Inbreeding depression in grazing Blackface sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Doney
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Natal Mortality ◽  
Made In ◽  
Birth Type

Four Scottish Blackface rams were mated with a group of their own daughters and a similar number of non-related ewes. The matings were made in three successive years. All ewes were maintained under normal hill conditions. Female progeny from the matings entered the ewe flock unculled. Records of birth type, birth weight, fleece and live-weights throughout life were obtained.Inbred lambs had lower mean values for all measured characters than did their non-inbred half-sibs and there was a greater number of apparently barren ewes amongst the flock ewes which were expected to produce inbred lambs. The inbred progeny, also maintained in the normal hill flock, showed a higher incidence of barrenness and lower lamb survival rates at all ages than did their non-inbred contemporaries in the same environment. In the final year of the observations, when the standard of nutrition during late pregnancy was raised, the neo-natal mortality rate in both groups was reduced.

Studies in pasture management for the breeding ewe. I. Effects on ewe liveweights, incidence of pregnancy toxaemia, lamb birth weights, and neo-natal mortality

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
HL Davies
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Natal Mortality ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Pregnancy Toxaemia

Breeding ewes were run under three systems of pasture management on sown pastures (based on subterranean clover) at Canberra. The ewes lambed from mid August to late September. The three management treatments were: (i) Continuous grazing (treatment CG). (ii) Ewes were confined to one-third of the whole area available in early pregnancy, so that feed was autumn-deferred for late pregnancy (treatment DP).(iii) Ewes were confined to a portion (one-third in 1956, one-half in 1957) of the area for the whole of pregnancy in order to ensure an adequate amount of feed for lactation (treatment DL). Two stocking rates and two breeds of ram were compared (Merino and Border Leicester). Treatment DL resulted in unsatisfactory liveweight gains during pregnancy, a far higher incidence of pregnancy toxaemia, reduced lamb birth weight, and increased neo-natal mortality. At the low stocking rate there were no significant differences between treatments CG and DP. At the high stocking rate, treatment DP reduced liveweight gain in early pregnancy and ensured an adequate liveweight gain in late pregnancy. The incidence of pregnancy toxaemia was lower at the high stocking rate in 1957 on treatment DP compared with CG. At the higher stocking rate, ditocous ewes on treatment DP gained more weight in late pregnancy than those on CG or DL.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN BBLR DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH PALEMBANG BARI TAHUN 2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih Juliana Widyastuti Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square

ABSTRACT   Low birth weight (LBW) infants with birth weight is less than 2500 grams, regardless of gestational age. Statistically showed 90 % incidence of LBW obtained in developing countries with a mortality rate 35 times higher tinggi.Di South Sumatra Province Infant Mortality Rate ( IMR ) is 29 per 1,000 live births. In Palembang BARI hospitals incidence of LBW in 2013 amounted to 317 cases . The purpose of this study is to determine is there a relationship between the factors of age, education, and parity with the incidence of Low Birth Weight in Palembang BARI hospitals in 2013. This study used survey method crosss sectional analytic approach. The study population was all women who gave birth and was admitted to hospital obstetrics Palembang BARI installations in 2013 amounted to 901. This research was conducted in February 2014. Samples were taken with a random sampling method sistematic. Analyze data using statistical test Chi - Square. Results of univariate analysis of this study showed that 193 (69.4 %) of the respondents had low birth weight, and 85 (30.6 %) respondents had BBLN. 63 (22.7 %) of respondents with a high risk of maternal age and 215 (77.3 %) of respondents with a low risk of maternal age. 157 (56.5 %) respondents with low education mothers and 121 (43.5 %) of respondents with higher education mothers. 48 (17.3 %) respondents with high parity mothers and 230 (82.7 %) respondents with low parity mothers. So the bivariate analysis showed no significant association between maternal age with the incidence of LBW with P value = 0.035, no significant association between education and the incidence of LBW with P value = 0.006, and no significant relationship between the incidence of low birth weight with parity P value = 0.041. It is recommended for health care workers (midwives) hospital in order to be used as material information regarding the occurrence of LBW and as an input as well as the evaluation of success in good health or when needed to do counseling and care of LBW, especially to mothers who give birth to low birth weight baby.   ABSTRAK Berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) adalah bayi dengan berat lahir kurang dari 2500 gram tanpa memandang masa gestasi. Secara statistik menunjukkan 90% kejadian BBLR didapatkan di negara berkembang dengan angka kematiannya 35 kali lebih tinggi.Di Propinsi Sumatera Selatan Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) sebesar 29 per 1.000 kelahiran hidup. Di RSUD Palembang BARI Tahun 2013 angka kejadian BBLR berjumlah 317 kasus. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adakah hubungan antara faktor umur, pendidikan, dan paritas dengan kejadian Berat Badan Lahir Rendah di RSUD Palembang BARI Tahun 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey analitik dengan pendekatan crosss sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua ibu yang melahirkan dan dirawat inap di instalasi kebidanan RSUD Palembang BARI Tahun 2013 berjumlah 901. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2014. Sampel penelitian diambil dengan metode sistematic random sampling. Analisa data menggunakan uji statistik Chi – Square. Hasil penelitian analisis univariat ini menunjukkan bahwa 193 (69,4%) responden mengalami BBLR, dan 85 (30,6%) responden mengalami BBLN. 63 (22,7%) responden dengan umur ibu resiko tinggi dan 215 (77,3%) responden dengan umur ibu resiko rendah. 157 (56,5%) responden dengan ibu pendidikan rendah dan 121 (43,5%) responden dengan ibu pendidikan tinggi. 48 (17,3%) reponden dengan ibu paritas tinggi dan 230 (82,7%) responden dengan ibu paritas rendah. Sehingga analisa bivariat menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur ibu dengan kejadian BBLR dengan P value = 0,035, ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pendidikan dengan kejadian BBLR dengan P value = 0,006 dan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara paritas dengan kejadian BBLR dengan P value = 0,041. Disarankan bagi petugas kesehatan (bidan) rumah sakit agar dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan informasi mengenai terjadinya BBLR dan sebagai bahan masukan serta evaluasi keberhasilan dalam pelayanan kesehatan yang baik atau bila perlu dilakukannya penyuluhan serta asuhan  tentang BBLR khususnya kepada ibu yang melahirkan Bayi dengan BBLR.  

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Long-Term Trends in Length of Hospital Stay, Postmenstrual Age at Discharge, and Survival in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

Neonatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Matthias Fröhlich ◽  
Tatjana Tissen-Diabaté ◽  
Christoph Bührer ◽  
Stephanie Roll
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vlbw Infants ◽  
Postmenstrual Age ◽  
Over Time

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In very low birth weight (&#x3c;1,500 g, VLBW) infants, morbidity and mortality have decreased substantially during the past decades, and both are known to be lower in girls than in boys. In this study, we assessed sex-specific changes over time in length of hospital stay (LOHS) and postmenstrual age at discharge (PAD), in addition to survival in VLBW infants. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is a single-center retrospective cohort analysis based on quality assurance data of VLBW infants born from 1978 to 2018. Estimation of sex-specific LOHS over time was based on infants discharged home from neonatal care or deceased. Estimation of sex-specific PAD over time was based on infants discharged home exclusively. Analysis of in-hospital survival was performed for all VLBW infants. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In 4,336 of 4,499 VLBW infants admitted from 1978 to 2018 with complete data (96.4%), survival rates improved between 1978–1982 and 1993–1997 (70.8 vs. 88.3%; hazard ratio (HR) 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.14, 0.30) and remained stable thereafter. Boys had consistently higher mortality rates than girls (15 vs. 12%, HR 1.23 [1.05, 1.45]). Nonsurviving boys died later compared to nonsurviving girls (adjusted mean survival time 23.0 [18.0, 27.9] vs. 20.7 [15.0, 26.3] days). LOHS and PAD assessed in 3,166 survivors displayed a continuous decrease over time (1978–1982 vs. 2013–2018: LOHS days 82.9 [79.3, 86.5] vs. 60.3 [58.4, 62.1] days); PAD 40.4 (39.9, 40.9) vs. 37.4 [37.1, 37.6] weeks). Girls had shorter LOHS than boys (69.4 [68.0, 70.8] vs. 73.0 [71.6, 74.4] days) and were discharged with lower PAD (38.6 [38.4, 38.8] vs. 39.2 [39.0, 39.4] weeks). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusions:</i></b> LOHS and PAD decreased over the last 40 years, while survival rates improved. Male sex was associated with longer LOHS, higher PAD, and higher mortality rates.

scholarly journals Energy Supplementation during the Last Third of Gestation Improves Mother–Young Bonding in Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽  
Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes ◽  
Héctor O. Orozco-Gregorio ◽  
Juan C. García-López ◽  
Milagros González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labor Duration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Birth Body Weight ◽  
Birth Type

We tested whether maternal energy supplementation during the last third of gestation improves birth weight, neonatal wellbeing, and mother–young bonding. Thirty-six pregnant French Alpine goats were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments for the last third of pregnancy: (i) Control, fed alfalfa (T-0; n = 12); (ii) alfalfa + 150 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-150; n = 12); (iii) alfalfa + 300 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-300; n = 12). At birth, we collected progeny data on birth weight, birth type, sex, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, time to standing, time to udder connection, and time to first feeding. For the dams, we collected data on the duration of labor, time to clean the progeny, and time to allow first suckling. At birth, body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, and the respiratory rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). In the dams, labor duration was not affected by the treatments (p > 0.05). The T-150 dams were faster to clean the newborn and allow first suckling (p < 0.05). The T-150 progeny were faster to stand and the T-300 progeny were faster to connect to the udder (p < 0.05). We conclude that energy supplementation of the dam during the last third of gestation does not affect the birth weight of the progeny, but enhances the mother–young bonding.

scholarly journals Prospective cohort study of mortality in very low birthweight infants in a single centre in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000918
Author(s):  
Isabel A Michaelis ◽  
Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann ◽  
Ncomeka Manyisane ◽  
Mikateko C Mazinu ◽  
Esme R Jordaan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Overall Mortality

BackgroundNeonatal mortality is a major contributor worldwide to the number of deaths in children under 5 years of age. The primary objective of this study was to assess the overall mortality rate of babies with a birth weight equal or below 1500 g in a neonatal unit at a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Furthermore, different maternal-related and infant-related factors for higher mortality were analysed.MethodsThis is a prospective cohort study which included infants admitted to the neonatal wards of the hospital within their first 24 hours of life and with a birth weight equal to or below 1500 g. Mothers who consented answered a questionnaire to identify factors for mortality.Results173 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were recruited in the neonatal department between November 2017 and December 2018, of whom 55 died (overall mortality rate 32.0%). Twenty-three of the 44 infants (53,5%) with a birth weight below 1000 g died during the admission. One hundred and sixty-one mothers completed the questionnaire and 45 of their babies died.Main factors associated with mortality were lower gestational age and lower birth weight. Need for ventilator support and sepsis were associated with higher mortality, as were maternal factors such as HIV infection and age below 20 years.ConclusionThis prospective study looked at survival of VLBW babies in an underprivileged part of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Compared with other public urban hospitals in the country, the survival rate remains unacceptably low. Further research is required to find the associated causes and appropriate ways to address these.

scholarly journals Interfacial integrity of bonded restorations with self-etching adhesives: Water storage and thermo-mechanical cycling

2012 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 169-177
Author(s):  
Gislaine Cristine Martins ◽  
Alfonso Sánchez-Ayala ◽  
Paulo Henrique Perlatti D’Alpino ◽  
Abraham Lincoln Calixto ◽  
João Carlos Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Single Bond ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Class V ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Composite Restorations ◽  
Mechanical Cycling ◽  
Interfacial Gap ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACTObjectives: Objective: To evaluate the effect of thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC) on the microleakage (μL) and axial gap width (AG) of Class V bonded restorations in premolars using self-etching adhesive systems. The bond strength of composite restorations to dentin (μTBS) using the same adhesives was also evaluated in third molars after water storage: 24 h and 6 months. The research hypotheses were tested for the results of two self-etching adhesives in comparison when a conventional two-step adhesive was used: (1) the μL and AG would be lower, regardless of TMC; (2) the μTBS of self-etching adhesives would be higher, irrespective of evaluation times.Methods: Sixty Class V composite restorations were made in 30 premolars and bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 (ASB2), AdheSE (ASE), and Adper Prompt L-Pop (APL-P) (n=20). Dentin μL and AG were immediately measured for half of the sample. The other half was evaluated after TMC. Eighteen third molars were also selected and bonded using the same adhesives to test the μTBS to dentin. Specimens were evaluated after 24 h and 6 months of water storage.Results: No differences in μL and AG were found among the groups (P>.05). The μTBS mean values were: ASB2>ASE>APL-P (P<.05); only Adper Single Bond 2 presented a significantly lower μTBS after water storage (P<.05)Conclusions: The bonding approach does not influence the microleakage and interfacial gap extension. Despite the decrease in the mean values, the bond strength to dentin of the conventional, two-step adhesive remains high after 6 months of water storage. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:169-177)

DIE AUSSCHEIDUNG VON TESTOSTERON UND EPITESTOSTERON BEI FRAUEN AM ENDE DER SCHWANGERSCHAFT

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-585
Author(s):  
K. Schollberg ◽  
E. Seiler ◽  
J. Holtorff
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Female Foetus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT The urinary excretion of testosterone and epitestosterone by women in late pregnancy has been studied. The mean values of 22 normal women in pregnancy mens X are 12.9 ± 9.2 μg/24 h in the case of testosterone and 16.1 ± 16.2 μg/24 h in the case of epitestosterone. Both values do not differ significantly from those of non-pregnant females. The excretion values of mothers bearing a male foetus (17.3 ± 8.9 μg/24 h) are higher than those of mothers with a female foetus (6.4 ± 4.8 μg/24 h). The difference is statistically significant with P = 0.01.

Inbreeding depression and floral type fitness differences in Viola canadensis (Violaceae), a species with chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 1420-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa M Culley
Keyword(s):  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Similar Survival ◽  
Cross Type

Few studies of inbreeding depression have focused on species producing both showy, chasmogamous (CH) flowers and self-pollinated, cleistogamous (CL) flowers. The goals of this investigation were to measure the level of inbreeding depression in the North American violet, Viola canadensis L., and to determine if any fitness differences were linked to floral type (CH versus CL) rather than to cross type (self versus outcross). Hand pollinations were carried out to produce self- and outcross-pollinated CH progeny, and CL seeds were also collected. In a greenhouse, selfed and outcrossed CH flowers produced similar numbers of seeds, and both types of progeny had similar survival rates and comparable numbers of CH flowers, although outcrossed CH progeny had 14% greater vegetative biomass than selfed CH progeny. The level of inbreeding depression in V. canadensis was low, indicating that there may be few drawbacks to selfing in this species. A comparison of CL and self-pollinated CH progeny showed that, although there were differences in CH flower number, overall fitness differences were minimal. The similar performance of selfed (CL and CH) and outcrossed progeny in early life-history stages of V. canadensis suggests a history of inbreeding in the population.Key words: cleistogamy, inbreeding depression, outcrossing, selfing, Viola canadensis.

Platelet Counts in Thriving Premature Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-689
Author(s):  
Arturo J. Aballi ◽  
Yupha Puapondh ◽  
Franklin Desposito
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Large Series ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Phase Platelet

Phase platelet counts in a large series of premature infants showed mean levels of 220,000/mm3, 260,000/mm3 and 309,000/mm3 during the first 2 days and in the second and in the fourth week respectively. An additional confirmatory series of infants with weights of 1,500 gm or less showed comparable values. These were followed during the first 2 days, the sixth or seventh day, the tenth or eleventh day, the fourteenth or fifteenth day, and the twenty-eighth to thirtieth day. Mean values were 203,000/mm3, 255,000/mm3, 272,000/mm3, 309,000/mm3, and 354,000/mm3, respectively. A steady rise was generally observed during the first month of life irrespective of birth weight. In the first 2 days of life, platelet values under 150,000/mm3 are more common in premature infants than in full-term babies. However, counts under 100,000/mm3 at any time are unusual and suggest a search for pathological factors. Figures under 50,000/mm3 should be considered frankly abnormal under any circumstances.

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