Fatty acids and immune function: new insights into mechanisms

Fatty acids are known to play diverse roles in immune cells. They are important as a source of energy, as structural components of cell membranes, as signaling molecules and as precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids and similar mediators. Recent research has suggested that the localization and organisation of fatty acids into distinct cellular pools has a direct influence on the behaviour of a number of proteins involved in immune cell activation, including those associated with T cell responses, antigen presentation and fatty acid-derived inflammatory mediator production. This article reviews these studies and places them in the context of existing literature in the field. These studies indicate the existence of several novel mechanisms by which altered fatty acid availability can modulate immune responses and impact upon clinical outcomes.

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Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222413311 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (24) ◽

pp. 13311

Author(s):

Katrin Pansy ◽

Barbara Uhl ◽

Jelena Krstic ◽

Marta Szmyra ◽

Karoline Fechter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Microenvironment ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Immune Escape ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Regulatory Processes ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

Tumor Entities

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process, and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.

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Dietary Long-Chain (n-3) Fatty Acids Facilitate Immune Cell Activation in Sedentary, but not Exercise-Trained Rats

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/128.3.498 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 128 (3) ◽

pp. 498-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Lindsay E. Robinson ◽

Catherine J. Field

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Long Chain

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Mechanoimmunology: molecular-scale forces govern immune cell functions

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0120 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (16) ◽

pp. 1919-1926 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sophie V. Pageon ◽

Matt A. Govendir ◽

Daryan Kempe ◽

Maté Biro

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Mechanical Forces ◽

The Novel ◽

Cell Functions ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Receptor Interactions

Immune cell recognition of antigens is a pivotal process in initiating immune responses against injury, pathogens, and cancers. Breakthroughs over the past decade support a major role for mechanical forces in immune responses, laying the foundation for the emerging field of mechanoimmunology. In this Perspective, we discuss the mechanical forces acting at the level of ligand–receptor interactions and how they underpin receptor triggering, signal initiation, and immune cell activation. We also highlight the novel biophysical tools and advanced imaging techniques that have afforded us the recent progress in our understanding of the role of forces in immune cell functions.

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Overview of Immunological Responses and Immunomodulation Properties of Trichuris sp.: Prospects for Better Understanding Human Trichuriasis

Life ◽

10.3390/life11030188 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 188

Author(s):

Dewi Masyithah Darlan ◽

Muhammad Fakhrur Rozi ◽

Hemma Yulfi

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Cell Polarization ◽

Innate Immune Responses ◽

Immunological Responses ◽

Novel Treatments ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Bowel Diseases

Trichuris sp. infection has appeared as a pathological burden in the population, but the immunomodulation features could result in an opportunity to discover novel treatments for diseases with prominent inflammatory responses. Regarding the immunological aspects, the innate immune responses against Trichuris sp. are also responsible for determining subsequent immune responses, including the activation of innate lymphoid cell type 2 (ILC2s), and encouraging the immune cell polarization of the resistant host phenotype. Nevertheless, this parasite can establish a supportive niche for worm survival and finally avoid host immune interference. Trichuris sp. could skew antigen recognition and immune cell activation and proliferation through the generation of specific substances, called excretory/secretory (ESPs) and soluble products (SPs), which mainly mediate its immunomodulation properties. Through this review, we elaborate and discuss innate–adaptive immune responses and immunomodulation aspects, as well as the clinical implications for managing inflammatory-based diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, allergic, sepsis, and other autoimmune diseases.

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Oxidized Haemoglobin–Driven Endothelial Dysfunction and Immune Cell Activation: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Atherosclerosis

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/09298673113209990162 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (37) ◽

pp. 4806-4814 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Brigitta Buttari ◽

Elisabetta Profumo ◽

Rita Businaro ◽

Luciano Saso ◽

Raffaele Capoano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Dysfunction ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Novel Therapeutic

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Neuronal guidance proteins in cardiovascular inflammation

Basic Research in Cardiology ◽

10.1007/s00395-021-00847-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marius Keller ◽

Valbona Mirakaj ◽

Michael Koeppen ◽

Peter Rosenberger

Keyword(s):

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Vascular Endothelial ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Cytokines And Chemokines ◽

The Future ◽

Cardiovascular Pathologies ◽

Neuronal Guidance

AbstractCardiovascular pathologies are often induced by inflammation. The associated changes in the inflammatory response influence vascular endothelial biology; they complicate the extent of ischaemia and reperfusion injury, direct the migration of immune competent cells and activate platelets. The initiation and progression of inflammation is regulated by the classical paradigm through the system of cytokines and chemokines. Therapeutic approaches have previously used this knowledge to control the extent of cardiovascular changes with varying degrees of success. Neuronal guidance proteins (NGPs) have emerged in recent years and have been shown to be significantly involved in the control of tissue inflammation and the mechanisms of immune cell activation. Therefore, proteins of this class might be used in the future as targets to control the extent of inflammation in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we describe the role of NGPs during cardiovascular inflammation and highlight potential therapeutic options that could be explored in the future.

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Oxidative stress and immune cell activation quantification in sepsis and non-sepsis critical care patients by neopterin/7,8-dihydroneopterin analysis

Pteridines ◽

10.1515/pteridines-2020-0015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 68-82

Author(s):

Gregory Baxter-Parker ◽

Ravinder Reddy Gaddam ◽

Elena Moltchanova ◽

Anitra Carr ◽

Geoff Shaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Kidney Function ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Intensive Care Patients ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Immune System Activation ◽

System Activation ◽

Urinary Neopterin ◽

Critical Care Patients

AbstractIntroduction: Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin are used as biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, but the effect of kidney function on these measurements has not been extensively explored. We examine the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation and kidney function in intensive patients and compare them to equivalent patients without sepsis.Methods: 34 Intensive care patients were selected for the study, 14 without sepsis and 20 with. Both groups had equivalent levels of trauma, assessed by SAPS II, SOFA, and APACHE II and III scores. Plasma and urinary neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin + 7,8-dihydroneopterin) values were measured.Results: Neopterin and total neopterin were significantly elevated in urine and plasma for multiple days in sepsis versus non-sepsis patients. Plasma neopterin and total neopterin have decreasing relationships with increased eGFR (p<0.008 and p<0.001, respectively). Plasma/urinary neopterin and total neopterin ratios demonstrate that total neopterin flux is more influenced by eGFR than neopterin, with significantce of p<0.02 and p<0.0002 respectively.Conclusion: Sepsis patients present with greater levels of oxidative stress and immune system activation than non-sepsis patients of equal levels of trauma, as measured by neopterin and total neopterin. eGFR may need to be taken into account when accessing the level of inflammation from urinary neopterin measurements.

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RhoA Signaling in Immune Cell Response and Cardiac Disease

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10071681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1681

Author(s):

Lucia Sophie Kilian ◽

Derk Frank ◽

Ashraf Yusuf Rangrez

Keyword(s):

Cardiac Disease ◽

Cell Response ◽

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Heart Diseases ◽

Small Gtpase ◽

Cardiac Inflammation ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell Response

Chronic inflammation, the activation of immune cells and their cross-talk with cardiomyocytes in the pathogenesis and progression of heart diseases has long been overlooked. However, with the latest research developments, it is increasingly accepted that a vicious cycle exists where cardiomyocytes release cardiocrine signaling molecules that spiral down to immune cell activation and chronic state of low-level inflammation. For example, cardiocrine molecules released from injured or stressed cardiomyocytes can stimulate macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and even T-cells, which then subsequently increase cardiac inflammation by co-stimulation and positive feedback loops. One of the key proteins involved in stress-mediated cardiomyocyte signal transduction is a small GTPase RhoA. Importantly, the regulation of RhoA activation is critical for effective immune cell response and is being considered as one of the potential therapeutic targets in many immune-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. In this review we provide an update on the role of RhoA at the juncture of immune cell activation, inflammation and cardiac disease.

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Hybrid Nanoassemblies from Viruses and DNA Nanostructures

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11061413 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1413

Author(s):

Sofia Ojasalo ◽

Petteri Piskunen ◽

Boxuan Shen ◽

Mauri A. Kostiainen ◽

Veikko Linko

Keyword(s):

Cell Activation ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Dna Nanotechnology ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Dna Nanostructures ◽

Dna Structures ◽

Nanoscale Structures ◽

Immune Cell Activation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Viruses are among the most intriguing nanostructures found in nature. Their atomically precise shapes and unique biological properties, especially in protecting and transferring genetic information, have enabled a plethora of biomedical applications. On the other hand, structural DNA nanotechnology has recently emerged as a highly useful tool to create programmable nanoscale structures. They can be extended to user defined devices to exhibit a wide range of static, as well as dynamic functions. In this review, we feature the recent development of virus-DNA hybrid materials. Such structures exhibit the best features of both worlds by combining the biological properties of viruses with the highly controlled assembly properties of DNA. We present how the DNA shapes can act as “structured” genomic material and direct the formation of virus capsid proteins or be encapsulated inside symmetrical capsids. Tobacco mosaic virus-DNA hybrids are discussed as the examples of dynamic systems and directed formation of conjugates. Finally, we highlight virus-mimicking approaches based on lipid- and protein-coated DNA structures that may elicit enhanced stability, immunocompatibility and delivery properties. This development also paves the way for DNA-based vaccines as the programmable nano-objects can be used for controlling immune cell activation.

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