The Electrical Conductivity of Milk for the Detection of Subclinical Mastitis in Cows: Comparison of Various Methods of Handling Conductivity Data with the Use of Cell Counts and Bacteriological Examination

1978 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Peaker
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Cell Counts

Electrical conductivity of foremilk for detecting subclinical mastitis in cows

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Linzell ◽  
M. Peaker ◽  
J. G. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Differential Conductivity ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Mixed Conductivity ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Cell Counts

SUMMARYIn order to assess the potential value of milk conductivity sensors for the detection of subclinical mastitis, measurements have been made manually on quarter foremilk samples for 10–74 days from 44 cows in two herds. Some measurements were also made of quarter cell counts and yields but the true status of the cows was established by bacteriological examination near the end of each run.For uninfected cows, conductivities of the four quarters tended to move in parallel from day to day whereas for infected cows there were usually substantial departures from parallelism. A statistic which is a measure of departure from parallelism is the quarter × day interaction mean square (I.M.S.), the magnitude of which was used to discriminate between infected and uninfected cows. Using conductivity data obtained at the time of the bacteriological examination, I.M.S. correctly identified all 19 un-infected cows and 24 out of 25 infected cows, the single misclassified cow being only mildly infected. The procedure was further tested on data obtained from one of the herds a year later. In this case, using the I.M.S. limits established the year before, 14 out of 18 infected cows were correctly identified, the four failures being only mildly infected. With nine uninfected cows, there were three false positives but these cows were all pregnant and had been lactating for 44 weeks. Although special limits may have to be set for cows in late lactation, two of these animals had been infected during the lactation, so that conductivity changes may reflect past damage to the udder.The same data used to set I.M.S. limits were also examined in simpler ways that required little or no calculation. These were ‘differential conductivity’ (the quarter with the highest conductivity divided by the value for the lowest), ‘absolute conductivity’, ‘mixed conductivity’ (mixed foremilk from all four glands) and ‘out-of-balance conductivity’ (the product of the conductivities of the fore quarters divided by the product of the hind quarters or vice versa). These methods of analysis were all less sensitive than the I.M.S. test for parallelism. Differential conductivity, absolute conductivity and mixed conductivity all detected severe cases but missed more mild cases. Out-of-balance conductivity was much less satisfactory because it missed some severe cases.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of various methods (CMT, CE and Indicator Paper) of subclinical cattle’s mastitis diagnostic in some dairy cows breeding in east of Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 06
Author(s):  
Brahim Bouchoucha ◽  
Omar Bouaziz ◽  
Nourreddine Zeghilet ◽  
Rachida Aimer ◽  
Sana Hireche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
The One

The aim of present work is to look for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy  cows of different regions in eastern Algerian ; the prevalence of subclinical mastitis has called for three non-specific methods and by  bacteriological analysis. On all teats are 416 ; the first non-specific test is Californiamastitis test (CMT) indicating polymorphonuclear witness infection of the udder. The second test indicates presence of ions (Na Cl) in  milk and carries the appellation of the electrical conductivity of milk (EC) and the last test is the one that revealed the pH of milk while using papier pH containing pH indicator and changes color to green or blue if the udder is infected. It is the first component of the study; the second component is to get the bacteriological status of each udder  and passing to the study of the sensitivity and specificity of non specifics tests . the present  study  gave values of mastitis prevalence  between 6.7 to 64.7% of cows and 10 to 20% of udders  tested by (CMT, pH papers and EC), with an infection rate of 9% of districts and 17% of cows. Bacteriological examination of positive areas showed the prevalence of the following pathogens : 6 species  of  Staph –  Saprophyticus= 15%, 6 species  staph – epidermidis=15%, 4 species staph – cohnii=10%, 9 Staph +=22.5%, 2 Micrococcus. Spp=5%, 4 E.Coli=10%, 2 speciesof  klebsielle =5%,2Proteus vulgaris=5%, 2Citrobacter freundeii=5%, 1 Streptococcus spp=2.5%, 1Streptococcus uberis=2.5%. et 5% others specie of bacterias. for specificity and  sensitivity we have these values r : CMT = 71% and 77%;. For pH paper had values of 15% and 60% .in latter puts the EC with values of 13% and 67% respectively. So the CMT remains the most accessible and reliable tset

scholarly journals Fractionized milk composition in dairy cows with subclinical mastitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M Bruckmaier ◽  
C. E Ontsouka ◽  
J. W Blum
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Mastitis is the inflammatory reaction of the udder to invading pathogens. One of the most apparent reactions is the increased influx of immunoreactive cells from blood into milk inducing a dramatic increase of milk somatic cell counts (SCC). We have investigated (i) the relationship between log SCC/ml in infected quarters being >6 (n = 8, group I) or varying between 5.4 and 6 (n = 8, group II) and concentration of dry matter (DM), fat, protein, lactose, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, insulin, prolactin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, sodium, potassium, chloride, electrical conductivity and osmolarity as compared with the contralateral (healthy) quarter (log SCC/ml <5.2); and (ii) composition of fractionized milk [cisternal milk, quartiles of alveolar milk and residual milk (after i.v. injection of 10 u.i. oxytocin)] during machine milking of infected and healthy quarters. SCC were higher (P < 0.05) in infected than in healthy quarters. Concentrations of fat, sodium, chloride, and IGF-1 were higher (P < 0.05), while that of lactose was lower (P < 0.05) in infected than in healthy quarters (group I). Concentrations of fat and chloride in both groups, of DM (in group II), and electrical conductivity and sodium (in group I) increased from the cisternal to alveolar (100%) fractions in infected quarters, while fat and DM concentrations similarly increased in healthy quarters. In conclusion, several but not all milk traits changed in a different manner during the course of milking in infected and non-infected quarters.

scholarly journals The electrical conductivity of sheep's milk and the possibility of mastitis detection

10.5219/1074 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 562-565
Author(s):  
Michal Uhrinčať ◽  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
Kristína Tvarožková ◽  
Lucia Mačuhová ◽  
Martina Vršková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Robotic Milking ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Pathogens

Measurement of electrical conductivity (EC) is a method frequently used in dairy cows during milking in milking parlours, but especially in robotic milking as a low-cost mastitis detection method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and EC of milk in sheep reared in Slovakia as factors for monitoring subclinical mastitis on the basis of a bacteriological examination of udder health. Samples were collected individually from both halves of the udder from 295 sheep of different breeds from eight farms during evening milking. Based on SCC, the samples (590) were divided into classes (SCC < 2 × 105, 2 × 105 ≤ SCC < 4 × 105, 4 × 105 ≤ SCC < 6 × 105, and SCC ≥ 6 × 105 cells.mL-1), (SCC < 7 × 105 and SCC ≥ 7 × 105 cells.mL-1) and (SCC < 1 × 105 and SCC ≥ 1 × 105 cells.mL-1) respectively. Based on the presence of pathogens in the udder halve, they were classified as “major pathogens” (14), “minor pathogens” (161) and “without pathogens” (415). The presence of a pathogen had a significant effect on the increase in EC, SCC and protein content and decrease in content of lactose. We found a significant correlation between EV and SCC at first classification only in cases where all data was analysed jointly (r = 0.531), SCC ≥ 6 × 105 (r = 0.403) and SCC < 2 × 105 (r = 0.214). In the second and third classification, we found significant correlations in both cases, the SCC < 7 × 105 (r = 0.270) and the SCC ≥ 7 × 105 (r = 0.382) and SCC < 1 × 105 (r = 0.136) and the SCC ≥ 1 × 105 (r = 0.557). The electrical conductivity showed a stronger correlation with the lactose and protein content than LogSCC. We can argue that measuring the electrical conductivity of sheep milk may be a possible alternative for mastitis detection in sheep. EC can be useful in detecting animals with level of SSC greater than 6 × 105 cells.mL-1.

scholarly journals Will Fly Repellency Using Deltamethrin Reduce Intramammary Infections, Stress and Fatigue Indicators of Dairy Ewes under Intensive Management?

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos ◽  
Georgios Sioutas ◽  
Eleutherios Triantafillou ◽  
Athanasios I. Gelasakis ◽  
Elias Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Dairy Ewes ◽  
Stressful Environment ◽  
Cell Counts

Intramammary infections (IMIs) caused by various pathogens may lead to clinical or subclinical mastitis, challenging the health and welfare status of infected animals and decreasing the quantity and quality of the produced milk. Additionally, the zoonotic potential of some of the pathogens isolated from IMI cases, the emergence of antibiotic resistance due to the extensive antibiotic use for IMI treatment, and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in milk and meat represent significant concerns for public health. Therefore, the investigation of IMI risk factors and the proposal of efficient measures to mitigate their effects on animal health and welfare is crucial. Although fly infestation is considered to play a significant role in the transmission of IMI pathogens, its adverse effects on udder health and the overall comfort status of dairy ewes have not been quantified and assessed on an evidential basis. Hence, the objectives of this study were to assess, for the first time, the fly repellent effect of deltamethrin and link it to: (i) the occurrence of common bacterial IMI; (ii) the somatic cell counts in milk; and (iii) the serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels (stress and fatigue indicators). The study was carried out in an intensive dairy sheep farm in northern Greece, during peak fly season. Deltamethrin treatment was associated with a reduced (i) number of flies (mostly Musca domestica) landing on treated ewes, compared to untreated ones (p < 0.05); (ii) colony-forming units in the case of Non-aureus Staphylococci IMIs (p < 0.05); and (iii) number of somatic cells in the milk (p < 0.001). Finally, serum cortisol and creatine kinase levels were significantly lower in deltamethrin-treated ewes (p < 0.001), indicating a less stressful environment for them.

Shallow Magnetic Induction Measurements for Delineating Near-Surface Hot Groundwater Sources in Alaskan Geothermal Areas

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Osterkamp ◽  
K. Kawasaki ◽  
J. P. Gosink
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Induction Method ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Conductivity Anomalies

Variations in the electrical conductivity of a soil and water system with temperature and salt concentration suggest that a soil containing hot and/or saline groundwater may be expected to have a higher conductivity compared to a cooler and/or less saline system. Temperature and conductivity surveys were carried out at Pilgrim Springs, on the Seward Peninsula, and at Chena Hot Springs, near Fairbanks, to test the use of a magnetic induction method (which measures electrical conductivity) for delineating near-surface hot groundwater sources in geothermal areas surrounded by permafrost. Comparison of the temperature data and conductivity data from these surveys demonstrates that the conductivity anomalies, as measured by the magnetic induction method, can be used to define the precise location of hot groundwater sources in these geothermal areas with the higher temperatures correlating with higher values of conductivity. Magnetic induction measurements of conductivity can also be used to define the lateral extent of the thawed geothermal areas (used for calculating the stored energy) in permafrost terrain. The utility of these magnetic induction measurements of conductivity for reconnaissance geophysical surveys of geothermal areas is that a much greater density of data can be obtained in a shorter time in comparison with shallow temperature measurements. In addition, it is simpler, cheaper and easier (physically) to obtain the data. While conductivity anomalies can result from other than hot and/or saline groundwater, these conductivity data, when coupled with a few measured temperature profiles and groundwater samples, should result in reliable reconnaissance level geophysical surveys in Alaskan geothermal areas.

scholarly journals Prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis in Zimbabwe

2002 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kudinha ◽  
C. Simango
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical and subclinical mastitis in commercial and small-scale farms in Zimbabwe. Thirty five quarter milk samples from clinical mastitis cases and 371 quarter milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis were cultured for bacterial pathogens. The most frequent pathogens isolated in clinical mastitis were the enteric bacteria (31.4 %), followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (22.9 %) and then Staphylococcus aureus (17.1 %), whereas in subclinical mastitis S. aureus (34.2 %) and coagulase-negative staphylococci were (33.2 %) the most common. Bacillus species were only isolated in milk samples from subclinical mastitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were observed in mixed infections with other bacteria in only 2.2 % of the 406 milk samples from clinical and subclinical mastitis where they were isolated together with Bacillus species in 6 of the 9 mixed infection cases. About 95 % of the milk samples from which 131 coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated had correspondingly high somatic cell counts. The coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated most frequently were S. chromogenes (7.9 %), S. epidermidis (7.4 %) and S. hominis (5.9 %). They were all associated with high somatic cell counts. All the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates were susceptible to cloxacillin and erythromycin, and more than 90 %of the isolates were susceptible to neomycin, penicillin and streptomycin. The highest resistance was to tetracycline (17.6 %), followed by lincomycin (13.7 %). About 8 % of the isolates were resistant to both penicillin and streptomycin.

Evaluation of diagnostic procedures for subclinical mastitis in meat-producing sheep

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archie CA Clements ◽  
David J Taylor ◽  
Julie L Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Samples of foremilk were collected from 261 clinically normal glands of 150 ewes, and tested using the California mastitis test (CMT). Further samples were collected from 195 of these glands for determination of automated somatic cell counts (SCC), and from 60 of these glands for bacteriological assessment. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for detecting samples with SCC above different threshold levels and for CMT and SCC in determining bacteriological status were evaluated using two-graph receiver operating characteristics (TG-ROC). Milk samples were obtained subsequently from ten CMT positive, and five CMT negative first- and second-lactation ewes. Samples were cultured using a variety of media, incubation temperatures and atmospheric conditions, immediately after collection, and 1 week after storage at 4°C and −21°C. Results suggested that CMT is best used as a diagnostic test for ovine subclinical mastitis (SCM) with a cut-off of 3 (distinct gel formation), and that automated SCC thresholds of >1200×103 cells/ml are appropriate, especially where low prevalences are expected (e.g. <5%). Additionally, this study showed that routine bacteriological methods were appropriate for isolation of most species of pathogen responsible for ovine SCM, but storage of samples prior to culture, either at 4°C or −21°C, was detrimental to the isolation of several of these organisms.

Using dairy herd improvement records and clinical mastitis history to identify subclinical mastitis infections at dry-off

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey H Torres ◽  
Päivi J Rajala-Schultz ◽  
Fred J DeGraves ◽  
Kent H Hoblet
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Dry Cow Therapy ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
On Farm ◽  
First 90 Days ◽  
Major Pathogens

Interest in selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) has been increasing owing to concerns over development of antimicrobial resistance. Implementation of SDCT, however, requires a quick and cost-effective on-farm method for identifying cows for treatment and cows that can be left without treatment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of clinical mastitis (CM) history and somatic cell counts (SCC) from monthly Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records in identification of infected and uninfected cows at dry-off. A total of 647 Holstein cows were classified as uninfected or infected at dry-off based on CM history and varying number of monthly SCC records (with three different SCC cut-offs). Cows were considered uninfected based on the following criteria: (1) SCC <100 000 cells/ml and no CM during the lactation; (2) SCC <200 000 cells/ml and no CM during the lactation; (3) as criterion two, but additionally a cow was also considered uninfected if it experienced a case of CM during the first 3 months of the lactation and the SCC was <100 000 cells/ml for the rest of the lactation; (4) SCC <300 000 cells/ml and no CM during the lactation; otherwise they were considered infected. Infected and uninfected cows at dry-off were most efficiently identified using three months' SCC records with a threshold of 200 000 cells/ml for cows without CM during the lactation and a threshold of 100 000 cells/ml during the rest of lactation for cows with CM during the first 90 days in milk. Moreover, this criterion also most efficiently identified cows infected with major pathogens only at dry-off. The success of the criteria used for identifying infected and uninfected cows will, however, depend on herd characteristics, such as prevalence of infection and type of pathogens present in the herd.

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