The effects of calcium and phosphorus supplementation on the performance of Scottish Blackface hill ewes, with particular reference to the premature loss of permanent incisor teeth

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Alveolar Bone ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Live Weight Gain

SUMMARYA subclinical calcium or phosphorus dietary deficiency on many hill pastures and a relationship between this and the premature loss of permanent incisor teeth are postulated. The effects of small individual supplements of calcium (12 g calcium carbonate suspended in water) or phosphorus (13 g monosodium phosphate in solution) supplied three times a week between mid-February and the end of May to Scottish Blackface ewes which grazed reseeded pasture in April and May were compared with those of no mineral supplement and with those of no mineral supplementon hill pastures throughout.Neither supplement had any significant effect on the number or weights of lambs born or reared on reseeded pastures. Both resulted in significantly greater ewe live-weight gain during the treatment period, in a significant improvement in the firmness and permanence of the incisor teeth, and in significantly higher serum Ca levels during lactation. All effects increased with advancing age.The use of hill pastures during late pregnancy and early lactation without any mineral supplement could result in significantly poorer ewe live-weight gain during the treatment period depending on season. This was also associated with significantly lighter single lambs at 6 weeks and with slower deterioration of the incisor teeth.It is suggested that minerals lost from the body during lactation on reseeded pastures are not replaced during the autumn recovery period on hill pastures and that a gradual depletion occurs throughout life, leading possibly to demineralization of the alveolar bone and premature loss of the incisor teeth. It is suggested that this is indicative of a higher mineral requirement for maintenance of the permanent dentition than is necessary for normal acceptable growth andreproductive performance. Mineral content of hill herbage may therefore be too low to supply requirements at the levels of OM intake normal on hill pastures.

scholarly journals Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
L. J. Cook ◽  
K. T. Jagusch
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Body Composition ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Different Levels

1. Thirty-three cross-bred lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk from 1 week of age at different levels of intake and at different frequencies of feeding.2. Feeding frequency had no effect on live-weight gain, N retention or total body composition.3. Lambs given two feeds daily had significantly heavier abomasums than pair-fed lambs given six feeds daily.4. The weights of fat, protein (N x 6.25) and water in the body were closely related to empty body weight; body composition (% of empty body) was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake or by the rate of growth.5. Live-weight gain was closely related to energy intake (r = +0.99) and to N retention (r = +0.97). A live-weight gain of 100 g was associated with an intake of 511 kcal and a N retention of 2.28 g N.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

Characteristics of productive and hematological indicators of broiler chickens when using different antimicrobial substances in their rearing

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
S. Alexandrova ◽  
A. Bakharev ◽  
O. Simonov ◽  
E. Renev ◽  
S. Shabaldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Colloidal Silver ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Experimental Group

Under the environments of the Tyumen region a scientific and research work has been carried out, including an assessment of the influence of antimicrobial substances: colloidal silver, antibiotics and organic acids on the body of broiler chickens. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the influence of antimicrobial substances on the productivity of broiler chickens. The research and laboratory experiment has been carried out in the laboratory of the Northern Trans-Ural Scientific and Research Institute of the Tyumen Scientific Center of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences on chickens of the cross ArborAykrs+. Chickens at the daily age have been distributed according to the principle of balanced groups-analogues. The period of chicken rearing was 35 days, during the same period the analysis of the studied antimicrobial substances has been performed. The composition of the test substances was included colloidal silver 10 μg/l, antibiotics (Pulsoceril, Enronite) and the mixture of organic acids (Agrofeed) at the dose of 0,4 ml/l. The results have shown that chickens that have been watered colloidal silver had the gain of live weight for the period of rearing 1850,94 g or lower than chickens in the control group. At the same time, broiler chickens with watering of antibiotics and organic acids exceeded the control group’s analogues. For example chickens of the 1st experimental group where colloidal silver has been watered at the dose of 10 mcg/l every day had the live weight gain during the rearing period lower by 15,56 g and the average daily live weight gain of 0,45 g than chickens of the control group. At the same time broilers of the 2nd experimental group (with antibiotics) and the 3rd experimental group (with organic acids) had the higher gain of live weight during the rearing period by 56,61 and 95,23 g, respectively, compared to the control group. The average daily gain diff erences were 1,62 and 2,72 g. Indicators of morphological and biochemical composition of blood of experimental groups of broiler chickens indicated that they were within the limits of the corresponding physiological norms. At the same time, there were some changes on the part of both red and white blood, which seems to be related not only to the body’s response to feeding, but also to the biochemical processes within the body.

The influence of dietary concentration of calcium and phosphorus on their retention in the body of the growing pig

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Mudd ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
A Value ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Growing Pig

SUMMARYThree gilts and three castrated males weighing 23 kg live weight were given four semi-synthetic diets containing increasing amounts of Ca and P. The Ca and P contents (% dry basis) and Ca:P ratios for the four diets were A, 0·30, 0·38, 1:1·27; B, 0·58, 0·68, 1:1·17; C, 0·94, 1·13, l:l·20; D, 1·16, 1·47, 1:1·27. Each animal was slaughtered at 41 kg live weight and the whole body contents of Ca and P determined. Six pigs were slaughtered at 23 kg live weight and their bodies also analysed for Ca and P contents. Dietary concentration of Ca and P did not influence rate or efficiency of live weight gain nor carcass characteristics. Net retention of Ca and P increased with increasing dietary concentration of these elements. Analyses of isolated femurs suggested that optimal mineralization of the bone was associated with a net retention of 8·2 g Ca/kg live weight gain. The data were used to calculate a value of 32·9 mg/kg live weight/day for the endogenous loss of Ca in pigs of 23–41 kg body weight. The values have been used to compute a mineral requirement of dietary calcium which is in excellent agreement with that derived from estimates in the literature.

Seasonal changes in the composition and mineral content of the body of hill ewes

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Field ◽  
N. F. Suttle ◽  
R. G. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Intracellular Ions

SUMMARYGroups of ewes kept under hill conditions were killed at intervals during October to July 1965–66. Supplementary feed was given between February and May. The carcasses were divided into soft tissue, uterus and its contents and skeletal fractions. Each fraction was dissolved in HNO3 and its fat and mineral content measured. The sheep were heavier in November and lighter in May during lactation than at other times. The content of fat in the body fell progressively from October to May and then increased; initially fat was withdrawn only from the soft tissues but by April and May the fat contents of both skeleton and soft tissues were exceedingly low. The weight of fatfree soft tissue remained relatively constant but was heaviest in July. Fat-free skeleton fraction was lighter in January than in April.The contents of the predominantly intracellular ions, P, Mg and K in the soft tissue fell between November and January, remained constant between January and May and then increased. There was an increase in Na towards the end of pregnancy followed by a marked fall after parturition. The contents of Ca and P in the skeleton fell between November and January and during lactation between April and July. There was a marked increase between February and April when supplementary feeding was given. Evidence that Mg was selectively removed from the skeleton was obtained in November and January, two sheep having Ca:Mg ratios in skeleton greater than 100. Na and K contents of the skeleton were greatest at the end of pregnancy in April. For the lambs between 6 and 23 kg live weight, each kg of live-weight gain contained 8·8 g Ca, 5·0 g P, 0·27 g Mg, 0·83 g Na and 1·85 g K.

Winter feeding of the in-lamb ewe

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Large ◽  
F. E. Alder ◽  
C. R. W. Spedding
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year ◽  
Winter Feeding

1. Three winter feeding experiments (1954–57) were carried out using small flocks of Border Leicester x Cheviot ewes tupped by a Suffolk ram.2. The feeds used were various combinations of (a) silage, (b) hay, (c) ‘winter grass’, and (d)concentrates. Their value in late pregnancy was compared in terms of performance of the ewe and the birth weight of the lambs.3. In addition, in one year (1956–57) the effect of level of nutrition in early pregnancy and during the first 28 days of lactation was studied.4. It was found that ‘winter grass’ could replace silage and hay where a concentrate ration was being fed.5. Satisfactory results were obtained with a concentrate ration of ⅜ lb. per head per day rising to ¾ lb. per head per day by lambing time.6. In the mild winter of 1956–57 a group of ewes produced normal healthy lambs when fed entirely on ‘winter grass’ during the latter half of pregnancy.7. The intensity of grazing of the ewes in early pregnancy affected their live-weight gain, but this seemed to have little effect on lamb production.8. A high plane of nutrition during early lactation resulted in a significantly greater live-weight gain of lambs over this period. The difference had been reduced to a non-significant level by mid-June.9. None of the treatments imposed had any very marked effect on the nematode egg-output of the ewes.

The effect of supplementation with protein, lipid and propionate on nutrient partitioning in roughage-fed lambs

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. J. van Houtert ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning

AbstractEighty castrated male lambs were allocated to either an initial slaughter group (no. = 16) or one of eight treatment groups (no. = 8). Ammoniated barley straw was offered ad libitum. This was supplemented with sodium (Na) propionate (0 or 20 g/day), formaldehyde-treated casein, (protected casein, 0 or 50 g/day) and/or calcium (Ca) salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca soap, 0 or 30 g/day), as a factorial design. Measurements were made of food intake, live-weight gain and wool growth, rumen fluid parameters and changes in body composition over a period of 155 days.Food intake (g dry matter per kg live weight) was lower in the groups supplemented with Ca soap and Na propionate. Fleece-free live-weight gain was increased by supplementation with protected casein and Ca soap, but was not affected by Na propionate. Supplementation with protected casein increased wool yield. Adjusted means for water, protein and ash content of the body (adjusted to mean fleece/digesta-free body weight at slaughter of 27·1 kg) were affected significantly by the second-order interaction between the supplements. Adjusted body water and protein mass were lower when Na propionate was given alone or with Ca soap and protected casein. Fat mass tended to be higher under those conditions. Supplementation with Ca soap increased adjusted fat and gross energy contents and decreased adjusted protein and water mass. Supplementation with protected casein decreased total body fat and increased adjusted protein mass in the body. The partitioning of water, protein, fat, ash and energy between the carcass and non-carcass residues was affected to a small extent also. These results demonstrate interactive effects of the supplements used, on nutrient partitioning in lambs offered straw-based diets.

Levels of first winter feeding in relation to performance of Cheviot hill ewes. I. Body growth and development during treatment period

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Maximum Gain ◽  
Low Level ◽  
North And South ◽  
Different Levels

1. Over 3 years, different levels of first winter nutrition were imposed on groups of North and South Country Cheviot ewe hoggs (lambs). In 1956–57, three levels, high, mid and low, were fed indoors. In 1957-58, only two levels, high and mid, were fed indoors, with the low level being represented by hill wintering. In 1958–59, two levels were represented by away wintering and hill wintering.2. Low-plane feeding was designed to simulate average hill wintering, creating a 10% loss in live weight. Mid-plane feeding was designed to maintain live weight at approximately the same level throughout the winter. High-plane feeding was designed to produce a live-weight gain of 15–20% in 1956–57 and the maximum gain possible in 1957–58.

Analysis of some factors which affect the productivity of beef cows and of their calves in a marginal rainfall area of Rhodesia. 4. The growth and efficiency of live-weight gain of weaned and sucking calves at different ages

1979 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Calf Performance

ABSTRACTThe growth and efficiency of live-weight gain of 36 calves confined in pens was studied between 30 and 210 days of age. They were weaned individually at 30, 90 or 150 days old and offered one of three solid foods which contained 200, 300 or 400 g milled roughage/kg both before and after weaning. From 30 to 90 days and from 90 to 150 days weaned calves consumed more (P<0·001) solid food than sucking calves. During both these periods sucking calves consumed more (P< 0·001 and P<0·05 during the first and second periods respectively) metabolizable energy (ME), gained more (P<0·01) body weight and also gained more body weight/MJ ME consumed than weaned calves. Composition of solid food had little effect on calf performance.The combined efficiency (kg calf weight gain/MJ ME consumed by cow and calf unit) was higher (P<0·001) for suckling cows and calves than for weaned cows and calves between 30 and 90 days. Between 90 and 150 days, weaning had no effect on combined efficiency.Eight similar calves which were reared by their dams on veld until 210 days of age were heavier at 90 (P< 0·001) and 150 (P<0·05) days than penned calves which had been given concentrates ad libitum since weaning at 30 days. The body weights of these two groups were similar at 210 days.

scholarly journals Influence of probiоtic additive “Evitalia” on growth and blood indices of quails

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (104) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
N. Cherniy ◽  
I. Skvortsova ◽  
B. Gutyj ◽  
R. Mylostyvyi ◽  
V. Voronyak
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Experimental Group

The results of the studies on the determination of the optimal dose of the probiotic additive “Evitalia” (PAE) for the quails of the Texas breed have been presented in the article. The experiments were conducted on the quails aged 1–35 days. The object of the research was the probiotic additive “Evitalia” that consisted of eight components (the strains of lactic acidmicroorganisms, macro- and microelements). The subject of the investigation was the influence of PAE on the growth, preservation, the morphological composition and biochemical indices of blood. The studies were carried out in the following conditions of microclimate and sanitary regime: the air temperature in the pens-cages was 16–18 ºC in the autumn and winter period that was 5–7 ºC lower than it was provided by the standard; in spring the temperature was 23–15 ºС that was lower than it was provided by the standard (29–35 ºС). The concentration of carbon dioxide ranged within 0.20–0.25 % (2.0–2.5 l/m3), ammonia – 12–13.4 mg/m3, the general contamination of the air by microflora was 50–60 thousand KOE/m3. The experiments were conducted on the four groups of quails, 60 quails in each group. The quails of the control group were fed by water without PAE, the probiotic at the dose of 7 mg/500 ml of water was given to the quails of the experimental group 1 (E-1), 9 mg of probiotic/500 ml water received the birds of the experimental group 2 (E-2) and the quails of the experimental group 3 (E-3) were given the probiotic at the dose of 11 mg/500 ml water. The positive influence of the probiotic additive “Evitalia” on the growth and the body live weight gain of the quails was observedin the experimental groups as compared to the quails of the control group. The trustworthy increase in the growth and live weight gain of the quails was detected on the 7-, 14-, 21-, 35-day of their life (Р < 0.05), especially in the quails that received PAE at the dose of 9 mg (E-2). The quails of the experimental group 2 exceeded the others by the average daily live weight gains. The growth intensity of the quails in the experimental group 2 was 6.43 % higher than that of the control one, higher by 3.47 % and 5.57 % than in the experimental groups 1 and 3, respectively. The preservation of the quails in the control group was lower by 4.8 – 5.1 % as compared to the quails in the experimental groups. By the data on the growth of the body live weight, the composition and biochemical indices of blood of the quails it can be concluded that the optimal dose of the probioticadditive “Evitalia” is 9 mg/500 ml water that activates hematopoesis and stimulates the growth and development of quails.

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