Stearic acid desaturase gene negatively regulates the thermotolerance of Pinellia ternata by modifying the saturated levels of fatty acids

SummaryAberdeen Angus and Friesian cattle were reared from 4 months of age to slaughter weight at 18–24 months on either high-barley or high-hay diets. Samples of subcutaneous fat were taken by biopsy at 3 monthly intervals, and the degree of fatness of each animal was estimated ultrasonically prior to slaughter, and by visual inspection of the carcasses.The barley-fed animals gained weight more rapidly, and fattened more quickly than the hay-fed animals with the Angus being fatter than the Friesian at the same age. The percentage stearic acid (C18:0) in subcutaneous fat decreased with age and was replaced by octadecenoic acid (C18:l) and hexadecenoic acid (C16:l), these changes being more rapid in barley-fed than in hay-fed animals. At the same degree of fatness the depot fats of the Friesians were more unsaturated than those of the Angus, and in both breeds the fatter the animal the more unsaturated was its depot fat.In the hay-fed cattle the percentage C16:0 in subcutaneous fat increased during the last half of the experiment and at slaughter the percentage C16:0 was significantly higher, and C18:l significantly lower, in all depot fats compared with those of the barley-fed animals.It is concluded that the fatty acid composition of bovine depot fats is modulated by the degree of fattening, and can be affected by diet.

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The absorption of stearic acid from triacylglycerols: an inquiry and analysis

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1079/095442200108729061 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 185-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Geoffrey Livesey

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Melting Point ◽

Cocoa Butter ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Short Chain ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Long Chain ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractAlthough stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid, its influence on plasma cholesterol acid other health variables is neutral; possibly owing in part to poor absorption. Reduced absorption of stearic acid from particular triacylglycerols, cocoa butter and novel fats formulated with short- and long-chain acid triacylglycerol molecules (Salatrims) has been attributed to high intakes. However, the circumstances and causes of poor stearic acid digestion from triacylglycerols are unclear; published data were therefore collected and analysed, with emphasis on human studies. Of twenty-eight studies conducted in adults, most are in men (>90%). The assertion that reduced absorption is due to a high intake of stearoyl groups is not supported: dietary intakes of stearoyl of 0·05–0·65 g stearic acid equivalent/kg body weight (cf typical intake of 0·2 g stearic acid equivalent/kg body weight in the Western diet) indicate that the ‘true’ digestibility of stearoyl is 0·98 (SE 0·01) g/g, with apparent digestibility less than this value at low intakes owing to endogenous stearic acid excretion and to inter-publication variation of unidentified cause. The neutral health impact of stearic acid must be due to factors other than availability. Exceptions include cocoa butter, Salatrims and tristearin, for which digestibility is an additional factor. The efficiency with which human subjects digest stearoyl from cocoa butter still remains uncertain, while the digestion of total long-chain fat from this source is 0·89–0·95 g/g, high in comparison with 0·33 g/g for Salatrim 23CA and 0·15 g/g for tristearin in their prepared states. Salatrims contain the highest proportion of long-chain fatty acids that are stearic acid-rich other than tristearin, which is the main component of fully-hydrogenated soyabean and rapeseed oil. Analysis shows that apparent digestibility of stearic acid is associated with stearoyl density within the triacylglycerol molecule and that, in Salatrims, the occurrence of short-chain fatty acids in place of long-chain fatty acids increases this density. Soap formation appears not to be a major factor in the reduced digestion of stearic acid from tristearin under regular dietary circumstances, but both microcrystallinity and reduced digestibility of tri-, di- and monostearoylglycerols appears to be important. Solubilisation of high-melting-point tristearin in low-melting-point oils improves the digestibility of its stearic acid, particularly when emulsified or liquidized at above melting point. However, without such artificial aids, the digestive tracts of the rat, dog and man have a low capacity for emulsifying and digesting stearic acid from tristearin. Reduced digestibility of stearic acid from Salatrim 23CA also appears to be attributable to reduced digestibility of di- and monostearoylglycerols and is particularly due to remnants with the 1- or 3-stearoylglycerol intact after initial hydrolytic cleavage. Short-chain organic acid in Salatrim 23CA, which is readily hydrolysed, leaves such remnants. Unlike tristearin, Salatrim 23CA melts at body temperature and mixing it with low-melting-point oils is not expected to cause further disruption of microcrystalline structures to aid digestibility of its stearoyl groups. The low digestibility of stearoyl in Salatrim 23CA, together with the occurrence of short-chain organic acids in this product, account for its relatively low nutritional energy value (about 20 kJ (5 kcal)/g) compared with traditional fats (37 kJ (9 kcal)/g) and low fat value (<20:37 kJ/kJ; <5:9 kcal/kcal) relative to traditional fats. In part these differences are because of minor effects of Salatrim 23CA on the excretion of other fat and protein, due to the bulking properties of this poorly-digestible fat.

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Saccharomyces kluyveri FAD3 encodes an ω3 fatty acid desaturase

Microbiology ◽

10.1099/mic.0.27049-0 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 150 (6) ◽

pp. 1983-1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Takahiro Oura ◽

Susumu Kajiwara

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Functional Characterization ◽

Fatty Acid Desaturase ◽

Fatty Acid Desaturases ◽

Desaturase Gene ◽

Saccharomyces Kluyveri ◽

Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene

Fungi, like plants, are capable of producing the 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. These fatty acids are synthesized by catalytic reactions of Δ12 and ω3 fatty acid desaturases. This paper describes the first cloning and functional characterization of a yeast ω3 fatty acid desaturase gene. The deduced protein encoded by the Saccharomyces kluyveri FAD3 gene (Sk-FAD3) consists of 419 amino acids, and shows 30–60 % identity with Δ12 fatty acid desaturases of several eukaryotic organisms and 29–31 % identity with ω3 fatty acid desaturases of animals and plants. During Sk-FAD3 expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, α-linolenic acid accumulated only when linoleic acid was added to the culture medium. The disruption of Sk-FAD3 led to the disappearance of α-linolenic acid in S. kluyveri. These findings suggest that Sk-FAD3 is the only ω3 fatty acid desaturase gene in this yeast. Furthermore, transcriptional expression of Sk-FAD3 appears to be regulated by low-temperature stress in a manner different from the other fatty acid desaturase genes in S. kluyveri.

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Genetic variants in desaturase gene, erythrocyte fatty acids, and risk for type 2 diabetes in Chinese Hans

Nutrition ◽

10.1016/j.nut.2014.01.006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (7-8) ◽

pp. 897-902 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tao Huang ◽

Jianqin Sun ◽

Yanqiu Chen ◽

Hua Xie ◽

Danfeng Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Genetic Variants ◽

Desaturase Gene

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THE APPLICATION OF THE ARNDT–EISTERT REACTION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr50b-067 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 28b (9) ◽

pp. 556-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

F. A. Vandenheuvel ◽

P. Yates

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Efficient Method ◽

Convenient Method ◽

Ultraviolet Absorption ◽

Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid ◽

Eicosanoic Acid

The Arndt–Eistert reaction offers a convenient method for the synthesis of the higher members of the aliphatic carboxylic acid series. Nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, and heneicosanoic acid have been prepared successively from stearic acid in good yields. An efficient method of purification of the synthetic products is described. The ultraviolet absorption maxima for some diazoketones derived from the higher members of the aliphatic carboxylic acid series are recorded.

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Fatty acid chemistry of Atrichum undulatum and Hypnum andoi

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind110918074p ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 207-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Boris Pejin ◽

Ljubodrag Vujisic ◽

Marko Sabovljevic ◽

Vele Tesevic ◽

Vlatka Vajs

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Behenic Acid ◽

Moss Species

The fatty acid composition of the moss species Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. (Polytrichaceae) and Hypnum andoi A.J.E. Sm. (Hypnaceae) collected in winter time were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a contribution to their chemistry. Eight fatty acids were identified in the chloroform/methanol extract 1:1 of A. undulatum (linoleic acid 26.80%, palmitic acid 22.17%, ?-linolenic acid 20.50%, oleic acid 18.49%, arachidonic acid 6.21%, stearic acid 3.34%, cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid 1.52% and behenic acid 1.01%), while six fatty acids were found in the same type of extract of H. andoi (palmitic acid 63.48%, erucic acid 12.38%, stearic acid 8.08%, behenic acid 6.26%, lignoceric acid 5.16% and arachidic acid 4.64%). According to this study, the moss A. undulatum can be considered as a good source of both essential fatty acids for humans (linoleic acid and ?-linolenic acid) during the winter.

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Nutritional components of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v7i3.303 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 168 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Morakot Sroyraya ◽

Peter J. Hanna ◽

Tanapan Siangcham ◽

Ruchanok Tinikul ◽

Prapaporn Jattujan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Body Wall ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Whole Body ◽

Holothuria Scabra ◽

Arachidonic Acids

Background: Holothuria scabra is one of the most commercially important species found in the Pacific region. The sea cucumber extracts have been widely reported to have beneficial health effects. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional compositions of H. scabra, and compare its important nutritional contents with that of other species.Methods: The sea cucumbers were dissected, sliced into small pieces, and then freeze-dried. The nutritional compositions, including proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, collagen, GABA, Vitamin A, C, and E of the whole body and body wall of H. scabra, were analyzed.Results: H. scabra contained a high quantity of protein (22.50% in whole body and 55.18% in body wall) and very low lipids (1.55% in whole body and 1.02% in body wall). The three most abundant amino acids found in both the whole body and body wall were glycine, glutamic acid, and proline. The main fatty acids found in the whole body were stearic acid and nervonic acid, and in the body wall were arachidonic acid and stearic acid. The whole body and body wall also contained high levels of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and collagen, in addition to moderate amounts of vitamin E and low amounts of GABA and vitamin C.Conclusions: The sea cucumber, H. scabra, contained high quantity of protein and very low lipid. It contained high essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, nervonic and arachidonic acids, and collagen, which also contained GABA, vitamin C, and vitamin E.Keywords: sea cucumber; Holothuria scabra; nutrition components; functional food

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Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) Are Associated With Diet, BMI, and Age

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.691401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Teresa Kellerer ◽

Karin Kleigrewe ◽

Beate Brandl ◽

Thomas Hofmann ◽

Hans Hauner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Hydroxy Stearic Acid ◽

Diabetic Status ◽

Acid Esters

Background: Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a group of fatty acids with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. The blood levels of FAHFAs and their regulation in humans have hardly been studied.Objective: We aimed to investigate serum FAHFA levels in well-characterized human cohorts, to evaluate associations with age, sex, BMI, weight loss, diabetic status, and diet.Methods: We analyzed levels of stearic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-SAHSA), oleic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-OAHSA) and palmitic-acid-9-hydroxy-palmitic-acid (9-PAHPA) as well as different palmitic acid-hydroxy-stearic-acids (PAHSAs) by HPLC-MS/MS with the use of an internal standard in various cohorts: A cohort of different age groups (18–25y; 40–65y; 75–85y; Σn = 60); severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and non-obese controls (Σn = 36); obese patients with and without diabetes (Σn = 20); vegetarians/vegans (n = 10) and omnivores (n = 9); and young men before and after acute overfeeding with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (n = 15).Results: Omnivores had substantially higher FAHFA levels than vegetarians/vegans [median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) tFAHFAs = 12.82 (7.57; 14.86) vs. 5.86 (5.10; 6.71) nmol/L; P < 0.05]. Dietary overfeeding by supplementation of SFAs caused a significant increase within 1 week [median tFAHFAs = 4.31 (3.31; 5.27) vs. 6.96 (6.50; 7.76) nmol/L; P < 0.001]. Moreover, obese patients had lower FAHFA levels than non-obese controls [median tFAHFAs = 3.24 (2.80; 4.30) vs. 5.22 (4.18; 7.46) nmol/L; P < 0.01] and surgery-induced weight loss increased 9-OAHSA level while other FAHFAs were not affected. Furthermore, significant differences in some FAHFA levels were found between adolescents and adults or elderly, while no differences between sexes and between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were detected.Conclusions: FAHFA serum levels are strongly affected by high SFA intake and reduced in severe obesity. Age also may influence FAHFA levels, whereas there was no detectable relation with sex and diabetic status. The physiological role of FAHFAs in humans remains to be better elucidated.Trial Registration: All studies referring to these analyses were registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (https://www.drks.de/drks_web/) with the numbers DRKS00009008, DRKS00010133, DRKS00006211, and DRKS00009797.

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KOMPOSISI ASAM LEMAK CACING LAUT SIASIA (SIPUNCULUS, SP) DARI PERAIRAN PANTAI PULAU NUSALAUT

Biopendix: Jurnal Biologi, Pendidikan dan Terapan ◽

10.30598/biopendixvol4issue1page10-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 10-16

Author(s):

Bernita Silaban

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Myristic Acid ◽

Palmitoleic Acid ◽

Fat Content ◽

Coastal Communities

Background: "Siasia" is a seaworm species in the phylum that includes Sipuncula Sipunculidea class. This animal has been consumed for generations by coastal communities Nusalaut Island, central mollucas but not yet universally known. Until now there has been obtained gisi complete composition. This study aimed to identify the composition of fatty acids contained in vain fresh seaworms. Methods: Seaworms vain taken from coastal waters of Negeri Titawaai and Nalahia Nusalaut Island, Central Moluccas in March 2014. The parameters analyzed include methods is sokhlet fat content and fatty acid by GC method. Results: The results showed fresh siasia fat content 1.12% of coastal waters Titawaai while 1.91% of coastal waters Nalahia. Fatty acids seaworms were identified from coastal waters Titawai is kaparat acid (C10: 0), lauric acid (C12: 0), myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), stearic acid (C18: 0), linolenic acid (C18: 3) acid and eicosapentaenoic (C20: 5) while the fatty acids of seaworm vain of coastal waters Nalahia include is lauric acid (C12: 0), myristic acid (C14: 0), palmitoleic acid ( C16: 1), stearic acid (C18: 0) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20: 3). Conclusion: The fat content of fresh siasia sea worms is 1.12% from the waters of Titawaai beach, while 1.91% of the waters of the coast of Nalahia.

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Effect of fatty acid chain length and saturation on the gastrointestinal handling and metabolic disposal of dietary fatty acids in women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114599000124 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 37-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Amanda E. Jones ◽

Michael Stolinski ◽

Ruth D. Smith ◽

Jane L. Murphy ◽

Stephen A. Wootton

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Palmitic Acid ◽

Chain Length ◽

Time Course ◽

Absorbed Dose ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Chain ◽

Degree Of Unsaturation

The gastrointestinal handling and metabolic disposal of [1-13C]palmitic acid, [1-13C]stearic acid and [1-13C]oleic acid administered within a lipid–casein–glucose–sucrose emulsion were examined in normal healthy women by determining both the amount and nature of the13C label in stool and label excreted on breath as13CO2. The greatest excretion of13C label in stool was in the stearic acid trial (9.2 % of administered dose) whilst comparatively little label was observed in stool in either the palmitic acid (1.2 % of administered dose) or oleic acid (1.9 % of administered dose) trials. In both the palmitic acid and oleic acid trials, all of the label in stool was identified as being present in the form in which it was administered (i.e. [13C]palmitic acid in the palmitic acid trial and [13C]oleic acid in the oleic acid trial). In contrast, only 87 % of the label in the stool in the stearic acid trial was identified as [13C]stearic acid, the remainder was identified as [13C]palmitic acid which may reflect chain shortening of [1-13C]stearic acid within the gastrointestinal tract. Small, but statistically significant, differences were observed in the time course of recovery of13C label on breath over the initial 9 h of the study period (oleic acid = palmitic acid > stearic acid). However, when calculated over the 24 h study period, the recovery of the label as13CO2was similar in all three trials (approximately 25 % of absorbed dose). These results support the view that chain length and degree of unsaturation may influence the gastrointestinal handling and immediate metabolic disposal of these fatty acids even when presented within an emulsion.

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