6 The spectrum of skin, mucosa and other extra-articular manifestations

AbstractThe skin of vertebrates is the outermost organ of the body and serves as the first line of defense against external aggressions. In contrast to mammalian skin, that of teleost fish lacks keratinization and has evolved to operate as a mucosal surface containing a skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). Thus far, IgT representing the prevalent immunoglobulin (Ig) in SALT have only been reported upon infection with a parasite. However, very little is known about the types of B cells and Igs responding to bacterial infection in the teleost skin mucosa, as well as the inductive or effector role of the SALT in such responses. To address these questions, here we analyzed the immune response of trout skin upon infection with one of the most widespread fish skin bacterial pathogens, Flavobacterium columnare. This pathogen induced strong skin innate immune and inflammatory responses at the initial phases of infection. More critically, we found that the skin mucus of fish having survived the infection contained significant IgT-but not IgM- or IgD-specific titers against the bacteria. Moreover, we demonstrate the local proliferation and production of IgT+ B-cells and specific IgT titers respectively within the SALT upon bacterial infection. Thus, our findings represent the first demonstration that IgT is the main Ig isotype induced by the skin mucosa upon bacterial infection, and that because of the large surface of the skin, its SALT probably represents a prominent IgT inductive site in fish.

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Matrix metalloproteinase 2 is involved in the regulation of the antimicrobial peptide parasin I production in catfish skin mucosa

FEBS Letters ◽

10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03584-6 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 531 (3) ◽

pp. 459-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Ju Hyun Cho ◽

In Yup Park ◽

Mi Sun Kim ◽

Sun Chang Kim

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Antimicrobial Peptide ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ◽

Skin Mucosa

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Morphomolecular alterations in the skin mucosa of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after exposure to peracetic acid-based disinfectant

Aquaculture Reports ◽

10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100368 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 100368 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carlo C. Lazado ◽

Sindre Haddeland ◽

Gerrit Timmerhaus ◽

Ragnhild Stenberg Berg ◽

Grigory Merkin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Peracetic Acid ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Skin Mucosa

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Seborrheic keratosis of the nasal tip-an unusual case report

Bangladesh Journal of Otorhinolaryngology ◽

10.3329/bjo.v21i2.27652 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 119-121

Author(s):

Abdullah Al Mamun ◽

Dewan Mahmud Hasan

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Case Report ◽

Unusual Case ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Histopathologic Examination ◽

Seborrheic Keratosis ◽

Hyperkeratotic Lesion ◽

Unusual Case Report ◽

Skin Mucosa

Seborrheic keratosis is a benign tumour of skin, a common hyperkeratotic lesion of the epidermis,that usually occurs in the trunk and less frequently in the extremities, face and the scalp. A 65-year old farmer presented with a long standing, slowly growing, firm, redbrown, polypoidal mass about 2×2.5 cm in size, located at the skin mucosa interfare of the tip of nose. The lesion was excised under general anesthesia and histopathologic examination showed seborrheic keratosis. Diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical & histopathological examination. Here, we discuss the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, pathological diagnosis and management of such a case. There was no recurrence during a year follow-up.Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2015; 21(2): 119-121

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IL-34 SuppressesCandida albicansInduced TNFαProduction in M1 Macrophages by Downregulating Expression of Dectin-1 and TLR2

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2015/328146 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rong Xu ◽

Hong-Fan Sun ◽

David W. Williams ◽

Adam V. Jones ◽

Ali Al-Hussaini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Repair ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Toll Like Receptor ◽

M1 Macrophages ◽

Tissue Macrophage ◽

Skin Keratinocytes ◽

M1 Macrophage ◽

Low Levels ◽

Skin Mucosa

Candida albicansis a fungus that is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Normally,C. albicansexists as a harmless commensal and does not trigger inflammatory responses by resident macrophages in skin mucosa, which may be caused by a tolerance of skin macrophage toC. albicans. IL-34 is a recently discovered cytokine, constitutively expressed by keratinocytes in the skin. IL-34 binds to the receptor of M-CSF, thereby stimulating tissue macrophage maturation and differentiation. Resident macrophages exhibit phenotypic plasticity and may transform into inflammatory M1 macrophages for immunity or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages for tissue repair. M1 macrophages produce higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNFαin response toC. albicansstimulation. In this study, it was demonstrated that IL-34 attenuated TNFαproduction by M1 macrophages challenged with heat killed Candida (HKC). The molecular mechanism of IL-34 mediated suppression of HKC induced TNFαproduction by M1 macrophages was by the inhibition of M1 macrophage expression of keyC. albicanspattern recognition receptors (PPRs), namely, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and Dectin-1. The results of this study indicated that constitutive IL-34 expressed by skin keratinocytes might suppress resident macrophage responses toC. albicanscolonisation by maintaining low levels TLR2 and Dectin-1 expression by macrophages.

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Innate Immune Responses of Skin Mucosa in Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) Fed a Diet Supplemented with Galactooligosaccharides

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10030438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 438 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elzbieta Pietrzak ◽

Jan Mazurkiewicz ◽

Anna Slawinska

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Common Carp ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Juvenile Fish ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Immune Related Genes ◽

The Impact ◽

Skin Mucosa

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are well-known immunomodulatory prebiotics. We hypothesize that GOS supplemented in feed modulates innate immune responses in the skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) of common carp. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of GOS on mRNA expression of the immune-related genes in skin mucosa. During the feeding trial, the juvenile fish (bodyweight 180 ± 5 g) were fed two types of diet for 50 days: control and supplemented with 2% GOS. At the end of the trial, a subset of fish was euthanized (n = 8). Skin mucosa was collected, and RNA was extracted. Gene expression analysis was performed with RT-qPCR to determine the mRNA abundance of the genes associated with innate immune responses in SALT, i.e., acute-phase protein (CRP), antimicrobial proteins (His2Av and GGGT5L), cytokines (IL1β, IL4, IL8, IL10, and IFNγ), lectin (CLEC4M), lyzosymes (LyzC and LyzG), mucin (M5ACL), peroxidase (MPO), proteases (CTSB and CTSD), and oxidoreductase (TXNL). The geometric mean of 40s s11 and ACTB was used to normalize the data. Relative quantification of the gene expression was calculated with ∆∆Ct. GOS upregulated INFγ (p ≤ 0.05) and LyzG (p ≤ 0.05), and downregulated CRP (p ≤ 0.01). We conclude that GOS modulates innate immune responses in the skin mucosa of common carp.

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Current Understanding of Delayed Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Reactions

Epilepsy Currents ◽

10.1111/j.1535-7511.2006.00089.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Gregory Krauss

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Hypersensitivity Syndrome ◽

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽

Target Cells ◽

Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽

Chemokine Production ◽

Histocompatibility Complex ◽

Cytochrome Oxidases ◽

Tissue Systems ◽

Skin Mucosa

Hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS) reactions are one of the most feared idiosyncratic drug reactions and are most common with exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), sulfonamides, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and allopurinol. HSS is associated with chemotoxic and T-cell–mediated inflammatory injuries in barrier tissue systems that contain cytochrome oxidases (e.g., skin, mucosa, liver, and lungs) and can be seen as a derangement in the defense system against xenobiotics—bioactive foreign molecules. The mechanisms for anticonvulsant HSS are incompletely understood but involve genetic susceptibility, with accumulation of AEDs and oxidized metabolites causing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non–MHC–dependent clonal activation of T cells and subsequent cytokine/chemokine production in T cells, keratinocytes, and other target cells. This review discusses the classification and possible mechanisms for anticonvulsant HSS.

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