Archaeology and human genetics: lessons for both

Antiquity ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (287) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri A. Brown ◽  
Mark Pluciennik
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

New research fields and areas of scientific specialization often bring division and disciplinary divides. Here Brown & Pluciennik discuss the impact of genetic research on archaeology.

Physics of Gauge Fields in Quantum Nanosciences

SPIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050018
Author(s):  
Seng Ghee Tan ◽  
Mansoor B. A. Jalil ◽  
Ching-Ray Chang ◽  
Shuichi Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Momentum Space ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

We review the formulation of gauge fields in terms of the frame of reference as well as the space in which the frame is defined. We highlighted some recent applications of gauge physics in the momentum space — in the modern fields of the spin Hall effect, the magnon Hall, the optical Magnus and the graphene valley Hall. General procedures of gauge transformation which lead to the construction of the gauge curvature and the equations of motion (EOM) are outlined. Central to this review is our intention to illustrate the impact of gauge physics on the past and future development of many new research fields emerging out of condensed matter physics, particularly in quantum nanosciences and nanoelectronics.

A New Narrative?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Nowakowska
Keyword(s):  
Master Narratives ◽  
European Context ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Our three existing master narratives of the early Reformation in Poland are all over a century old and mutually contradictory, drawing on different sources to serve differing confessional and national/ist agendas. This chapter offers a fresh narrative of the impact of Lutheranism on the Polish composite monarchy to c.1540, synthesizing these older accounts and updating them with new research findings. This is a narrative in three parts: early signs (1517–24), the great Reformation year (1525), and aftershocks (1526–40). The chapter discusses the challenges of measuring ‘Lutheran’ sentiment, sets these Polish-Prussian events clearly in their comparative European context, and considers what implications they might have for that bigger, familiar tale. It stresses the precocity of Sigismund I’s monarchy, which saw the most far-reaching urban and violent Reformation in 1520s Europe (Danzig), a peasant Reformation rising, and Christendom’s first territorial-princely Reformation, in Ducal Prussia.

scholarly journals Solutions for Unexpected Challenges Encountered when Integrating Research Genomics Results into the EHR

ACI Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. e132-e135
Author(s):  
Luke V. Rasmussen ◽  
Christin Hoell ◽  
Maureen E. Smith ◽  
Rex Chisholm ◽  
Justin Starren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Research ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Return Of Results ◽  
Patient Portal ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Genetic Test Results ◽  
Future Return ◽  
New Research ◽  
Genetic Results

Abstract Background While there have been published reports detailing technical challenges of incorporating genetic test results into the electronic health record (EHR) with proposed solutions, less has been published about unanticipated sociotechnological or practical communication challenges involved in this process. Objectives This study was aimed to describe unanticipated issues that arose returning genetic research results through the EHR as part of the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)-funded electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) 3 consortium, and provide lessons learned for future implementations Methods We sequenced 3,000 participants on a 109-gene panel and returned genetic results initially in person and/or by letter, with a later release directly into the EHR and patient portal. Results When results were returned through the EHR, multiple participants expressed confusion and contacted the health system, resulting in our institution temporarily freezing our return of research results. Discussion We determined the likely causes of this issue to be (1) the delay between enrollment and results return, (2) inability to personalize mass e-mail messages announcing new research test results in the EHR, (3) limited space for description of test results in the EHR, and (4) the requirement to list an ordering physician for research results in the EHR. For future return of results, we propose sending preparatory e-mails to participants, including screenshots of how they can expect to see their results presented in the EHR portal. Conclusion We hope our lessons learned can provide helpful guidance to other sites implementing research genetic results into the EHR and can encourage EHR developers to incorporate greater flexibility in the future.

scholarly journals Three models for the regulation of polygenic scores in reproduction

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-106588
Author(s):  
Sarah Munday ◽  
Julian Savulescu
Keyword(s):  
Human Genetics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Embryo Selection ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The past few years have brought significant breakthroughs in understanding human genetics. This knowledge has been used to develop ‘polygenic scores’ (or ‘polygenic risk scores’) which provide probabilistic information about the development of polygenic conditions such as diabetes or schizophrenia. They are already being used in reproduction to select for embryos at lower risk of developing disease. Currently, the use of polygenic scores for embryo selection is subject to existing regulations concerning embryo testing and selection. Existing regulatory approaches include ‘disease-based' models which limit embryo selection to avoiding disease characteristics (employed in various formats in Australia, the UK, Italy, Switzerland and France, among others), and 'laissez-faire' or 'libertarian' models, under which embryo testing and selection remain unregulated (as in the USA). We introduce a novel 'Welfarist Model' which limits embryo selection according to the impact of the predicted trait on well-being. We compare the strengths and weaknesses of each model as a way of regulating polygenic scores. Polygenic scores create the potential for existing embryo selection technologies to be used to select for a wider range of predicted genetically influenced characteristics including continuous traits. Indeed, polygenic scores exist to predict future intelligence, and there have been suggestions that they will be used to make predictions within the normal range in the USA in embryo selection. We examine how these three models would apply to the prediction of non-disease traits such as intelligence. The genetics of intelligence remains controversial both scientifically and ethically. This paper does not attempt to resolve these issues. However, as with many biomedical advances, an effective regulatory regime must be in place as soon as the technology is available. If there is no regulation in place, then the market effectively decides ethical issues.

scholarly journals A Fractional Approach to a Computational Eco-Epidemiological Model with Holling Type-II Functional Response

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159
Author(s):  
B. Günay ◽  
Praveen Agarwal ◽  
Juan L. G. Guirao ◽  
Shaher Momani
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Method ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Derivative Operator ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Fractional System ◽  
Chaotic Nature ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Type Ii Functional Response

Eco-epidemiological can be considered as a significant combination of two research fields of computational biology and epidemiology. These problems mainly take ecological systems into account of the impact of epidemiological factors. In this paper, we examine the chaotic nature of a computational system related to the spread of disease into a specific environment involving a novel differential operator called the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative. To approximate the solutions of this fractional system, an efficient numerical method is adopted. The numerical method is an implicit approximate method that can provide very suitable numerical approximations for fractional problems due to symmetry. Symmetry is one of the distinguishing features of this technique compared to other methods in the literature. Through considering different choices of parameters in the model, several meaningful numerical simulations are presented. It is clear that hiring a new derivative operator greatly increases the flexibility of the model in describing the different scenarios in the model. The results of this paper can be very useful help for decision-makers to describe the situation related to the problem, in a more efficient way, and control the epidemic.

scholarly journals Origins of human genetics. A personal perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Passarge
Keyword(s):  
Patient Care ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Genetic Diagnosis ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
American Society

AbstractGenetics evolved as a field of science after 1900 with new theories being derived from experiments obtained in fruit flies, bacteria, and viruses. This personal account suggests that the origins of human genetics can best be traced to the years 1949 to 1959. Several genetic scientific advances in genetics in 1949 yielded results directly relating to humans for the first time, except for a few earlier observations. In 1949 the first textbook of human genetics was published, the American Journal of Human Genetics was founded, and in the previous year the American Society of Human Genetics. In 1940 in Britain a textbook entitled Introduction to Medical Genetics served as a foundation for introducing genetic aspects into medicine. The introduction of new methods for analyzing chromosomes and new biochemical assays using cultured cells in 1959 and subsequent years revealed that many human diseases, including cancer, have genetic causes. It became possible to arrive at a precise cause-related genetic diagnosis. As a result the risk of occurrence or re-occurrence of a disease within a family could be assessed correctly. Genetic counseling as a new concept became a basis for improved patient care. Taken together the advances in medically orientated genetic research and patient care since 1949 have resulted in human genetics being both, a basic medical and a basic biological science. Prior to 1949 genetics was not generally viewed in a medical context. Although monogenic human diseases were recognized in 1902, their occurrence and distribution were considered mainly at the population level.

scholarly journals Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Modern Tool to Pinpoint Site-Specific Cooperative Processes

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Hongxin Wang ◽  
Artur Braun ◽  
Stephen P. Cramer ◽  
Leland B. Gee ◽  
Yoshitaka Yoda
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational Spectroscopy ◽  
Nuclear Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Data Process ◽  
The Future ◽  
Vibration Spectroscopy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Modern Tool

Nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) is a synchrotron radiation (SR)-based nuclear inelastic scattering spectroscopy that measures the phonons (i.e., vibrational modes) associated with the nuclear transition. It has distinct advantages over traditional vibration spectroscopy and has wide applications in physics, chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, materials sciences, and geology, as well as many other research areas. In this article, we present a scientific and figurative description of this yet modern tool for the potential users in various research fields in the future. In addition to short discussions on its development history, principles, and other theoretical issues, the focus of this article is on the experimental aspects, such as the instruments, the practical measurement issues, the data process, and a few examples of its applications. The article concludes with introduction to non-57Fe NRVS and an outlook on the impact from the future upgrade of SR rings.

Corruption and anti-corruption local discourses and international practices in post-socialist Romania

Human Affairs ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Zerilli
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Nation States ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
New Research ◽  
Local Discourses ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractIn the past two decades academic and research literature on “corruption” has flourished. During the same period organizations and initiatives fighting against corruption have also significantly expanded, turning “anti-corruption” into a new research subject. However, despite a few exceptions there is a division of labor between scholars who study corruption itself and those who study the global anti-corruption industry. Juxtaposing corruption’s local discourses and anti-corruption international practices, this article is an attempt to bring together these two intertwined research dimensions and explore how an ethnographic approach might contribute to framing them together. Firstly, it describes how corruption in Romania is often conceptualized and explained in terms of national heritage, something related to old and recent cultural history, including traditional folklore. Secondly, it explores how anti-corruption works in practice, focusing on international legal cooperation projects monitoring the progress and shortcomings both prior to and post Romania’s accession to the European Union. Finally, revealing the articulations of these two apparently unrelated research fields, the article argues that corruption’s local explanations and the circular logic of auditing observed within the anti-corruption industry share a common developmental ideology mirroring the crypto-colonialist structure of power relations and dependency among European nation-states emerging out of the Cold War.

Exploring climate finance for tourism adaptation development: an overview

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Vieira do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
English Language ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Climate Finance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
New Research

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the links between climate finance and tourism adaptation development. Besides increasing adaptation and mitigation efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions, climate change remains a major challenge in the twenty-first century and beyond especially for tourism which is highly climate sensitive. Hence, it is necessary for tourism to adapt to survive. The aim of the study is to provide a systematic overview of the topic to offer a foundation for better understanding different ways of integrating climate finance initiatives with tourism. Design/methodology/approach The research focused on the top-ranked, peer reviewed journals of each of the two selected research fields. To address this topic, an in-depth systematic literature review in the fields of climate change finance and tourism adaptation development was conducted. Furthermore, because it is a relatively new research topic, conference proceedings were also explored. To guarantee wide coverage of the literature, a query of the following scholarly databases was considered: Elsevier, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. Findings Based on the analyses of the literature available on the topic, the paper highlights the main research trends and conclusions. It is argued that there is imbalance of knowledge on climate change finance as it relates to tourism. To date, there have been relatively few published articles on this topic in the context of tourism. Based on the findings, promising areas for future research were identified, and in particular for small island communities and recommendations for future research are outlined. Research limitations/implications The paper is limited by the scope of the literature review accessed by the researcher. The results of this review may vary according to the databases used. Originality/value Currently, there is no extensive review of articles on climate finance and tourism adaptation. This paper aims at reviewing climate finance studies published in English language to explore knowledge gaps in tourism adaptation. Sets of themes being advanced are also highlighted. Recommendations for future research are provided.

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