Perspective food addiction, caloric restriction, and dopaminergic neurotransmission

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-267
Author(s):  
Arwen Urrsula Malgorzata Stankowska ◽  
Albert Gjedde
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Food Addiction ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

People attempt to change their lifestyle when obesity impairs their quality of life. The attempts often fail when multiple habits must be changed in unison. Here we explore relations among food addiction, the neurobiology of habits, and caloric restriction, when people seek to return to normal eating behaviour, with particular emphasis on the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission.Severely obese individuals have specific neurobiological characteristics in common with drug abusers, including low availability of dopamine receptors in the striatum, impaired neuronal responses to dopamine, and reduced activity in prefrontal regions of the cerebral cortex. The neurobiological characteristics suggest that obese people also have a pathological dependence in common with addicts, in the form of food addiction.Malnutrition and dieting both relate to binge eating, possibly as a compensation for a reduced cognitive reward condition. The combination of caloric restriction and food addiction imparts a high risk of relapse as a result of further reduction of dopaminergic neurotransmission and the subsequent loss of reward. As with drugs of abuse, ingestion of large quantities of sugar in circumstances of uncontrolled eating increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This and other evidence suggests that abuse of food is a habit learned by means of mechanisms centred in the basal ganglia, with an increased risk of relapse in the presence of associative amplifiers. This risk is predicted by the relationship between dopamine receptor availability in the striatum and sensation-seeking in the form of an inverted U, suggested by recent findings, consistent with two opposite states of hypodopaminergic and hyperdopaminergic neuromodulation.

scholarly journals HIV-1 and Morphine Regulation of Autophagy in Microglia: Limited Interactions in the Context of HIV-1 Infection and Opioid Abuse

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 1024-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazira El-Hage ◽  
Myosotys Rodriguez ◽  
Seth M. Dever ◽  
Ruturaj R. Masvekar ◽  
David A. Gewirtz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Opioid Abuse ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Autophagosome Formation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTMicroglia are the predominant resident central nervous system (CNS) cell type productively infected by HIV-1, and play a key role in the progression of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Moreover, neural dysfunction and progression to HAD are accelerated in opiate drug abusers. In the present study, we examined the role of the autophagy pathway in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 using primary human microglial cells and determined whether opiates converge at this point. Infection of microglia with the HIV-1SF162macrophage-tropic strain resulted in increased Beclin1 expression, accompanied by an increase of LC3 protein levels and accumulation of LC3 reporter RFP+GFP+(yellow) puncta, suggesting that HIV-1 infection triggers autophagosome formation without promoting protein degradation by the lysosome. Conversely, coexposure with HIV-1 and morphine significantly decreased virus-induced Beclin1 expression and autophagosome formation. Exploration of the possible mechanism(s) used by morphine to disrupt the autophagic process unveiled a significant increase in intracellular pH, which coincided with a reduction in the formation of acidic vesicular organelles and in autophagolysosome formation. Small interfering RNA targetingBECN1, a gene critical for autophagosome formation, significantly reduced viral replication and the virus-induced inflammatory responses. Conversely, morphine-enhanced viral replication and inflammatory responses were not affected by gene silencing with siBeclin1, suggesting that the interactive effect of morphine in HIV-1 pathogenesis is mediated through a Beclin1-independent mechanism. These novel findings may have important implications on the connections between autophagy and HIV-1 pathogenesis mediated by microglial cells in opioid-abusing individuals.IMPORTANCEAbout 50% of individuals infected with HIV-1 will develop some sort of neurocognitive impairment that cannot be prevented nor eradicated by antiretroviral therapy. The neuropathogenesis is mostly due to inflammatory responses by infected microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Cognitive disorders may also be associated with drugs of abuse. In fact, opioid drug users have an increased risk of developing neurocognitive disorders with increased progression to dementia. Although the mechanism(s) by which opioids exacerbate the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 are not entirely known, it is well accepted that glia are critical to opiate responses. This study gives us new insight into possible autophagic mechanism(s) in microglia that control HIV-1 replication and virus-induced inflammation in the context of opioid abuse and should greatly improve our knowledge in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 resulting from substance abuse to provide a better understanding for the design of candidate antiviral therapies targeting drug-abusing individuals.

Psychological interventions as an alternative and add-on to antidepressant medication to prevent depressive relapse: systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Josefien Johanna Froukje Breedvelt ◽  
Maria Elisabeth Brouwer ◽  
Mathias Harrer ◽  
Maria Semkovska ◽  
David Daniel Ebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Relapse Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Antidepressant Use ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

Background After remission, antidepressants are often taken long term to prevent depressive relapse or recurrence. Whether psychological interventions can be a viable alternative or addition to antidepressants remains unclear. Aims To compare the effectiveness of psychological interventions as an alternative (including delivered when tapering antidepressants) or addition to antidepressants alone for preventing depressive relapse. Method Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library and PsycINFO were searched from inception until 13 October 2019. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with previously depressed patients in (partial) remission where preventive psychological interventions with or without antidepressants (including tapering) were compared with antidepressant control were included. Data were extracted independently from published trials. A random-effects meta-analysis on time to relapse (hazard ratio, HR) and risk of relapse (risk ratio, RR) at the last point of follow-up was conducted. PROSPERO ID: CRD42017055301. Results Among 11 included trials (n = 1559), we did not observe an increased risk of relapse for participants receiving a psychological intervention while tapering antidepressants versus antidepressants alone (RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84–1.25; P = 0.85). Psychological interventions added to antidepressants significantly reduced the risk of relapse (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.74–0.97; P = 0.01) compared with antidepressants alone. Conclusions This study found no evidence to suggest that adding a psychological intervention to tapering increases the risk of relapse when compared with antidepressants alone. Adding a psychological intervention to antidepressant use reduces relapse risk significantly versus antidepressants alone. As neither strategy is routinely implemented these findings are relevant for patients, clinicians and guideline developers.

Understanding How Cumulative Victimization Predicts Future Victimization Risk: Relevance of Cognitive Versus Social Mediation

2021 ◽  
pp. 073401682110157
Author(s):  
Thomas Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Peer Association

Cumulative victimization represents the summation of victimization experiences across multiple contexts, with greater accumulation generally predicting greater dysfunction than less accumulation of exposures. Past research has indicated that cumulative victimization predicts increased risk for future revictimization also. The dual systems model may help to understand this relationship. This framework comprises constructs of sensation-seeking and impulse control in developmental context. Deviant peer association may provide a social factor that helps to understand this relationship. Victimization has been found to influence all of these constructs identified here. It is predicted that increased accumulation of victimization experiences may drive variation in these constructs that results in elevated risk for revictimization. This study sought to test the theory that each of these three constructs independently mediated the cumulative victimization–revictimization relationship. The Pathways to Desistance data were used in analyses. This sample was comprised of 1,354 juvenile offenders followed for 7 years after a recent adjudication prior to baseline measurements. The first three waves of data were used in analyses. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to test for the relationships of interest. A bootstrapping process of computing standard errors was carried out to determine significance of mediation effects. Results indicated that increased cumulative victimization scores at baseline predicted increased probability of experiencing victimization at Wave 3. This relationship was attenuated by about 15% when all mediators were added to the model and the relationship remained significant. Further analyses indicated that the specific indirect effect running through deviant peer association was significant, as was the total indirect effect. Findings indicate that increases in cumulative victimization may result in increased affiliation with deviant peers that further increases their future victimization risk. Service providers for survivors of violence should focus on screening of social relationships of those they provide care for in order to assess safety concerns.

scholarly journals The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Wherry ◽  
Ryan M. Miller ◽  
Sarah H. Jeong ◽  
Kristen M. Beavers
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Bone Loss ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Areal Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Biomarkers ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.

scholarly journals Ketogenic Diet as a Preventive and Supportive Care for COVID-19 Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Elena Gangitano ◽  
Rossella Tozzi ◽  
Orietta Gandini ◽  
Mikiko Watanabe ◽  
Sabrina Basciani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Invasive Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Severely Obese ◽  
Respiratory Conditions

Severe obesity is associated with an increased risk of admission to intensive care units and need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. The association of obesity and COVID-19 prognosis may be related to many different factors, such as chronic systemic inflammation, the predisposition to severe respiratory conditions and viral infections. The ketogenic diet is an approach that can be extremely effective in reducing body weight and visceral fat in the short term, preserving the lean mass and reducing systemic inflammation. Therefore, it is a precious preventive measure for severely obese people and may be considered as an adjuvant therapy for patients with respiratory compromise.

Early assessment of minimal residual disease in AML by flow cytometry during aplasia identifies patients at increased risk of relapse

Leukemia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Köhnke ◽  
D Sauter ◽  
K Ringel ◽  
E Hoster ◽  
R P Laubender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Minimal Residual Disease ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Minimal Residual ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

Mindful eating for overweight and obese women in Brazil: An exploratory mixed-methods pilot study

2021 ◽  
pp. 026010602110527
Author(s):  
Vera Salvo ◽  
Adriana Sanudo ◽  
Jean Kristeller ◽  
Mariana Cabral Schveitzer ◽  
Patricia Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Mindful Eating ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Eat 26

Background: Worldwide, approximately 95% of obese people who follow diets for weight loss fail to maintain their weight loss in the long term. To fill this gap, mindfulness-based interventions, with a focus on mindful eating, are promising therapies to address this challenging public health issue. Aim: To verify the effects of the Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) protocol by exploring quantitative and qualitative data collected from Brazilian women. Methods: A single-group, mixed-methods trial was conducted at a public university with adult women ( n = 34). Four MB-EAT groups were offered weekly for 2.5-h sessions over 12 weeks. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included body mass index (BMI) and self-report measures of anxiety, depression, mindfulness, self-compassion, and eating behaviour. Qualitative information was collected using focus groups in the last session of each group, including both participants and MB-EAT instructors. The qualitative data were examined using thematic analyses and empirical categories. Results: Twenty participants (58.8%) completed both pre- and post-intervention assessments, with adequate attendance (≥4 sessions). There was a significant average decrease in weight of 1.9 ± 0.6 kg from pre- to post-intervention. All participants who had scored at the risk level for eating disorders on the EAT-26 decreased their score below this risk level. Qualitative analysis identified that participants were able to engage a more compassionate perspective on themselves, as well as greater self-awareness and self-acceptance. Conclusion: The MB-EAT showed preliminary efficacy in promoting weight loss and improvements in mindfulness and eating behaviour. This intervention promoted effects beyond those expected, extending to other life contexts.

scholarly journals Lower-Limb Joint Coordination Pattern in Obese Subjects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Ranavolo ◽  
Lorenzo M. Donini ◽  
Silvia Mari ◽  
Mariano Serrao ◽  
Alessio Silvetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limb ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Joint Coordination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Coupling Parameters ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Time Distance

The coordinative pattern is an important feature of locomotion that has been studied in a number of pathologies. It has been observed that adaptive changes in coordination patterns are due to both external and internal constraints. Obesity is characterized by the presence of excess mass at pelvis and lower-limb areas, causing mechanical constraints that central nervous system could manage modifying the physiological interjoint coupling relationships. Since an altered coordination pattern may induce joint diseases and falls risk, the aim of this study was to analyze whether and how coordination during walking is affected by obesity. We evaluated interjoint coordination during walking in 25 obese subjects as well as in a control group. The time-distance parameters and joint kinematics were also measured. When compared with the control group, obese people displayed a substantial similarity in joint kinematic parameters and some differences in the time-distance and in the coupling parameters. Obese subjects revealed higher values in stride-to-stride intrasubjects variability in interjoint coupling parameters, whereas the coordinative mean pattern was unaltered. The increased variability in the coupling parameters is associated with an increased risk of falls and thus should be taken into account when designing treatments aimed at restoring a normal locomotion pattern.

scholarly journals Inflammation, obesity and comorbidities: the role of diet

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (10A) ◽  
pp. 1164-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica Bulló ◽  
Patricia Casas-Agustench ◽  
Pilar Amigó-Correig ◽  
Javier Aranceta ◽  
Jordi Salas-Salvadó
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractThe adipocyte metabolism has been shown to change during the fat enlargement process associated to obesity. Several procoagulant proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, tissue factor or factor VII and also inducible nitric oxide synthase show higher expression in adipose tissue of obese people in comparison to lean. This overexpression could explain at least a part of the atherogenic and cardiovascular risk associated with obesity.In addition to cytokine secretion, many other features have been observed to be common to adipocyte and monocyte/macrophage lines: for example, phagocytic and microbicidal activities, and possibly a cellular plasticity of adipose precursors.Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of such metabolic abnormalities as dyslipidemia, hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, common features of the metabolic syndrome. Initially, insulin resistance or hyperinsulinemia was suggested as the origin of these abnormalities. More recent studies indicate that adipokynes have an important role in obesity-associated metabolic complications, and suggest that chronically elevated local or systemic concentrations of adipokynes contribute to the development of complications associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.Considering all the evidence relating to diet and inflammation, the best diet for protecting against the metabolic derangements associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome would be high in fibre-rich cereals, fruit, vegetables, fish, virgin olive oil and nuts; moderate in wine; and low in meat, processed meat foods and trans-fatty acids.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document