Execution and viable applications of face shield “a safeguard” against viral infections of cross-protection studies: A comprehensive review

Background: Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine metabolic disorders, affects the major organs in human and comorbid with others. Besides, diabetic patients are more prone to various infectious diseases as well as COVID-19 sporadic infection which are highly risk for diabetes mellitus patients. To combat this infections and comorbid situations, an integrated balanced nutritional supportive could help in maintaining sound health and increase immunity for prevention and management of such type of viral infections. Objectives: While information regarding nutritional supports in COVID-19 pandemic in diabetic patients are not available, this review aimed to accumulate the evidence from previous publications where studied about nutrition-based supports or interventions for viral diseases with special emphasis on respiratory infections. Methods: For reviewing, searches are done for getting journal articles into Google Scholar, Pub Med/Medline, Database of Open Access Journal and Science Direct for relevant data and information. Results: Integrated nutritional supports of both macronutrients and micronutrients guidelines including home-based physical exercise schedule is summarizes in this comprehensive review for possible prevention and management of diabetic patients in COVID-19 infections. The immune boosting benefits of some vitamins, trace elements, nutraceuticals and probiotics in viral infections of diabetic patients are also included. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for healthy diet and integrated nutritional supports with home-based physical activities for diabetic patients during the self-isolation period of COVID-19 Infection.

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SARS-CoV-2 tropism: what urologists need to know

African Journal of Urology ◽

10.1186/s12301-021-00126-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elsayed Desouky

Keyword(s):

Urinary Tract ◽

Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Genitourinary Tract ◽

Main Body ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Long Term Consequences

Abstract Background Apart from viral sexually transmitted diseases, viral infections in urology are not common and likely to be underreported. Initially, COVID-19 was thought to be only affecting our practice indirectly through reducing elective work that almost came to a stop. However, recent upcoming reports show that urologists can get involved far beyond that. Main body Genitourinary tract can be directly affected based on the SARS-CoV-2 virus organotropism. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of the data available and to highlight any possible similarity with the few known viral infections involving genitourinary organs with regard to its pathophysiologic impact. Conclusion Urologists need to extrapolate their experience with viral infections in the urinary tract so as to be able to manage such possible COVID infections and its short- and long-term consequences.

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Potential Roles of Vitamins in the Management of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review

Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.34172/ps.2021.41 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Homa Rezaei ◽

Sajad Khiali ◽

Haleh Rezaee ◽

Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi ◽

Matin Pourghasem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Immune System ◽

Viral Infections ◽

The Elderly ◽

Underrepresented Minorities ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Public Health Crisis ◽

Severity Of The Disease

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has caused a public health crisis worldwide. However, data regarding the protective factors of the disease is limited. Consequently, preventive health measures that can decrease the risk of infection, progression, and severity are dreadfully required. It is well-documented that people with immunodeficiency, such as the elderly, people who already have comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypertension, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders), and underrepresented minorities, are placed in a group with a higher risk of getting infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants plays an essential role in strengthening the immune system and fighting against invading pathogens. The present comprehensive review has discussed published literature regarding the potential role of vitamins in strengthening the immune system and managing viral infections, particularly SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although there are controversial data regarding the plasma level of vitamin D and the severity of the disease, according to the limited evidence, vitamin D may lower the mortality rate. Moreover, vitamin C could reduce the development of inflammatory response; however, the results of ongoing clinical trials are required to confirm these primary findings.

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Probiotic Supplements: Their Strategies in the Therapeutic and Prophylactic of Human Life-Threatening Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222011290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (20) ◽

pp. 11290

Author(s):

Mahmoud Youssef ◽

Hanaa Y. Ahmed ◽

Abel Zongo ◽

Ali Korin ◽

Fuchao Zhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Role ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Human Life ◽

Allergic Diseases ◽

Immune Disorders ◽

Close Attention ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Promising Solution

Chronic diseases and viral infections have threatened human life over the ages and constitute the main reason for increasing death globally. The rising burden of these diseases extends to negatively affecting the economy and trading globally, as well as daily life, which requires inexpensive, novel, and safe therapeutics. Therefore, scientists have paid close attention to probiotics as safe remedies to combat these morbidities owing to their health benefits and biotherapeutic effects. Probiotics have been broadly adopted as functional foods, nutraceuticals, and food supplements to improve human health and prevent some morbidity. Intriguingly, recent research indicates that probiotics are a promising solution for treating and prophylactic against certain dangerous diseases. Probiotics could also be associated with their essential role in animating the immune system to fight COVID-19 infection. This comprehensive review concentrates on the newest literature on probiotics and their metabolism in treating life-threatening diseases, including immune disorders, pathogens, inflammatory and allergic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, and COVID-19 infection. The recent information in this report will particularly furnish a platform for emerging novel probiotics-based therapeutics as cheap and safe, encouraging researchers and stakeholders to develop innovative treatments based on probiotics to prevent and treat chronic and viral diseases.

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Tuberculosis, BCG Vaccination and COVID-19: Are They Connected?

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557522666220104152634 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

Kellen Christina Malheiros Borges ◽

Adeliane Castro da Costa ◽

Lília Cristina de Souza Barbosa ◽

Kaio Mota Ribeiro ◽

Laura Raniere Borges dos Anjos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Preventive Measure ◽

Cross Protection ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Bcg Vaccine ◽

Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽

Immunomodulatory Properties ◽

Immunological Protection ◽

Cellular Immune

Abstract: Evidence from multiple scientific studies suggests that the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, widely used worldwide as a preventive measure against tuberculosis, also offers cross-protection against other pathogens. This review aimed to gather data from research that studied the mechanisms involved in the immunological protection induced by the BCG vaccine, which may be important in the control of viral infections, such as COVID-19. Through a literature review, we compiled information about the different BCG strains used worldwide, as well as the responses and protection elicited by them. We commented on the mechanisms of immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and we discussed the possibility of cross-protection of different BCG strains on the control of COVID-19. Due to the immunomodulatory properties of BCG, some BCG strains were able to induce an effective cellular immune response and, through epigenetic modifications, activate cells of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells, which are crucial for the control of viral infections. Although several vaccines have already been developed and used in an attempt to control the COVID-19 pandemic, some BCG vaccine strains may help stimulate the basal defences against these pathogens and can be used as additional defences in this and future pandemics.

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Evidence for Cross-Protection Against Subsequent Febrile Respiratory Illness Episodes From Prior Infections by Different Viruses Among Singapore Military Recruits 2009–2014

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 219 (12) ◽

pp. 1913-1923 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I-Cheng Mark Chen ◽

Jin Phang Loh ◽

Cheryl X P Chuah ◽

Qiu Han Christine Gao ◽

Yinxiaohe Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Military Training ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Cross Protection ◽

Subsequent Infection ◽

Military Recruits ◽

Febrile Respiratory Illness ◽

Prior Infection

Abstract Background Few studies have evaluated the relative cross-protection conferred by infection with different groups of viruses through studies of sequential infections in humans. We investigated the presence of short-lived relative cross-protection conferred by specific prior viral infections against subsequent febrile respiratory illness (FRI). Methods Men enlisted in basic military training between December 2009 and December 2014 were recruited, with the first FRI as the study entry point. ResPlex II assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect viral pathogens in nasal wash samples, and survival analyses were performed to determine whether infection with particular viruses conferred short-lived relative cross-protection against FRI. Results Prior infection with adenovirus (hazard ratio [HR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], .14–.44) or influenza virus (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, .38–.73) conferred relative protection against subsequent FRI episode. Results were statistically significant even after adjustment for the interval between enlistment and FRI (P < .001). Adenovirus-positive participants with FRI episodes tended to be protected against subsequent infection with adenovirus, coronavirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, and influenza virus (P = .062–.093), while men with influenza virus–positive FRI episodes tended be protected against subsequent infection with adenovirus (P = .044) and influenza virus (P = .081). Conclusion Prior adenovirus or influenza virus infection conferred cross-protection against subsequent FRI episodes relative to prior infection due to other circulating viruses.

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Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: a Comprehensive Review

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology ◽

10.1007/s12016-016-8548-5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 329-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 87

Author(s):

Peck Y. Ong ◽

Donald Y. M. Leung

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Comprehensive Review

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The Diagnosis of Viral Disease by Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010005398x ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 270-273

Author(s):

William B. McCombs ◽

Cameron E. McCoy

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Medical Profession ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Viral Pathogens ◽

Academic Interest ◽

The Past

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.

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