingestive behavior both acutely and in the long term, which may influence the metabolic changes that accompany bouts of stress and recovery; however, these differences in meal patterns do not appear to be mediated by hypothalamic NPY.

scholarly journals Androgenic Influences on Behavior, Body Weight, and Body Composition in a Model of Chronic Social Stress

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 6145-6156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. N. Nguyen ◽  
Kellie L. K. Tamashiro ◽  
Susan J. Melhorn ◽  
Li Y. Ma ◽  
Stacy R. Gardner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Chronic Social Stress ◽  
And Control

The visible burrow system (VBS) is a model used to study chronic social stress in colony-housed rats. A hierarchy develops among the males resulting in dominant (DOM) and subordinate (SUB) animals. Hierarchy-associated changes in body weight, body composition, behavior, and neuroendocrine measures have been observed. After 14 d of VBS housing, SUB animals have decreased body weight, elevated corticosterone, and decreased testosterone (T), compared with DOM animals and controls, placing SUB animals in an ideal endocrine state to regain lost body weight as adipose tissue. It is hypothesized that maintaining constant androgen concentrations in SUB males during stress will prevent body weight loss by maintaining more lean body mass. To test this, animals were gonadectomized and implanted with SILASTIC implants containing T, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or cholesterol. Implants maintained constant physiological levels of T. Standard intact, T, and DHT implant colonies formed hierarchies, whereas cholesterol colonies did not. Androgen manipulations significantly altered offensive and defensive behaviors only on the first day of VBS housing. After VBS stress, intact, T, and DHT SUB animals weighed less and lost more adipose and lean tissue than DOM and control males, whereas DOM animals primarily lost adipose tissue. However, on recovery, DHT SUB animals maintained more lean tissue than intact SUB animals. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed that glucose clears faster in stressed T-implanted males that have increased adipose tissue. Overall, these data suggest that constant androgen concentrations in SUB animals do not prevent weight loss and changes in body composition during stress but do so during recovery.

Phenotypic variation in residual food intake of mice at different ages and its relationship with efficiency of growth, maintenance and body composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Archer ◽  
W. S. Pitchford
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Young Mice

AbstractFood intake and body weight of 119 mice was measured from 3 to 18 weeks of age. Residual food intake was calculated for each week as the variation in food intake independent of variation in weight gain, weight maintained and sex. Growth efficiency and maintenance requirement were calculated by fitting curves to data from 3 to 18 weeks. The repeatability of residual food intake was low in young mice, but increased as they matured. Growth efficiency was correlated with residual food intake in very young mice. Residual food intake was not correlated with maintenance requirement in young mice, but as mice matured the correlation of residual food intake with maintenance requirement increased to 0·6. Body composition at maturity was correlated with residual food intake and maintenance requirement of mature mice, but a large proportion of the variation in residual food intake and maintenance requirement was independent of body composition. The results suggest that the age at which residual food intake is measured is important if it is to be used as a criterion for selection for efficiency.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and Alcohol Differentially Effect Weight Gain in Older Female Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 541-541
Author(s):  
Brandon McGuire ◽  
Azra Dees ◽  
Anna Ogilvie ◽  
Sue Shapses
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Increase Body Weight

Abstract Objectives Serum calcidiol is inversely associated with BMI in obese individuals and murine research has shown that vitamin D deficient diets (VDD) increase body weight. Alcohol intake doesn't necessarily increase body weight despite its caloric density but has been associated with VDD. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin D deficiency with or without alcohol on body weight, body composition, glucose tolerance, and energy expenditure in seven-month-old female mice. Methods Seven-month-old female retired breeder C57BL/6J mice (n = 40) were weight-matched and randomized to one of four diets: control (normal purified AIN-93 diet), vitamin D deficient (VDD, 0 intake of vitamin D), alcohol (Alc, 10% ethanol), or vitamin D deficient and alcohol (VDD + Alc). Mice were fed ad libitum for 8 weeks. Body weight and food intake were recorded weekly and body composition was measured at baseline and final time points using EchoMRI. Glucose tolerance and energy expenditure (EE) were assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and Oxymax/CLAMS unit at week 8. Results Body weight at baseline was 27.4 ± 1.8 g and did not differ between groups. Mice drinking alcohol had a decreased food intake (p < 0.001). When liquid calories were accounted for, total caloric intake did not differ between groups. Weight gain throughout the study increased more in the VDD groups (p < 0.05). Increases in weight were 0.81 ± 2.9, 0.82 ± 2.0, 2.0 ± 1.7, and 3.6 ± 2.9 g, in the control, Alc, VDD, and VDD + Alc groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Lean body mass was also increased due to VDD (p < 0.05). The total fat mass did not differ significantly between groups, however, VDD groups gained more fat mass over time (p < 0.05). Two-way ANOVA showed an interaction between vitamin D and alcohol for EE (p < 0.05). Positive incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for blood glucose was decreased due to alcohol intake (p < 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, alcohol intake decreased blood glucose and food intake, but there was no effect on total caloric intake, body weight or body composition. VDD led to greater increases in body weight and soft tissue compartments compared to other groups that were not explained by caloric intake or EE. Understanding mechanisms that are causing excess weight gain due to VDD is currently a focus in the lab. Funding Sources USDA-NIFA (NJAES).

scholarly journals Influence of High and Low Saturated Fatty Acid-Based Diets on Weight and Body Composition of Albino Rats (Rattusnorvegicus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abere DV
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Albino Rats

The study investigated the effect of feeding high and low saturated fatty acid based diets to feed female albino rats (Rattusnorvegicus) with a view to evaluating the effects of the fatty diets on the feeding patterns, weight and body composition of the rats. Seven months old female Rattus norvegicus were used for the experiment. The weights of the rats were taken for twelve weeks using Salter balance (Model 250). Four experimental diets were formulated which were made up of 2.5 and 5.0 g of margarine (blue band), 2.5 and 5.0 g canola oil each mixed with the basal diet. The control diet was grower feed and the resultant experimental diets were fed to the experimental rats kept in cages at the rate of 12 rats per cage. The rats were fed with the diets at the rate of 3% of body weight for a period of twelve weeks. The highest weight gain was recorded in the group fed with 5.0 g margarine, followed by 5.0 g canola, 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola and least in the rats fed the control.The mean weight gain of the rats fed with 5.0 g margarine and 5.0 g canola were significantly different (p<0.05) from the mean weight of 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola and the control. The food intake of the rats fed 5.0 g margarine and 5.0 g canola was also significantly different (p<0.05) from the food intake of rats fed 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola and the control. The proximate composition of the carcass of the rats fed the different experimental diets showed that fat content of the rats fed 5.0 g margarine was higher than in the rats fed the other diets. The histology of the liver of rats fed 5.0 g margarine and 5.0 g canola showed greater fat accumulation in the rat’s liver compared to rats fed 2.5 g margarine, 2.5 g canola as well as the control. Rats with the highest body weight gain were considered obesity-prone; those with the lowest body weight were regarded as obesity-resistant while others were considered intermediate. The study concluded that the kind of fat consumed contributes to the weight gained by the rats.

scholarly journals Growth, efficiency and body composition of mice selected for post-weaning weight gain on ad libitum or restricted feeding

1986 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. S. Hetzel ◽  
F. W. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Heritable Variation ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Almost All

SummaryAfter seven generations of selection, a line of mice selected for post-weaning (21–42 days) weight gain on full feeding (SF) showed significant increases of 49% in weight gain, 31% in efficiency and 14% in food intake, when compared with its control on full feeding between 21 and 42 days. After day 42, SF mice continued to eat more food and were 28% heavier than control mice at 91 days. Because SF mice were heavier than control mice at almost all ages, they were fatter on an age basis. There was, however, no change in the rate of deposition of fat, protein and ash relative to body weight. On restricted feeding between 21 and 42 days, SF mice showed a non-significant increase in weight gain, and hence in efficiency, of 12%. They deposited more fat than control mice during the feeding period but there was no significant difference when comparisons were made on a weight basis.A contemporary line of mice selected for post-weaning (21–42 days) weight gain on restricted feeding (SR) had significant increases of 12% in weight gain, 17% in efficiency but no significant change in food intake, when compared with its control on full feeding between 21 and 42 days. SR mice were the same weight as control mice at all ages except day 21, when they were significantly lighter due to direct genetic effects rather than maternal effects. SR mice had a lower (P<0·10) rate of fat deposition per unit body weight and became less fat relative to their control as body weight increased. The rate of deposition of other components was not altered by selection. On restricted feeding, SR had a significant increase in weight gain, and hence in efficiency, of 37%. Changes in body composition were similar to those on full feeding.It was concluded that the use of a restricted feeding regime had enabled the exploitation of heritable variation in the partitioning of energy for growth. This variation was independent of genetic variation for appetite and body weight.Overall performance at each level of feeding was best improved by selection on that feeding level. The realized genetic correlation between post-weaning weight gain on full and restricted feeding was estimated to be 0·28 ± 0·08, indicating a very different genetic basis for the same character in the two feeding environments.

Food Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Body Composition of the Young Obese (ob/ob) Mouse

1977 ◽  
Vol 107 (9) ◽  
pp. 1715-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pi-Yao Lin ◽  
Dale R. Romsos ◽  
Gilbert A. Leveille
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain

Food efficiency in relation to estimated growth of body components in cattle

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

SUMMARYA model is proposed to establish a functional relationship between food intake, weight gain and body composition during growth, based on the differential energy requirements for fat, fat-free tissues and contents of the digestive tract. If constant specific nutrient requirements are assumed for fat and fat-free tissues, these requirements can be directly estimated from changes in food intake and body composition during growth. By introducing an allometric function relating changes in fat-free tissue to changes in body weight, the model is extended to include situations where direct measures of body composition are not available. This enabled the model to be fitted to data on food intake, body weight and growth rate up to 2 years of age in Friesians and Jerseys fed ad libitum on a complete diet. The nonlinear model is contrasted with a linear relationship where food intake i s related to body weight and weight gain. The linear model was unable to account for the changes in food intake over the whole period of growth. The non-linear model allowed a gradual decline n i maintenance requirements per unit weight and indicated an increase in the net conversion coefficient of food into gain, consistent with an increase from early to late growth in proportion of fat deposited.For the period studied the Jerseys were less efficient in transforming food into weight gain than Friesians. On the non-linear model, about half of the difference was attributable to the higher metabolic rate per unit weight of Jerseys, the remainder to poorer utilization of nutrients for weight gain. If, as the model indicated the conversion coefficients of food into body constituents were the same in the two breeds, the difference in efficiency may be attributable to a higher proportion of fat in the overall gain of Jerseys. The pattern of estimated fat deposition also differed in the two breeds with Jerseys appearing to be less mature in fat percentage at all stages.

THE EFFECTS OF CASTRATION ON BODY COMPOSITION, ADIPOSE TISSUE CELLULARITY AND LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN ADULT MALE RATS

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 644-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Kral ◽  
Lars-Eric Tisell
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Sprague Dawley

ABSTRACT Gonadal hormones affect body composition, food intake, weight gain and serum lipids in numerous species including man. In this study, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated or sham-operated at 16 weeks of age. During the 6-week observation period with weekly records of food intake and weight gain, these parameters were significantly lower in the castrated group. The decrease in food intake in this group could not account for the difference in body weight between the groups, indicating a lower feed utilisation in the castrates. At sacrifice accessory reproductive organs, the levator ani muscle, thymus and adrenals were dissected for determination of organ weight and histology, revealing significant reductions in the accessory reproductive organs and levator ani of the castrates. The thymus was significantly heavier in the castrated animals. No differences were found in the adrenals. Two of the sham-operated animals had signs of accidental functional castration. The proportion of body cell mass and total lipid of the carcass was the same in both groups. Significant reductions in adipocyte weights were found in the epididymal depots of the castrated rats. Blood samples taken at sacrifice in pentobarbital anaesthesia were analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, FFA, glycerol and protein. Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides and protein were recorded in the castrated animals without any significant changes in the other parameters studied. The results are discussed with reference to the age of castration and the importance of the reduced food intake in castrated animals.

scholarly journals WITHDRAWN: Influence of chronic social stress on food intake

Appetite ◽  
2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.L.K. Tamashiro ◽  
L.Y. Ma ◽  
M.M.N. Nguyen ◽  
R.R. Sakai ◽  
S.J. Melhorn
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Chronic Social Stress
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