Enhancement of alkaloid content (galanthamine and lycorine) and antioxidant activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) unders salt stress in summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.)

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.

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Variations in morphology, physiology, and multiple bioactive constituents of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos under salt stress

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83566-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhichen Cai ◽

Xunhong Liu ◽

Huan Chen ◽

Rong Yang ◽

Jiajia Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Vital Role ◽

Gray Relational Analysis ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Quality Formation

AbstractLonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) is an important traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various ailments and plays a vital role in improving global human health. However, as unable to escape from adversity, the quality of sessile organisms is dramatically affected by salt stress. To systematically explore the quality formation of LJF in morphology, physiology, and bioactive constituents' response to multiple levels of salt stress, UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. Lonicera japonica Thunb. was planted in pots and placed in the field, then harvested after 35 days under salt stress. Indexes of growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymes were identified to evaluate the salt tolerance in LJF under different salt stresses (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl). Then, the total accumulation and dynamic variation of 47 bioactive constituents were quantitated. Finally, Partial least squares discrimination analysis and gray relational analysis were performed to systematically cluster, distinguish, and evaluate the samples, respectively. The results showed that 100 mM NaCl induced growth, photosynthetic, antioxidant activities, osmolytes, lipid peroxidation, and multiple bioactive constituents in LJF, which possessed the best quality. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the accumulation of phenolic acids with antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress, further confirming that phenolic acids could reduce oxidative damage. This study provides insight into the quality formation and valuable information to improve the LJF medicinal value under salt stress.

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Antioxidative and Metabolic Contribution to Salinity Stress Responses in Two Rapeseed Cultivars during the Early Seedling Stage

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10081227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1227

Author(s):

Ali Mahmoud El-Badri ◽

Maria Batool ◽

Ibrahim A. A. Mohamed ◽

Zongkai Wang ◽

Ahmed Khatab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Early Seedling

Measuring metabolite patterns and antioxidant ability is vital to understanding the physiological and molecular responses of plants under salinity. A morphological analysis of five rapeseed cultivars showed that Yangyou 9 and Zhongshuang 11 were the most salt-tolerant and -sensitive, respectively. In Yangyou 9, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were minimized by the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for scavenging of over-accumulated ROS under salinity stress. Furthermore, Yangyou 9 showed a significantly higher positive correlation with photosynthetic pigments, osmolyte accumulation, and an adjusted Na+/K+ ratio to improve salt tolerance compared to Zhongshuang 11. Out of 332 compounds identified in the metabolic profile, 225 metabolites were filtrated according to p < 0.05, and 47 metabolites responded to salt stress within tolerant and sensitive cultivars during the studied time, whereas 16 and 9 metabolic compounds accumulated during 12 and 24 h, respectively, in Yangyou 9 after being sown in salt treatment, including fatty acids, amino acids, and flavonoids. These metabolites are relevant to metabolic pathways (amino acid, sucrose, flavonoid metabolism, and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), which accumulated as a response to salinity stress. Thus, Yangyou 9, as a tolerant cultivar, showed improved antioxidant enzyme activity and higher metabolite accumulation, which enhances its tolerance against salinity. This work aids in elucidating the essential cellular metabolic changes in response to salt stress in rapeseed cultivars during seed germination. Meanwhile, the identified metabolites can act as biomarkers to characterize plant performance in breeding programs under salt stress. This comprehensive study of the metabolomics and antioxidant activities of Brassica napus L. during the early seedling stage is of great reference value for plant breeders to develop salt-tolerant rapeseed cultivars.

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Exogenous Melatonin Improves Salt Tolerance by Mitigating Osmotic, Ion, and Oxidative Stresses in Maize Seedlings

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10050663 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 663 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jianhong Ren ◽

Jun Ye ◽

Lina Yin ◽

Gouxia Li ◽

Xiping Deng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Plant Tolerance ◽

Short Term Treatment ◽

Exogenous Melatonin ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Oxidative Stresses

Melatonin has been confirmed extensively for the positive effects on increasing plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. However, the roles of melatonin in mediating different stresses still need to be explored in different plants species and growth periods. To investigate the role of melatonin in mitigating salt stress, maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings growing in hydroponic solution were treated with 100 mM NaCl combined with or without 1 μM melatonin. Melatonin application had no effects on maize growth under normal condition, while it moderately alleviated the NaCl-induced inhibition of plant growth. The leaf area, biomass, and photosynthesis of melatonin-treated plants were higher than that of without melatonin under NaCl treatment. The osmotic potential was lower, and the osmolyte contents (including sucrose and fructose) were higher in melatonin-treated plants. Meanwhile, the decreases in Na+ content and increases in K+/Na+ ratio were found in shoots of melatonin-applied plant under salt stress. Moreover, both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities were significantly increased in leaves with melatonin application under salt treatment. These results clearly indicate that the exogenous melatonin-enhanced salt tolerance under short-term treatment could be ascribed to three aspects, including osmotic adjustment, ion balance, and alleviation of salt-induced oxidative stress.

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The wheat MAP kinase phosphatase 1 alleviates salt stress and increases antioxidant activities in Arabidopsis

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/j.jplph.2016.01.011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 193 ◽

pp. 12-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Ikram Zaidi ◽

Chantal Ebel ◽

Nibras Belgaroui ◽

Mouna Ghorbel ◽

Imène Amara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Map Kinase ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Map Kinase Phosphatase

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Effects of salt stress on volatile compounds, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Salvia mirzayanii

South African Journal of Botany ◽

10.1016/j.sajb.2014.04.002 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 93 ◽

pp. 92-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

M. Valifard ◽

S. Mohsenzadeh ◽

B. Kholdebarin ◽

V. Rowshan

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Total Phenolic Content ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Total Phenolic

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Responses of Tolerant and Susceptible Kentucky Bluegrass Germplasm to Salt Stress

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs03755-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 141 (5) ◽

pp. 449-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. Shaun Bushman ◽

Lijun Wang ◽

Xin Dai ◽

Alpana Joshi ◽

Joseph G. Robins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Inorganic Ions ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Western North America ◽

Turf Quality ◽

Ionic Stress ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Eventual Death

Much of semiarid western North America is salt affected, and using turfgrasses in salty areas can be challenging. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is relatively susceptible to salt stress, showing reduced growth, osmotic and ionic stress, and eventual death at moderate or high salt concentrations. Considerable variation exists for salt tolerance among kentucky bluegrass germplasm, but gaining consistency among studies and entries has been a challenge. In this study, two novel kentucky bluegrass accessions recently reported as salt tolerant (PI 371768 and PI 440603) and two cultivars commonly used as references (Baron and Midnight) were compared for their turf quality (TQ), stomatal conductance (gS), leaf water potential (ψLEAF), electrolyte leakage (EL), and accumulation of inorganic ions under salt stress. TQ, ψLEAF, and EL were highly correlated with each other while only moderately correlated with gS. The tolerant accessions showed higher ψLEAF and lower EL than the cultivars Midnight and Baron at increasing salt concentrations and over 28 days of treatment. The accumulation of sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) in the leaves was highly correlated and did not vary significantly among the four entries. Genes involved in ion transport across membranes, and in antioxidant activities, were significantly induced on salt stress in the tolerant accessions relative to the susceptible. These data indicate the ability of tolerant accessions to ameliorate oxidative stress and prevent EL, and confirmed the tolerance of germplasm previously reported on while indicating mechanisms by which they tolerate the salt stress.

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Effect of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiological Parameters, and Ionic Concentration of Water Dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) Cultivars

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.660409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Sunjeet Kumar ◽

Gaojie Li ◽

Jingjing Yang ◽

Xinfang Huang ◽

Qun Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

High Accumulation ◽

Oenanthe Javanica ◽

Leaves And Roots ◽

Water Dropwort ◽

Number Of Branches

Salt stress is an important environmental limiting factor. Water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) is an important vegetable in East Asia; however, its phenotypic and physiological response is poorly explored. For this purpose, 48 cultivars of water dropwort were grown hydroponically and treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mm NaCl for 14 days. Than their phenotypic responses were evaluated, afterward, physiological studies were carried out in selected sensitive and tolerant cultivars. In the present study, the potential tolerant (V11E0022) and sensitive (V11E0135) cultivars were selected by screening 48 cultivars based on their phenotype under four different levels of salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 200 mm). The results depicted that plant height, number of branches and leaves were less effected in V11E0022, and most severe reduction was observed in V11E0135 in comparison with others. Than the changes in biomass, ion contents, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and activities of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined in the leaves and roots of the selected cultivars. The potential tolerant cultivar (V11E0022) showed less reduction of water content and demonstrated low levels of Na+ uptake, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both leaves and roots. Moreover, the tolerant cultivar (V11E0022) showed high antioxidant activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and high accumulation of proline and soluble sugars compared to the sensitive cultivar (V11E0135). These results suggest the potential tolerance of V11E0022 cultivar against salt stress with low detrimental effects and a good antioxidant defense system. The observations also suggest good antioxidant capacity of water dropwort against salt stress. The findings of the present study also suggest that the number of branches and leaves, GSH, proline, soluble sugars, APX, and CAT could serve as the efficient markers for understanding the defense mechanisms of water dropwort under the conditions of salt stress.

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