scholarly journals Serum n-3 long-chain PUFA differ by sex and age in a population-based survey of New Zealand adolescents and adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca L. Crowe ◽  
C. Murray Skeaff ◽  
Timothy J. Green ◽  
Andrew R. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Cholesterol Ester ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Long Chain

A higher proportion of n-3 long-chain PUFA in tissue lipids has been associated with a lower risk of CVD and some cancers. Diet is an important predictor of n-3 long-chain PUFA composition; however, the importance of non-dietary factors such as sex and age is unclear. We measured the proportion of n-3 long-chain PUFA in serum phospholipid, cholesterol ester and TAG of 2793 New Zealanders 15 years or older who participated in the 1997 National Nutrition Survey to determine differences by sex and age. Women had lower proportions of EPA and docosapentaenoic acid in phospholipid, by 0·07 (P = 0·004) and 0·10 (P < 0·001) mol%, respectively, and a higher proportion of DHA by 0·16 mol% (P = 0·001) compared with men. Intake of fish fat did not differ between men and women. There was a positive association between age and the proportion of EPA and DHA in phospholipid (P < 0·001). The sex differences in EPA and DHA were similar at all ages. Similar sex and age differences in serum cholesterol ester n-3 long-chain PUFA were found; only age differences were found in serum TAG. Sex and age differences in n-3 long-chain PUFA occur in the general population. Men and women may need to be considered separately when examining the association between disease risk and biomarkers of n-3 fatty acids.

scholarly journals Non-dietary factors associated with n-3 long-chain PUFA levels in humans – a systematic literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (7) ◽  
pp. 793-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate H. M. de Groot ◽  
Rebecca Emmett ◽  
Barbara J. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Krill Oil ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractNumerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.

scholarly journals Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease Endpoints: Outcomes from a case study workshop for omega 3’s EPA and DHA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Racey ◽  
Amanda J. MacFarlane ◽  
S Carlson ◽  
Ken D Stark ◽  
Melanie Plourde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
Epa And Dha

Given the focus on developing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) based on chronic disease risk reduction and recent research for omega-3 long chain PUFA since the last DRI review, the Canadian Nutrition Society convened a panel of stakeholders for a one-day workshop in late 2019. Attendees discussed the new NASEM guidelines for establishing DRI values based on chronic disease risk endpoints and the strength of current evidence for EPA and DHA as it relates to the new guidelines. Novelty: Summarizes evidence and expert opinions regarding the potential for reviewing DRI values for EPA and DHA and cardiovascular disease risk and early development.

scholarly journals Nutritional quality of salmon products available from major retailers in the UK: content and composition of n-3 long-chain PUFA

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 964-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Henriques ◽  
James R. Dick ◽  
Douglas R. Tocher ◽  
J. Gordon Bell
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Farmed Salmon ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Long Chain

In the present study, salmon products available from UK retailers were analysed to determine the levels of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), a key determinant of nutritional quality. There was a wide variation in the proportions and absolute contents of EPA and DHA in the products. Relatively high contents of 18 : 1n-9, 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3, characteristic of vegetable oils (VO), were found in several farmed salmon products, which also had generally lower proportions of EPA and DHA. In contrast, farmed salmon products with higher levels of 16 : 0 and 22 : 1, characteristic of fish oil (FO), had higher proportions of EPA and DHA. Therefore, there was a clear correlation between the levels of VO and FO in feeds and the proportions of n-3 LC-PUFA in products. Although wild salmon products were characterised by higher proportions of n-3 LC-PUFA (20–40 %) compared with farmed fish (9–26 %), they contained lower total lipid contents (1–6 % compared with 7–17 % in farmed salmon products). As a result, farmed salmon products invariably had higher levels of n-3 LC-PUFA in absolute terms (g/100 g fillet) and, therefore, delivered a higher ‘dose’ of EPA and DHA per portion. Overall, despite the finite and limiting supply of FO and increasing use of VO, farmed salmon continue to be an excellent source of and delivery system for n-3 LC-PUFA to consumers.

scholarly journals Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid and their relationship to plasma homocysteine in a representative sample of British men and women aged 65 years and over

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bates ◽  
K. D. Pentieva ◽  
A. Prentice ◽  
M. A. Mansoor ◽  
S. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Pyridoxal Phosphate ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Men And Women

Concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid were measured in fasting plasma samples from British men and women aged 65 years and over, participating in a National Diet and Nutrition Survey during 1994–5, selected to be representative of the population of mainland Britain. In this population, the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate declined, whereas pyridoxic acid rose, with increasing age and frailty; however, both status indicators were strongly and directly (with a positive coefficient) correlated with estimates of vitamin B6intake. This was little affected by the inclusion of food energy and protein intakes in the model. Forty-eight percent of the participants living in the community and 75% of those living in institutions had plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations below a range considered normal from other studies. In a univariate regression model, plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations were inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine concentrations, consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin B6status may influence plasma homocysteine levels, and hence vascular disease risk. However, this relationship was partly attenuated in a multiple regression model including age, sex, domicile and biochemical status indices, including those of folate and vitamin B12. There was evidence that plasma pyridoxal phosphate was sensitive to metabolic conditions associated with inflammation and the acute-phase reaction, and that plasma pyridoxic acid was sensitive to renal function. Thus, neither index is an ideal predictor of vitamin B6status in older people, unless these confounding factors are allowed for. Since poor vitamin B6status may have health implications, e.g. for immune function, cognition, and for essential intermediary metabolic pathways in older people, it needs to be investigated as a possible public health problem.

scholarly journals Modulation of aquaporin gene expression by n-3 long-chain PUFA lipid structures in white and brown adipose tissue from hamsters

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 1098-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula A. Lopes ◽  
Rute Martins ◽  
Inês Vieira da Silva ◽  
Marta S. Madeira ◽  
José A. M. Prates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Lipid Structures

AbstractEPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) fatty acids have weight-reducing properties with physiological activity depending on their molecular structure – that is, as TAG or ethyl esters (EE). Aquaporins (AQP) are membrane protein channels recognised as important players in fat metabolism, but their differential expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as their modulation by dietary n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) such as EPA and DHA, has never been investigated. In this study, the transcriptional profiles of AQP3, AQP5, AQP7 and selected lipid markers of WAT (subcutaneous and visceral) and BAT (interscapular) from hamsters fed diets containing n-3 LCPUFA in different lipid structures such as fish oil (FO, rich in EPA and DHA in the TAG form) and FO-EE (rich in EPA and DHA in the EE form) were used and compared with linseed oil (LSO) as the reference group. A clear effect of fat depot was observed for AQP3 and leptin (LEP), with the lowest values of mRNA found in BAT relative to WAT. The opposite occurred for PPARα. AQP7 was affected by diet, with FO-fed hamsters having higher mRNA levels compared with LSO-fed hamsters. The relative gene expression of AQP5, adiponectin (ADIPO), GLUT4 and PPARγ was influenced by both fat tissue and diet. Taken together, our results revealed a differential expression profile of AQP and some markers of lipid metabolism in both WAT and BAT in response to feeding n-3 LCPUFA in two different structural formats: TAG v. EE.

scholarly journals Endogenous production of n-3 long-chain PUFA from first feeding and the influence of dietary linoleic acid and the α-linolenic:linoleic ratio in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (10) ◽  
pp. 1091-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Sprague ◽  
Gong Xu ◽  
Monica B. Betancor ◽  
Rolf E. Olsen ◽  
Ole Torrissen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Endogenous Production ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Salmon Fry ◽  
Sunflower Oils ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) possess enzymes required for the endogenous biosynthesis of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA), EPA and DHA, from α-linolenic acid (ALA). Linoleic acid (LA) competes with ALA for LC-PUFA biosynthesis enzymes leading to the production of n-6 LC-PUFA, including arachidonic acid (ARA). We aimed to quantify the endogenous production of EPA and DHA from ALA in salmon fed from first feeding on diets that contain no EPA and DHA and to determine the influence of dietary LA and ALA:LA ratio on LC-PUFA production. Salmon were fed from first feeding for 22 weeks with three diets formulated with linseed and sunflower oils to provide ALA:LA ratios of approximately 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3. Endogenous production of n-3 LC-PUFA was 5·9, 4·4 and 2·8 mg per g fish and that of n-6 LC-PUFA was 0·2, 0·5 and 1·4 mg per g fish in salmon fed diets with ALA:LA ratios of 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively. The ratio of n-3:n-6 LC-PUFA production decreased from 27·4 to 2·0, and DHA:EPA ratio increased and EPA:ARA and DHA:ARA ratios decreased, as dietary ALA:LA ratio decreased. In conclusion, with a dietary ALA:LA ratio of 1, salmon fry/parr produced about 28 μg n-3 LC-PUFA per g fish per d, with a DHA:EPA ratio of 3·4. Production of n-3 LC-PUFA exceeded that of n-6 LC-PUFA by almost 9-fold. Reducing the dietary ALA:LA ratio reduced n-3 LC-PUFA production and EPA:ARA and DHA:ARA ratios but increased n-6 LC-PUFA production and DHA:EPA ratio.

scholarly journals Effects of a low and a high dietary LA/ALA ratio on long-chain PUFA concentrations in red blood cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 4742-4754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Greupner ◽  
Laura Kutzner ◽  
Svenja Pagenkopf ◽  
Heike Kohrs ◽  
Andreas Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Efficient Conversion ◽  
Chain Pufa ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Long Chain

There is a debate about the optimal dietary ratio of LA and ALA to promote an efficient conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA, which have implications for human health.

Child and Adolescent Suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina Before and After the War (1992–1995)

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almir Fajkic ◽  
Orhan Lepara ◽  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Nestor D. Kapusta ◽  
Thomas Niederkrotenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Youth Suicide ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

Background: Evidence on youth suicides from Southeastern Europe is scarce. We are not aware of previous reports from Bosnia and Herzegovina, which experienced war from 1992 to 1995. Durkheim’s theory of suicide predicts decreased suicide rates in wartime and increased rates afterward. Aims: To compare child and adolescent suicides in Bosnia and Herzegovina before and after the war. Methods: Data on youth suicide for prewar (1986–90) and postwar (2002–06) periods were analyzed with respect to prevalence, sex and age differences, and suicide methods. Suicide data from 1991 through 2001 were not available. Results: Overall youth suicide rates were one-third lower in the postwar than in the prewar period. This effect was most pronounced for girls, whose postwar suicide rates almost halved, and for 15–19-year-old boys, whose rates decreased by about a one-fourth. Suicides increased among boys aged 14 or younger. Firearm suicides almost doubled proportionally and were the predominant postwar method, while the most common prewar method had been hanging. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate the need for public education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the role of firearm accessibility in youth suicide and for instructions on safe storage in households. Moreover, raising societal awareness about suicide risk factors and suicide prevention is needed.

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