The chemical composition of sows during their first lactation

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Mullan ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Commercial Practice

ABSTRACTIt is common for sows in commercial practice to lose body weight during lactation and if the loss is excessive then performance may be impaired. However, there is little information on the composition of this loss of body weight. In a 2 × 2 factorial experiment gilts were given daily either 2·7 (H) or 1·5 (L) kg food during gestation and either a high (H) (mean intakes of 3·4 and 4·9 kg/day for the H-H and L-H groups, respectively) or low (L, 2·0 kg/day) food intakes during a 31-day lactation. Seventy-three animals were slaughtered at various stages over all treatments and body composition determined by chemical analysis. The content of lipid (Li, kg) and protein (Pr, kg) in the empty body were closely related to live weight (LW, kg) and depth of backfat measured by ultrasound (P2, mm); Li = 0·381 LW + 1·042 P2 - 31·099 (R = 0·95) and Pr = 0·11 LW - 013 P2 + 4·46 (R = 0·67). Prediction equations were used to predict the composition of animals from a previous experiment (Mullan and Williams, 1989). Increasing food intake prior to farrowing increased the amount of lipid (67 v. 38 kg), protein (20 v. 17 kg), water (73 v. 63 kg) and ash (5 v. 4 kg) in the empty body at farrowing. For sows given 2·0 kg/day food during lactation about half of the total loss of body weight was lipid (835 and 570 g/day for the H-L and L-L groups, respectively) and proportionately 0-10 was protein tissue (165 and 125 g/day, respectively). When sows were fed to appetite the heaviest animals lost both lipid (520 g/day) and protein (130 g/day) whereas animals in the L-H group maintained their lipid reserves but lost 65 g protein per day. This study demonstrates the considerable amounts of lipid and protein which may be mobilized by the sow during lactation to buffer the nutritional stress through a low intake of food. The body composition of the sow during the first lactation can be accurately predicted from live weight and depth of backfat.

Prediction of the body composition of lambs from the composition of their non-carcass components

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Wilkinson ◽  
J. F. D. Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Whole Body

AbstractInformation on the chemical composition of Suffolk × Blackface lambs was collected and used to predict empty body (EB) component weights from empty body weight (EBW) and non-carcass (NC) component weights. EBW accounted proportionately for 0·94, 0·89 and 0·95 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. A combination of NC component weights accounted proportionately for 0·94, 0·95 and 0·96 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. EBW and a combination of NC component weights together accounted proportionately for 0·97, 0·97 and 0·98 of the variation in EB crude protein, fat and energy content. Chemical analysis of NC components is cheaper and easier than whole body analysis and provides a viable alternative to sample joint or specific gravity analysis.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein intake on the body composition and metabolic parameters of neutered dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Mayumi Kawauchi ◽  
Juliana Toloi Jeremias ◽  
Paula Takeara ◽  
Danilo Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Time Interaction

AbstractNeutering is a common veterinary recommendation and is often associated with obesity development. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two different amounts of protein intake by neutered dogs regarding maintenance energy requirement (MER), body composition, and biochemical and hormonal parameters. A total of fourteen healthy adult dogs were fed either a diet containing 59·7 g protein/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) (P60) or a diet with 94·0 g protein/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) (P94) for 26 weeks after neutering to maintain their body weight prior to neutering. A mixed model was fitted to verify diet, time and diet × time interaction effects on biochemical parameters, serum concentrations of insulin, glucagon, leptin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). MER and the body composition data were evaluated within diets (paired t test) and within times (unpaired t test). A time effect was found for fructosamine, TAG, total lipids and IGF-1 serum concentrations. The diet × time interaction was significant for glucagon (P < 0·05). No differences between diets in the MER within each time were found. However, there was a reduction in the MER of dogs fed the P60 diet 26 weeks after neutering (P = 0·042). The fat body mass of dogs fed the P60 diet increased (P < 0·05) after neutering, even without a body-weight change. Some of the biochemical parameters changed over time, but all remained within the normal range. For the period evaluated in the present study, a diet with 94·0 g of protein/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) metabolisable energy seems to be a beneficial nutritional strategy to maintain the MER and the body composition of dogs after neutering.

Effects of indoor or outdoor rearing on the chemical composition of lambs

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Theriez ◽  
B. Touraine ◽  
P. Vigneron ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Rearing Method

AbstractPure Merinos d'Aries male lambs were reared indoors (IN), with hay and concentrates, or outdoor (OUT) on improved Mediterranean range (Garrigues) and slaughtered when they reached 25 (light) or 32 (heavy) kg live weight. The alimentary tract weight was significantly affected by slaughter weight and by rearing method, which also significantly modified rumen contents. IN lamb body composition was higher in fat and energy and lower in water and protein than OUT lambs but differences induced by the rearing method were reduced when slaughter weight was increased. Allometric equations established for each environment were used to determine body composition and body gain composition at 20 and 25 kg empty body weight. Changes were very limited for IN lambs but protein and fat content of OUT lambs changed greatly as a result of the tremendous increase of grass availability towards the end of the fattening period.

A general method for predicting the weight of water in the empty bodies of pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Emmans ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
A Value ◽  
Mature Size ◽  
General Method

AbstractAs water is the major component of the pig body its accurate prediction is of importance in pig growth models. It has become conventional to predict the weight of water, WA kg, from the weight of protein, P kg. The purpose of this paper is to find how this can be done across pig genotypes of different mature size. The widely used equation to relate WA to P is of the form: WA = a.Pb. This equation is examined theoretically. It is concluded that the form of the equation is reasonable and, that while the value of the exponent b is likely to be constant across genotypes, the value of the scalar a is not. It is proposed that the value of the scalar a is best estimated as a = WAPRm Pm1·b where WAPRm is the water: protein ratio in the body at maturity and Pm is the weight of protein in the body at maturity. The value of the parameter WAPRm is assumed to be constant across genotypes with a value in the range of 3·04 to 3·20, depending on the methods used for measuring body composition. The general value of b = 0·855, taken from published work, is confirmed. A consequence of the argument quantified in the paper is that the value of a is predicted to vary from a = 4·69 for a pig with Pm = 20 kg to a = 5·36 for a pig with Pm = 50 kg. The general equation is expected to give more accurate predictions of the weight of water and, hence, of body weight, in models intended to predict pig growth, food intake, body composition and efficiency.

Protein, acetate and propionate for roughage-fed lambs. 1. Body and blood composition

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. J. van Houtert ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractSixty castrated male lambs fca. 37 kg) were allocated to an initial slaughter group (no. = 12) or to one of six treatment groups (no. = 8). Chopped oaten hay (sprayed with 10 g urea per kg) was offered ad libitum with 57 gjday chopped lucerne hay. Additional supplements were 0 or 57 g/day formaldehyde-treated casein (protected casein) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) at ca. 1·45 MJ gross energy per day. The VFAs given were acetate or propionate or a mixture of these (molar ratio 4: 1). Daily food intake and weekly live-weight (LW) gain were measured and rumen fluid and blood were collected. The lambs were shorn, slaughtered and body composition was determined.Food intake (g/kg LW) was not affected by treatments. Supplementation with protected casein increased LW gain and wool growth. Supplementation with propionate reduced LW gain, but not when given with protected casein. Plasma concentrations of urea-nitrogen and insulin were increased, and plasma somatotropin decreased in lambs given protected casein. Final body content of water, fat, protein and gross energy, adjusted to the mean fleece/digesta-free body weight of 36·5 kg, was not affected by the treatments. The partitioning of water, fat and energy between the carcass and the rest of the body was affected by the treatments. Excretion of VFAs in urine was measured in two sheep in experiment 2, and was negligible compared with the quantity of VFAs given. It is concluded that energy from salts of VFAs, in particular propionate, is used inefficiently for body-weight gain in lambs given low-protein roughage diets. The nutritional treatments had only marginal effects on the composition of body gain.

Body composition studies with the milk-fed lamb. I. Chemical composition and calorific content of the body and organs of newly-born lambs

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Jagusch ◽  
B. W. Norton ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Composition Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Calorific Content ◽  
Heats Of Combustion ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe total body content of fat, protein, ash, moisture and energy of 43 male cross-bred lambs was determined after the lambs had suckled the ewe at pasture for between 2 and 5 days. Sixteen lambs were dissected into seven compartments, namely, carcass, skin, wool, blood, viscera (two groups) and vastus lateralis muscle, and the chemical composition of each was determined. The heats of combustion of the fat and fat-free tissues were also determined. The relationships between empty body weight and body and organ composition were described by logarithmic regression equations.

Growth, food intake and development in broiler cockerels raised to maturity

1985 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Prescott ◽  
C. M. Wathes ◽  
J. K. Kirkwood ◽  
G. C. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
Absolute Growth

ABSTRACTThe food intake, growth and development of Ross broiler cockerels were recorded from 1 day old to maturity. At regular intervals, the body composition of these birds was determined and the eviscerated carcasses were chemically analysed. Allometric relationships of component weights and live weight were examined. Historical comparisons with fowl reared during the last 60 years did not reveal any significant changes in the pattern of development, despite faster absolute growth rates and heavier mature weights.

Changes in the body composition of beef cattle during compensatory growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
I A. Wright ◽  
A. J. F. Russel
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACTForty-two weaned suckled Charolais-cross steers were used to measure changes in body composition during compensatory growth in growing cattle. Six cattle were slaughtered initially and the remaining 36 allocated to either a low level of feeding to 350 kg live weight followed by a high level (LH) or a high level of feeding throughout (HH). Above 350 kg live weight, food intake on both treatments was the same at any given live weight. Six cattle were slaughtered from each treatment at 350, 400 and 450 kg live weight. From initial live weight (259 kg) to 350 kg, live-weight gains were 0·45 and 0·78 kg/day for the LH and HH treatments respectively (P < 0·001). From 350 to 400 kg live weight, live-weight gains were 1·35 and 0·98 kg/day (P < 0·01) for the LH and HH cattle respectively, while from 400 to 450 kg live weight there was no significant difference (1·38 v. 1·20 kg/day). The LH cattle contained less fat in the empty body than the HH cattle at 350 kg (118 v. 153 g/kg; P < 0·05) and 400 kg live weight (117 v. 169 g/kg; P < 0·01), but at 450 kg there was no significant difference between treatments. From 350 to 400 kg live weight the composition of the empty body-weight gain was 663 g water, ' 108 g fat and 216 g protein per kg in the LH cattle and 422 kg water, 311 g fat and 173 g protein in the HH cattle. From 400 to 450 kg live weight the equivalent figures were 491, 291, 156 g/kg for the LH cattle and 744, 67 and 203 g/kg for the HH cattle. The results demonstrate that following a period of food restriction the empty body-weight gain of cattle initially comprises increased proportions of protein and water and a reduced proportion of fat compared with unrestricted cattle when both are given the same amount of food and compared at the same weight. There then follows a second phase in which the proportion of fat increases and the proportions of protein and water decrease.

Roux-en-Y Gastrointestinal Bypass Promotes Activation of TGR5 and Peptide YY

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1262-1267
Author(s):  
Haojun Yang ◽  
Hanyang Liu ◽  
YuWen Jiao ◽  
Jun Qian
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Gastrointestinal Bypass ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Background: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) is involved in a number of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the role of TGR5 after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP). Methods: Wild type and TGR5 knockout mice (tgr5-/-) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the obesity model. GBP was performed. The changes in body weight and food intake were measured. The levels of TGR5 and peptide YY (PYY) were evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Moreover, the L-cells were separated from wild type and tgr5-/- mice. The levels of PYY in L-cells were evaluated by ELISA. Results: The body weights were significantly decreased after GBP in wild type mice (p<0.05), but not tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). Food intake was reduced after GBP in wild type mice, but also not significantly affected in tgr5-/- mice (p>0.05). The levels of PYY were significantly increased after GBP compared with the sham group (p<0.05); however, in tgr5-/- mice the expression of PYY was not significantly affected (p>0.05). After INT-777 stimulation in L-cells obtained from murine intestines, the levels of PYY were significantly increased in L-cells tgr5+/+ (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests that GBP up-regulated the expression of TGR5 in murine intestines, and increased the levels of PYY, which further reduced food intake and decreased the body weight.

scholarly journals Influence of xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor, topiroxostat, on body weight of diabetic obese mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakamura ◽  
Mai Nampei ◽  
Takayo Murase ◽  
Etsuko Satoh ◽  
Seigo Akari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ketone Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Xanthine Oxidoreductase ◽  
Diabetic Mellitus ◽  
Triglyceride Content ◽  
Xanthine Oxidoreductase Inhibitor ◽  
Single Regression ◽  
Muscle Triglyceride

AbstractPlasma xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity is high in metabolic disorders such as diabetic mellitus, obesity, or overweight. Thus, this study investigated whether the XOR inhibitor, topiroxostat, affected body weight. Male db/db mice were fed standard diets with or without topiroxostat for 4 weeks. Body weight and food intake were constantly monitored, along with monitoring plasma biochemical markers, including insulin and XOR activity. Additionally, hepatic hypoxanthine and XOR activity were also documented. Single regression analysis was performed to determine the mechanism. Topiroxostat treatment suppressed weight gain relative to the vehicle without any impact on food intake. However, the weight of fat pads and hepatic and muscle triglyceride content did not change. Topiroxostat decreased the plasma uric acid and increased hepatic hypoxanthine in response to the inhibition of XOR activity. Plasma ketone body and free fatty acid were also increased. Moreover, fat weight was weakly associated with plasma XOR activity in the diabetic state and was negatively associated with ketone body by topiroxostat. These results suggested that topiroxostat amplified the burning of lipids and the salvage pathway, resulting in predisposing the body toward catabolism. The inhibition of plasma XOR activity may contribute to weight loss.

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