The effect of supplementation with protein, lipid and propionate on nutrient partitioning in roughage-fed lambs

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. J. van Houtert ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning

AbstractEighty castrated male lambs were allocated to either an initial slaughter group (no. = 16) or one of eight treatment groups (no. = 8). Ammoniated barley straw was offered ad libitum. This was supplemented with sodium (Na) propionate (0 or 20 g/day), formaldehyde-treated casein, (protected casein, 0 or 50 g/day) and/or calcium (Ca) salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca soap, 0 or 30 g/day), as a factorial design. Measurements were made of food intake, live-weight gain and wool growth, rumen fluid parameters and changes in body composition over a period of 155 days.Food intake (g dry matter per kg live weight) was lower in the groups supplemented with Ca soap and Na propionate. Fleece-free live-weight gain was increased by supplementation with protected casein and Ca soap, but was not affected by Na propionate. Supplementation with protected casein increased wool yield. Adjusted means for water, protein and ash content of the body (adjusted to mean fleece/digesta-free body weight at slaughter of 27·1 kg) were affected significantly by the second-order interaction between the supplements. Adjusted body water and protein mass were lower when Na propionate was given alone or with Ca soap and protected casein. Fat mass tended to be higher under those conditions. Supplementation with Ca soap increased adjusted fat and gross energy contents and decreased adjusted protein and water mass. Supplementation with protected casein decreased total body fat and increased adjusted protein mass in the body. The partitioning of water, protein, fat, ash and energy between the carcass and non-carcass residues was affected to a small extent also. These results demonstrate interactive effects of the supplements used, on nutrient partitioning in lambs offered straw-based diets.

scholarly journals Untreated and formaldehyde treated protein concentrate mixture in the feeds of bulls

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä ◽  
Esko Poutiainen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Experimental Group

Twelve bulls within the age period 113—294 days were used in an experiment in which the effect of formaldehyde treatment of protein on the live weight gain and feed utilization was studied. Their rations were a combination of a protein concentrate mixture, barley, mineral and vitamins according to nutrient requirements for a growth rate of 1000 g/animal/day. Oats and barley straw was available ad libitum. In the experimental group the protein concentrate mixture was treated with formaldehyde, 0,88 g/100 g crude protein, whereas in the control group it was untreated. The proportion of treated protein was 45 % of the total protein in the diet. The study involved feeding trials, digestibility and nitrogen balance trials, and rumen fluid investigations. The live weight gain of the bulls in the experimental group was 10 % better than that of the control group. The amount of feed used per kg live weight gain was 8 % less in the former group than in the latter. The differences in both cases were, however, not significant (P > 0,05). The differences in the digestibility and nitrogen balance and in the pH, ammonia and VFA concentrations of the rumen fluid between the groups were small and insignificant (P > 0,05).

The effects of calcium and phosphorus supplementation on the performance of Scottish Blackface hill ewes, with particular reference to the premature loss of permanent incisor teeth

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Live Weight Gain

SUMMARYA subclinical calcium or phosphorus dietary deficiency on many hill pastures and a relationship between this and the premature loss of permanent incisor teeth are postulated. The effects of small individual supplements of calcium (12 g calcium carbonate suspended in water) or phosphorus (13 g monosodium phosphate in solution) supplied three times a week between mid-February and the end of May to Scottish Blackface ewes which grazed reseeded pasture in April and May were compared with those of no mineral supplement and with those of no mineral supplementon hill pastures throughout.Neither supplement had any significant effect on the number or weights of lambs born or reared on reseeded pastures. Both resulted in significantly greater ewe live-weight gain during the treatment period, in a significant improvement in the firmness and permanence of the incisor teeth, and in significantly higher serum Ca levels during lactation. All effects increased with advancing age.The use of hill pastures during late pregnancy and early lactation without any mineral supplement could result in significantly poorer ewe live-weight gain during the treatment period depending on season. This was also associated with significantly lighter single lambs at 6 weeks and with slower deterioration of the incisor teeth.It is suggested that minerals lost from the body during lactation on reseeded pastures are not replaced during the autumn recovery period on hill pastures and that a gradual depletion occurs throughout life, leading possibly to demineralization of the alveolar bone and premature loss of the incisor teeth. It is suggested that this is indicative of a higher mineral requirement for maintenance of the permanent dentition than is necessary for normal acceptable growth andreproductive performance. Mineral content of hill herbage may therefore be too low to supply requirements at the levels of OM intake normal on hill pastures.

The utilization by beef cattle of a cereal supplement given in liquid suspension or in the dry form

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Renton ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Liquid Suspension

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out in which a cereal supplement was given to beef cattle, either in suspension in water or as a dry supplement. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain, food intake or food conversion ratios. Although there was a tendency for the digestibility coefficients of all constituents to be lower on the diet containing the liquid supplement, the differences were not statistically significant. It is concluded that giving a supplement in suspension has no adverse effect on the utilization of the overall diet and could facilitate mechanization of the feeding operation.

Studies on the nutrition of ruminants: 5. The effect of diets containing up to 70% ground barley straw on the live-weight gain and carcass composition of yearling Friesian cattle

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Swan ◽  
G. E. Lamming
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cattle

SUMMARY1. Three groups, each of eight steers, were fed on pelleted diets containing 30, 50 or 70% ground barley straw, maize and soya bean meal. On an air-dry basis the diets contained 12% crude protein.2. Daily live-weight gain was 1·29, 1·19 and 1·02 kg/day for the 30, 50 and 70% straw diets respectively, and was negatively related to the percentage of crude fibre in the dry matter (r = −0·61, P < 0·05).3. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, determined in sheep at the maintenance level of feeding was negatively related to percentage crude fibre in the dry matter (r = −0·91, P < 0·001).4. All animals were killed at approximately the same live weight, which was reached on average in 140,153 and 163 days by the 30, 50 and 70% groups, respectively.5. The differences in mean carcass weight between treatments were significant (P < 0·05). Killing-out percentage was significantly reduced (P < 0·05) as the proportion of ground barley straw in the diet was increased from 30 to 70%.6. The proportion of straw in the diet had no direct effect on the composition of carcass gain.7. The results are discussed in relation to the intake of digestible energy.

Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 1. The effect of ambient temperature on the intake of foods of differing bulk content

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Whittemore ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
B.J. Tolkamp
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
High Bulk

AbstractAn experiment was carried out on pigs to provide a test of two current conceptual frameworks available for the understanding and prediction of food intake. Framework 1 assumes that food intake will be that which allows potential (genetic) performance to be achieved. If this is not achieved then it is because intake is being constrained. Framework 2 sees food intake as being a consequence of a process of optimization such that biological efficiency (the ratio of net energy ingested to oxygen consumed) is maximized. Both frameworks predict that a reduction in temperature will increase the intake of a high quality food. For a food of low quality framework 2 predicts that intake will also be increased when temperature is decreased while framework 1 predicts that it will not. This difference between the predictions of the two frameworks allows them to be tested by means of an experiment in which foods of different quality were given to animals at different environmental temperatures.Forty pigs were randomly allocated to a control (C) food based on micronized wheat with 13·1 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 232 g crude protein (CP) per kg fresh food, or one of two high bulk foods. The high bulk foods contained either 650 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) or 650 g/kg of wheat bran (WB). Half the pigs were maintained at a thermoneutral temperature of 22ºC for 14 days followed by a cold temperature of 12ºC for 14 days. The other half were maintained at 12ºC for a period of 14 days followed by a temperature of 22ºC for 14 days. Food intake was recorded daily and live weight twice weekly.There was a highly significant food ✕ temperature interaction ( P < 0·001) for food intake. A reduction in temperature resulted in an increase in food intake on C and WB but had no effect on the intake of SBP. There was a highly significant effect of both temperature and food on intake ( P < 0·001). A reduction in temperature resulted in a significant increase in food intake, intake on WB was higher than that of either C or SBP. There was no overall effect of temperature on live-weight gain although a reduction in temperature resulted in a non-significant increase in the gain of C and reduction in the gain of WB and SBP. There was a highly significant effect of food ( P < 0·001) on live-weight gain, as gain on C was higher than that on either WB or SBP.The results of the experiment were in agreement with the predictions set forward by the first framework that growing pigs are eating to achieve maximum performance subject to constraints.

Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos® in pig nutrition

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Empirical Modelling

AbstractThis exploratory holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos®, (BM), an outer cell wall derivative of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is part of an empirical modelling research programme comparing the efficacies of potential replacements for veterinary prescription-free pronutrient antibiotics in pig production. The data resource was mined from 128 saccharide publications of which 31/97 on BM (1997 to 2003) provided 69 negatively controlled start-to-finish tests from 10 countries (USA 71%) using 3778 pigs(30·5 per treatment). Respective food intake, live-weight gain and food conversion responses of 0·0075 kg/day (0·99%), 0·0145 kg/day (3·58%) and −0·0526 (3·07%) have coefficients of variation of 511, 163 and 229% and beneficial gain and conversion frequencies of 73 and 68%, 54% jointly. Holo-analytical multiple regression models of BM food intake, live-weight gain and food conversion effects using conventional and less stringent probabilities contain significant independent variables for negative control performances, dosage, discontinuous dosage, test duration, year of test, non-USA test, male, grower-finisher, slatted floor, processed food, antibacterial foods, animal protein food, main vegetable protein not soya bean, added oil/fat food and factorial data, which account for 11 to 68% of variations in response. The models quantify differences in research and praxis and indicate areas for future modelling research on BM dose-response relations, effects of ration ingredient and nutrient contents, other saccharide efficacy comparisons, including lactose, and BM comparisons and interactions with other proposed antibiotic replacements.

Diets with chemically treated straw for beef steers: effects of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate on food utilization, growth and bacterial cellulolysis

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
A. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Weight Gains

ABSTRACTThe effects of level of supplemental carbohydrate from turnips and level of rumen degradable nitrogen on bacterial cellulolysis, food intake, live-weight gain and diet digestibility were examined with 36 300-kg Friesian steers allocated, in a randomized-block design, to one of six dietary treatments: (i) sodium hydroxide treated straw plus a supplement of urea (30 g urea per kg straw dry matter (DM)) (uO); (ii) uOplus turnips (23·5 g DM per kg M0·75); (Hi) uOplus a high level of turnips (47 g DM per kg M0·75); (iv) (v) and (vi), the same three diets, but with additional urea (60 g urea per kg straw DM). In two separate experiments each lasting for 56 days, the turnip allowance was given in either two feeds, or one feed per day and the straw was given to appetite. Rumen fluid was obtained by stomach tube from all steers before feeding (07·30 h) and after feeding (11.00 h) on days 10 and 24 of each experiment.Weight gains for all groups given straw plus turnips were high (> 0·90 kg/day). Increasing the quantity of turnips gave significantly increased DM intakes and weight gains but then turnips substituted for straw, and the proportion of straw consumed decreased from 0·8 to 0·6 of the dietary DM (P< 0·01) There were no significant interactions between frequency of feeding of turnips and level of urea on the variables food intake and weight gain. Fibre digestibility was not depressed by the addition of turnips to the diet. Rumen fluid pH decreased after the steers ate turnips but tended to remain above 6·7. There were no large changes in the total number of viable cellulolytic bacteria as a result of either addition of urea or turnips to the diet; counts remained in the order of 107 per ml. Steers consumed large quantities of sodium hydroxide treated straw; turnips were therefore only a small proportion of the overall DM intake with relatively little effect on bacterial cellulolysis.

The utilization by beef cattle of concentrate diets containing different levels of milled barley straw and of protein

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven ◽  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. H. D. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Live Weight Gain

Summary1. An experiment consisting of two separate trials was carried out to study the utilization by beef cattle of high concentrate diets containing different amounts of milled barley straw and of protein. For each trial twenty-four Friesian steers, initially weighing about 270 kg, were divided into three groups and the animals within each group then allocated at random to eight dietary treatments. The treatments were based on an all-concentrate diet and three others containing 10, 20 and 30% of milled (1 in screen) barley straw. Four of the treatments consisted of giving the same concentrate mixture with each level of straw, and the other four involved giving concentrate mixtures with increasing levels of protein so that the percentage of protein in the diets was maintained. All the diets were fed ad libitum until slaughter.2. Performance in terms of live-weight gain was considered as the net result of a number of factors, notably the total intake of dry matter, the digestibility of the dry matter, the efficiency of utilization of the end products of fermentation in the rumen and the composition of the live-weight gain. The inclusions of 20 and 30% of straw in the diet were associated with lower rates of gain than on corresponding all-concentrate and 10% straw treatments but the differences obtained did not attain significance. Total intakes of dry matter were greater on treatments containing 10 and 20% of straw than on corresponding all-concentrate treatments, but then declined with further increase in level of straw to 30%. This trend was significantly curvilinear (P < 0·01), the equation for the relationship beingY = 5·881 + 0·131X - 0·004X2,with Y being the daily intake of dry matter (kg) and X the percentage of straw in the diet. The maximum intake of dry matter was calculated to occur with a level of 16·4% straw in the diet and represents an increase in total dry matter intake of 18·2% over that on an all-concentrate diet. Food conversion ratio, expressed as total dry matter consumed per kg live-weight gain, tended to increase with increasing proportion of straw in the diet.3. The mean digestibility of organic matter fell sharply with the inclusion of 10% straw in the ration, the decrease being 8·2% where the protein level was not maintained and 9·1% where it was maintained. Further reductions in digestibility occurred on the 20 and 30% straw diets, but the magnitude of the reductions were considerably less than those brought about by the initial introduction of straw into the ration.4. The molar percentage of acetic acid in the steam volatile acids of rumen liquor increased markedly, and that of propionic acid decreased sharply from the all-concentrate to the 10% straw treatment with a similar level of dietary protein. Increase in the level of straw to 30% gave rise to a further increase in the proportion of acetic acid and reduction in that of propionic acid. Analysis of samples taken at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h after feeding showed appreciable differences in pattern between treatments.5. Effects of treatment on killing-out percentage were different for each trial. In trial 1 the inclusion of straw in the diet did not cause any reduction in killing-out percentage, but the maintenance of protein level gave rise to a significantly higher killing-out percentage than was obtained with the lower protein groups. In trial 2 the killing-out percentages showed a significantly linear (P < 0·01) decrease with increasing proportion of straw in the ration, and maintenance of protein level did not give any improvement.

The use of sodium hydroxide-treated straw in rations for beef cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Cuthbert ◽  
W. S. Thickett ◽  
P. N. Wilson ◽  
T. Brigstocke
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Beet Pulp

ABSTRACTSixty-four British Friesian castrated male cattle (steers) with an average starting weight of 292 kg and an average slaughter weight of 460 kg were used to compare compound diets containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% NaOH-treated straw. A basic diet of 1·8 kg hay, 1·8 kg barley straw and sugar beet pulp, on a scale rising from 1·4 to 2·8 kg according to live weight, was given throughout the trial. Compound diets were individually offered on a scale starting at 3·8 kg rising to 5·8 kg with an average intake of 4·9 kg/day. Treatments did not differ significantly in respect of live-weight gain, which ranged from 0·94 kg/day with the control to 0·97 kg/day with the 30% NaOH-treated straw compound. The grading of the animals, based on the Meat and Livestock Classification scheme, also showed no significant difference.A second trial with a further 64 British Friesian steers tested inclusion levels of 0, 30,45 and 60% treated straw in a compound diet. At the start of the trial, the cattle averaged 328 kg live weight and were slaughtered from 450 kg live weight. Animals were yarded in store condition and were given a combination of grass silage and compound diets according to a scale, based on live weight and a predicted performance of 1 kg live-weight gain per day. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain, which ranged from 0·97 kg on the control to 1·02 kg/day on the 45% NaOH-treated straw diet. There was some refusal on the 60% NaOH-treated straw diet in respect of twice daily allocations, with a few cattle on occasions not being able to consume the allowance in the 30 min provided. However, each feed allocation was always consumed before the next meal. There were no significant differences between treatments in respect of fat class, but cattle on the 45% treated-straw diet had statistically superior conformation compared with the control.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook ◽  
K. T. Jagusch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body Composition ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Different Levels

1. Thirty-three cross-bred lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk from 1 week of age at different levels of intake and at different frequencies of feeding.2. Feeding frequency had no effect on live-weight gain, N retention or total body composition.3. Lambs given two feeds daily had significantly heavier abomasums than pair-fed lambs given six feeds daily.4. The weights of fat, protein (N x 6.25) and water in the body were closely related to empty body weight; body composition (% of empty body) was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake or by the rate of growth.5. Live-weight gain was closely related to energy intake (r = +0.99) and to N retention (r = +0.97). A live-weight gain of 100 g was associated with an intake of 511 kcal and a N retention of 2.28 g N.

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