scholarly journals The electrical conductivity of sheep's milk and the possibility of mastitis detection

10.5219/1074 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 562-565
Author(s):  
Michal Uhrinčať ◽  
Vladimír Tančin ◽  
Kristína Tvarožková ◽  
Lucia Mačuhová ◽  
Martina Vršková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Robotic Milking ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Pathogens

Measurement of electrical conductivity (EC) is a method frequently used in dairy cows during milking in milking parlours, but especially in robotic milking as a low-cost mastitis detection method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and EC of milk in sheep reared in Slovakia as factors for monitoring subclinical mastitis on the basis of a bacteriological examination of udder health. Samples were collected individually from both halves of the udder from 295 sheep of different breeds from eight farms during evening milking. Based on SCC, the samples (590) were divided into classes (SCC < 2 × 105, 2 × 105 ≤ SCC < 4 × 105, 4 × 105 ≤ SCC < 6 × 105, and SCC ≥ 6 × 105 cells.mL-1), (SCC < 7 × 105 and SCC ≥ 7 × 105 cells.mL-1) and (SCC < 1 × 105 and SCC ≥ 1 × 105 cells.mL-1) respectively. Based on the presence of pathogens in the udder halve, they were classified as “major pathogens” (14), “minor pathogens” (161) and “without pathogens” (415). The presence of a pathogen had a significant effect on the increase in EC, SCC and protein content and decrease in content of lactose. We found a significant correlation between EV and SCC at first classification only in cases where all data was analysed jointly (r = 0.531), SCC ≥ 6 × 105 (r = 0.403) and SCC < 2 × 105 (r = 0.214). In the second and third classification, we found significant correlations in both cases, the SCC < 7 × 105 (r = 0.270) and the SCC ≥ 7 × 105 (r = 0.382) and SCC < 1 × 105 (r = 0.136) and the SCC ≥ 1 × 105 (r = 0.557). The electrical conductivity showed a stronger correlation with the lactose and protein content than LogSCC. We can argue that measuring the electrical conductivity of sheep milk may be a possible alternative for mastitis detection in sheep. EC can be useful in detecting animals with level of SSC greater than 6 × 105 cells.mL-1.

The relationship between milk yield, composition and tissue damage in a case of subclinical mastitis

1963 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Waite ◽  
P. S. Blackburn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Cells

SummaryA chemical, cytological and bacteriological examination of the milk from each quarter of a cow suffering from subclinical mastitis, but giving 5–6 gal of milk per day, was made at weekly intervals during the first 84 days after parturition. The infection, caused by micrococcal and staphylococcal bacteria, resisted repeated treatments with various antibiotics administered via the teat canals and also intramuscularly, although in vitro the bacteria were susceptible to all the antibiotics used. The cow was slaughtered and a histological examination made of the udder in an attempt to establish the cause of the continuing infection and to assess the extent of tissue damage. Two quarters each contained large abscesses in the upper level of the udder and these could have acted as reservoirs of infection; no cause was established for the other two quarters and it can only be assumed that reinfection occurred from the two abscessed quarters.The amount of active lesions in the lobules of all the quarters was small, 1–6%, but half or more of all the lobules were involuted, although only a minority appeared to have involuted as a result of infection. In the two abscessed quarters there was extensive damage to the duct system, 23 and 31% showing lesions.When the milk contained an abnormally large number of cells the chemical composition was also abnormal, containing less lactose (and hence less solids-not-fat) and having a nitrogen distribution in which there was more blood serum albumin and globulin and less casein than usual. Cell content and chemical composition were better indicators of tissue damage than the presence of mastitis organisms. It is estimated that the solids-not-fat content of the milk of the whole udder as a result of the infections was considerably lower than it would otherwise have been (8·0 instead of 8·8%) and that the daily loss in milk yield was about 9 lb.

Dynamics of experimentally induced Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis in East Friesian milk ewes

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Winter ◽  
Franz Schilcher ◽  
Klemens Fuchs ◽  
Ian G Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship

The responses of five lactating East Friesian milk ewes to experimental mammary infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis and of five control ewes were examined over a period of 10 weeks. Infection caused an influx of neutrophils into milk, the numbers of which started to rise 4 h post infection and peaked 24 h after infection. The initial response was accompanied by mild fever and mild leucopaenia in blood (8 h after infection). No other signs of systemic infection were observed. Milk appeared normal at all times, although the milk yield of infected ewes tended to decline. Staphylococci were absent in milk from four ewes at 2 d and at 3 d after infection, but re-emerged intermittently in four of five ewes at subsequent samplings. Cytokines in milk were measured by ELISA. IL-8 was elevated in infected glands at 2 h and peaked at 8 h. In the four ewes intermittently shedding bacteria, IL-8 remained elevated until the final sampling at 10 weeks. IL-1β was transiently elevated at 1 d and 2 d and showed a pronounced peak in one sheep. Milk samples from this ewe were bacteriologically negative, somatic cell count (SCC) was within the normal range and the concentrations of IL-1β, as well as IL-8, were similiar to the control group (n=5) from 1 week after infection until the final sampling. Histological examination revealed leucocytic infiltrates in the four glands remaining infected at the end of the experiment, and a high level of CD5+ lymphocytes in three ewes. The results suggest that the relationship between the initial neutrophil influx and the proinflammatory cytokines may be responsible for determining the course of infection. Subclinical mastitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci leads to minor changes in milk yield and milk constituents.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effects of Arc Volt–Ampere Characteristics on Different Loads and Detection Methods of Series Arc Faults

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiwei Lu ◽  
Zeyu Ye ◽  
Yilei Zhang ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Zhixuan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Hardware Implementation ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Relationship

Owing to the shortcomings of existing series arc fault detection methods, based on a summary of arc volt–ampere characteristics, the change rule of the line current and the relationship between the voltage and current are deeply analyzed and theoretically explained under different loads when series arc faults occur. A series arc fault detection method is proposed, and the software flowchart and principles of the applied hardware implementation are given. Finally, a prototype of an arc fault detection device (AFDD) with a rated voltage of 220 V and a rated current of 40 A is developed. The prototype was tested according to experimental methods provided by the Chinese national standard, GB/T 31143-2014. The experimental results show that the proposed detection method is simple and practical, and can be implemented using a low-cost microprocessor. The proposed method will provide good theoretical guidance in promoting the research and development of an AFDD.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of various methods (CMT, CE and Indicator Paper) of subclinical cattle’s mastitis diagnostic in some dairy cows breeding in east of Algeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 06
Author(s):  
Brahim Bouchoucha ◽  
Omar Bouaziz ◽  
Nourreddine Zeghilet ◽  
Rachida Aimer ◽  
Sana Hireche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
The One

The aim of present work is to look for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy  cows of different regions in eastern Algerian ; the prevalence of subclinical mastitis has called for three non-specific methods and by  bacteriological analysis. On all teats are 416 ; the first non-specific test is Californiamastitis test (CMT) indicating polymorphonuclear witness infection of the udder. The second test indicates presence of ions (Na Cl) in  milk and carries the appellation of the electrical conductivity of milk (EC) and the last test is the one that revealed the pH of milk while using papier pH containing pH indicator and changes color to green or blue if the udder is infected. It is the first component of the study; the second component is to get the bacteriological status of each udder  and passing to the study of the sensitivity and specificity of non specifics tests . the present  study  gave values of mastitis prevalence  between 6.7 to 64.7% of cows and 10 to 20% of udders  tested by (CMT, pH papers and EC), with an infection rate of 9% of districts and 17% of cows. Bacteriological examination of positive areas showed the prevalence of the following pathogens : 6 species  of  Staph –  Saprophyticus= 15%, 6 species  staph – epidermidis=15%, 4 species staph – cohnii=10%, 9 Staph +=22.5%, 2 Micrococcus. Spp=5%, 4 E.Coli=10%, 2 speciesof  klebsielle =5%,2Proteus vulgaris=5%, 2Citrobacter freundeii=5%, 1 Streptococcus spp=2.5%, 1Streptococcus uberis=2.5%. et 5% others specie of bacterias. for specificity and  sensitivity we have these values r : CMT = 71% and 77%;. For pH paper had values of 15% and 60% .in latter puts the EC with values of 13% and 67% respectively. So the CMT remains the most accessible and reliable tset

LOW-COST CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY "EC" AND THE TEMPERATURE "T" IN BRACKISH WATERS

10.6036/9812 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-367
Author(s):  
FEDERICO LEON ZERPA ◽  
ALEJANDRO RAMOS PÉREZ
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Computer Applications ◽  
Brackish Waters ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The University ◽  
Design Proposal ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents a low-cost experimental design proposal to understand and learn the relationship between the electrical conductivity CE of brackish water and its temperature T, in which an embedded system (Arduino Nano). This design has been made to be used as good practices in subjects of the University Degrees with competences in the area of production and water treatment, both for civil and industrial consumption, mainly in the School of Engineering. Industrial and Civil of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Furthermore, this design is mainly characterized by its versatility, when considering different situations, and using free tools and open source; both regarding computer applications, as in the components and elements used. This last aspect turns out to be an important characteristic, as it will allow the design to be modified, economically, according to future needs, by the students or by the teachers. A series of tests have been implemented with different types of common salts in brackish waters, at different temperatures. Results obtained from the design are shown, following suitable methods to observe the variability of the electrical conductivity of the solutions with the temperature, and with the type of salt used. These experimental results demonstrate that the experimental design can be used to understand and learn the proposed objective, as well as to obtain the relationship between CE and T, in the form of a straight line fit. Keywords: Electrical conductivity, reverse osmosis, water quality

scholarly journals Fractionized milk composition in dairy cows with subclinical mastitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M Bruckmaier ◽  
C. E Ontsouka ◽  
J. W Blum
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Mastitis is the inflammatory reaction of the udder to invading pathogens. One of the most apparent reactions is the increased influx of immunoreactive cells from blood into milk inducing a dramatic increase of milk somatic cell counts (SCC). We have investigated (i) the relationship between log SCC/ml in infected quarters being&nbsp;&gt;6 (n = 8, group I) or varying between 5.4 and 6 (n = 8, group II) and concentration of dry matter (DM), fat, protein, lactose, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, insulin, prolactin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, sodium, potassium, chloride, electrical conductivity and osmolarity as compared with the contralateral (healthy) quarter (log SCC/ml &lt;5.2); and (ii) composition of fractionized milk [cisternal milk, quartiles of alveolar milk and residual milk (after i.v. injection of 10 u.i. oxytocin)] during machine milking of infected and healthy quarters. SCC were higher (P &lt;&nbsp;0.05) in infected than in healthy quarters. Concentrations of fat, sodium, chloride, and IGF-1 were higher (P &lt; 0.05), while that of lactose was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in infected than in healthy quarters (group I). Concentrations of fat and chloride in both groups, of DM (in group II), and electrical conductivity and sodium (in group I) increased from the cisternal to alveolar (100%) fractions in infected quarters, while fat and DM concentrations similarly increased in healthy quarters. In conclusion, several but not all milk traits changed in a different manner during the course of milking in infected and non-infected quarters.

A method for assessing loss in milk yield due to subclinical mastitis

1990 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Oshima ◽  
Tatsuyuki Yoshida ◽  
Kohei Koyama ◽  
Taminori Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Yield Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Indices ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryA method for assessing the loss in quarter milk yield due to subclinical mastitis is proposed. It is based upon two indices calculated from quarter milk yields and results from the assessment of mastitis obtained by measurement of the electrical conductivity of milk. The results were obtained from the cows through repeated quarter-milkings during several months of lactation. The grade of abnormality of a quarter with subclinical mastitis was expressed by the first index, the mean quarter difference of electrical conductivity of milk produced by the quarter (mQdEC, 25 °C). The reduction in milk yield of a quarter presumed to be due to subclinical mastitis was expressed by another index, the quarter yield ratio, R, which is that percentage of normal milk yield produced by a quarter with mastitis. Examination of the relationship between these two indices showed that subclinical mastitis caused a reduction in milk yield in the affected quarters. From the linear regression, it was found that ~3% reduction in quarter milk yield occurred for every 1 x 10–4 S/cm increase in the mQdEC of the quarter with presumed subclinical mastitis.

Electrical conductivity of foremilk for detecting subclinical mastitis in cows

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Linzell ◽  
M. Peaker ◽  
J. G. Rowell
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Bacteriological Examination ◽  
Differential Conductivity ◽  
Conductivity Data ◽  
Mixed Conductivity ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Cell Counts

SUMMARYIn order to assess the potential value of milk conductivity sensors for the detection of subclinical mastitis, measurements have been made manually on quarter foremilk samples for 10–74 days from 44 cows in two herds. Some measurements were also made of quarter cell counts and yields but the true status of the cows was established by bacteriological examination near the end of each run.For uninfected cows, conductivities of the four quarters tended to move in parallel from day to day whereas for infected cows there were usually substantial departures from parallelism. A statistic which is a measure of departure from parallelism is the quarter × day interaction mean square (I.M.S.), the magnitude of which was used to discriminate between infected and uninfected cows. Using conductivity data obtained at the time of the bacteriological examination, I.M.S. correctly identified all 19 un-infected cows and 24 out of 25 infected cows, the single misclassified cow being only mildly infected. The procedure was further tested on data obtained from one of the herds a year later. In this case, using the I.M.S. limits established the year before, 14 out of 18 infected cows were correctly identified, the four failures being only mildly infected. With nine uninfected cows, there were three false positives but these cows were all pregnant and had been lactating for 44 weeks. Although special limits may have to be set for cows in late lactation, two of these animals had been infected during the lactation, so that conductivity changes may reflect past damage to the udder.The same data used to set I.M.S. limits were also examined in simpler ways that required little or no calculation. These were ‘differential conductivity’ (the quarter with the highest conductivity divided by the value for the lowest), ‘absolute conductivity’, ‘mixed conductivity’ (mixed foremilk from all four glands) and ‘out-of-balance conductivity’ (the product of the conductivities of the fore quarters divided by the product of the hind quarters or vice versa). These methods of analysis were all less sensitive than the I.M.S. test for parallelism. Differential conductivity, absolute conductivity and mixed conductivity all detected severe cases but missed more mild cases. Out-of-balance conductivity was much less satisfactory because it missed some severe cases.

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