scholarly journals Severe below-maintenance feed intake increases methane yield from enteric fermentation in cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (11) ◽  
pp. 1239-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
D. Korir ◽  
D. Pelster ◽  
A. I. M. Ali ◽  
S. E. Wassie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Partitioning ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between feed intake at production levels and enteric CH4 production in ruminants consuming forage-based diets is well described and considered to be strongly linear. Unlike temperate grazing systems, the intake of ruminants in rain-fed tropical systems is typically below maintenance requirements for part of the year (dry seasons). The relationship between CH4 production and feed intake in animals fed well below maintenance is unexplored, but changes in key digestive parameters in animals fed at low levels suggest that this relationship may be altered. We conducted a study using Boran yearling steers (n 12; live weight: 162·3 kg) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to assess the effect of moderate to severe undernutrition on apparent digestibility, rumen turnover and enteric CH4 production of cattle consuming a tropical forage diet. We concluded that while production of CH4 decreased (1133·3–65·0 g CH4/d; P < 0·0001), over the range of feeding from about 1·0 to 0·4 maintenance energy requirement, both CH4 yield (29·0−31·2 g CH4/kg DM intake; P < 0·001) and CH4 conversion factor (Ym 9·1–10·1 MJ CH4/MJ gross energy intake; P < 0·01) increased as intake fell and postulate that this may be attributable to changes in nutrient partitioning. We suggest there is a case for revising emission factors of ruminants where there are seasonal nutritional deficits and both environmental and financial benefits for improved feeding of animals under nutritional stress.

Maintenance energy requirement of grazing sheep in relation to herbage availability. I. Calorimetric estimates

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Young ◽  
JL Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Made In

Grazing pressure on three pastures was adjusted so that the mean liveweights (W) of three groups of 10 Merino wethers, initially uniform, were kept at nominally 45, 35, and 25 kg. Daily rates of energy expenditure were calculated by measuring the respiratory gaseous exchanges of tracheostomized sheep in each group, and from estimates of CO2 entry rate determined during constant infusion with NaH14CO3. These measurements were made during a period of 3 weeks when the sheep had been at constant W for 9 months, and during a further 3 weeks beginning 30 days after the sheep were shorn. Further measurements were made in two periods of 7 days after animals had been interchanged between groups so that W was increasing in some animals and decreasing in others. Maintenance requirements of all sheep, indicated by the energy expenditures during the periods at constant W, were described by the equation M = 45.1 W + 256, where M is the estimated metabolizable energy requirement in kilocalories per 24 hr. Similar results were obtained during the two periods when W was changing. The requirements were in general 60–70% greater than those for housed sheep of similar W and are discussed in relation to the climatic environment, the condition of the sheep, and the availability of herbage.

scholarly journals Influence of diet and microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility, and nitrogen and energy metabolism in rats and pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O. Eggum ◽  
Grete Thorbek ◽  
R. M. Beames ◽  
A. Chwalibog ◽  
S. Henckel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

1. Balance trials with respiration measurements were performed with twelve rats and twelve pigs given either low- or high-crude-fibre diets. There were six collection periods with the rats over a live-weight range of 86–264 g and three collection periods with the pigs over a live-weight range of 30–55 kg. Measurements were made on the influence of microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility and nitrogen and energy metabolism. Dietary inclusion of the antibiotic Nebacitin was the method used to reduce the microbial population.2. The microbial activity in the hind-gut (μmol ATP/g air-dry contents) of antibiotic-treated rats was reduced to approximately one-tenth of that of untreated rats.3. Live-weight gain was not significantly affected in either species by a reduction in the microbial activity, in spite of a reduction in dry matter digestibility in animals with reduced microflora.4. For rats on low-crude-fibre diets, a reduction in microflora reduced digestibility of all nutrients and energy and metabolizability of digestible energy by approximately 5·4%. All differences were highly significant. On high-crude-fibre diets the decrease was approximately 5·9%. In pigs on both crude fibre levels, the digestibility was also influenced by the level of microflora, but the pattern was somewhat different from that obtained with rats, with the Nebacitin treatment increasing the digestibility of N slightly, and the digestibility of fat markedly.5. Retained N in rats reached a maximum when the rats were approximately 60 d old and thereafter decreased with increasing age. However, for pigs daily N retention increased with age. The retained N:digested N value decreased linearly with age in the rats, but varied little with age over the range (104–146 d) studied in the pigs.6. The metabolizability of gross energy (metabolizable energy (ME): gross energy) was significantly reduced with an increase in crude fibre level and by the addition of Nebacitin.7. Retained energy (RE) in relation to ME (RE:ME), was not significantly affected either by level of microbial activity or by crude fibre.8. The ratio, RE as fat (RF):RE as protein (RP) increased as the animals grew. In the rat experiment there was a tendency for RP to be higher for animals with normal microflora than for animals with reduced microflora for both crude fibre levels.9. With rats, the regression analyses indicated that the energy requirement for maintenance could be influenced by both the level of microbial activity in the digestive tract and by the level of fibre in the diet. The net availability of ME for maintenance and growth by rats averaged 0·72 for all treatments.10. The net availability of ME for growth in the pigs averaged 0·65 for all treatments.

scholarly journals Influence of bagasse versus rice straw with oil sources in a total mixed ration on feed intake, digestibility and blood chemistry of crossbred Thai Native x American Brahman cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-213
Author(s):  
I. Amartsana ◽  
N. Prakobsaeng ◽  
W. Polviset
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Brahman Cattle

This study was aimed to analysis the effects of roughage sources and oil sources in a total mixed ration (TMR) on voluntary feed intake, digestibility and blood chemistry. The study was conducted using four crossbred Thai Native X American Brahman cattle, aged 1.5 years old and with a live weight of 177±34 kg, which were trialled by using a 2x2 factorial in 4×4 Latin square design. All cattle received TMR diets supplemented with bagasse and palm oil, bagasse and sunflower oil, rice straw and palm oil, rice straw and sunflower oil. Each period of feeding lasted for 21 days. During the experimental periods, all cattle were fed ad libitum and with a water supply. The results revealed that roughage sources and oil sources did not affect voluntary feed intake, digestibility and blood chemistry. It was concluded from this experiment that using bagasse or rice straw as the roughage sources with palm oil and sunflower oil mixed in the TMR were suitable for use in beef cattle diets, especially using bagasse with palm oil because of the lowest price (0.28 USD/kg) when compared to the other treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of feed intake on amino acid transfers across the ovine hindquarters

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Hoskin ◽  
I. C. Savary-Auzeloux ◽  
A. G. Calder ◽  
G. Zuur ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Branched Chain

Responses in variables of amino acid (AA) metabolism across peripheral tissues to feed intake were studied in six sheep (mean live weight 32 kg) prepared with arterio–venous catheters across the hindquarters. Four intakes (0·5, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·5 × maintenance energy) were offered over 2-week periods to each sheep in a Latin square design with two animals replicated. Animals were infused intravenously with a mixture of U-13C-labelled AA for 10 h and integrated blood samples withdrawn from the aorta and vena cava hourly between 5 and 9 h of infusion. Biopsy samples were also taken from skin andm. vastus lateralis. Data from both essential (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine) and nonessential (glycine, proline, serine, tyrosine) AA were modelled to give rates of inward and outward transport, protein synthesis and degradation, plus the fraction of total vascular inflow that exchanged with the hindquarter tissues. Rates of inward transport varied more than 10-fold between AA. For all essential AA (plus serine), inward transport increased with food intake (P<0·04). There were corresponding increases in AA efflux (P<0·05) from the tissues for threonine and the branched-chain AA. Protein synthesis rates estimated from the kinetics of these AA also increased with intake (P<0·02). Rates of inward transport greatly exceeded the amount of AA necessary to support protein retention, but were more similar to rates of protein synthesis. Nutritional or other strategies to enhance AA transport into peripheral tissues are unlikely to increase anabolic responses.

Plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations in Friesian calves of low or high genetic merit: effects of sex and age

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Min ◽  
S. N. McCutcheon ◽  
D. D. S. Mackenzie ◽  
B. W. Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

AbstractThis study investigated the potential use of blood metabolite and hormone concentrations as genetic markers for milk fat production and their possible interactions with sex and age. Two groups of calves, one from the Massey University high breeding index (HBI) line of dairy cattle (seven males, eight females) and the other from the low breeding index (LBI) line (four males, 11 females), were studied at 3·5 months and 7 months of age. The average breeding indices (BI) of the calves based on ancestry BI were 138 (s.d. 4·4) and 111 (s.d. 2·3) respectively. Serial blood sampling regimens were conducted in relation to feeding (chaffed lucerne hay at 1·3 times maintenance energy requirement), during an intravenous urea load (120 mg/kg live weight) and during fasting (63 h) and refeeding. Urea spaces and fractional decay constants at each age were estimated by a single compartment distribution model based on plasma urea concentrations following the intravenous urea load.Plasma concentrations of urea, creatinine and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not significantly different between the lines in any of the periods examined and at either age. In contrast, plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were greater in the HBI calves than in the LBI calves although these differences were restricted mainly to the period immediately after feeding. Urea space at 7 months of age was also greater in the HBI animals than in the LBI animals. Plasma concentrations of all hormones and metabolites except insulin were significantly influenced by sex and/or age.The study does not confirm previous findings that genetic merit for dairying is expressed in terms of plasma levels of urea and NEFA, particularly those during a fast. However, the results of the present study are consistent with previous observations of differences in glucose and insulin metabolism between the tivo Massey University genetic merit lines. These traits may therefore have potential as genetic markers for milk fat production.

Food intake and live-weight gain comparisons of Bos indicus and Bos taurus steers on a high plane of nutrition

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rogerson ◽  
H. P. Ledger ◽  
G. H. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Maturity Degree

1. The voluntary dry-matter and water intakes of indigenous and exotic cattle on high plane rations have been compared under similar conditions of management.2. At similar live weights, exotic cattle have a much higher feed intake relative to maintenance than indigenous cattle.3. Water intake was closely related to dry-matter intake, irrespective of live weight, and varied only very slightly between the two types of cattle.4. Exotic cattle were more than twice as efficient as indigenous cattle in converting feed into live-weight gain. It is suggested that this is largely a reflection of the increased feed intake, relative to maintenance requirements.5. Stage of maturity, degree of fatness and their relation to conversion efficiency are discussed.

Intake and utilization of energy from ammonia-treated and untreated wheat straw by steers and wether sheep given a basal diet of grass pellets and hay

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Oosting ◽  
H. A. Boekholt ◽  
M. J. N. Los ◽  
C. P. Leffering
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Higher Ed ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

AbstractTwo experiments, experiment 1 with six steers in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design and experiment 2 with four wether sheep in a cross-over design, were conducted to study the effect of species and ammonia treatment on intake and utilization of the energy of untreated wheat straw. Treatments were: (1) untreated wheat straw offered ad libitum on top of a basal diet (B) consisting of hay (0·25) and grass pellets (0·75) (UWS), (2) ammoniated wheat straw offered ad libitum plus B (AWS) and (3) ammoniated wheat straw offered at a restricted level plus B (AWS-). B was offered as a maintenance diet for both species and AWS- was only studied in steers. Voluntary intake of AWS zvas higher than that of UWS. No significant differences emerged between whole rations UWS and AWS with regard to energy digestion (ED), energy metabolizability (ρ = metabolizable energy (ME) I gross energy (GE)) and losses of digestible energy (DE) in urine and methane (average 187 J/KJ DE), but the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth (kg) was significantly higher for AWS than for UWS. ED and ρ of the straw part of the ration was significantly higher for AWS than for UWS. AWS- and AWS did not differ significantly with regard to ED, ρ and DE losses in methane and urine. Steers had a higher intake per kg0·75 per day than wether sheep. Across species, digestible energy intake (DEI) of the whole ad libitum fed diets was related to live weight (M)0·946 (s.e. of exponent 0·0152). ED and ρ of the straw part of the rations did not differ significantly between species, but steers had a significantly higher ED and ρ of β than wether sheep. Steers excreted a significantly lower proportion of DE in urine and a significantly higher proportion of DE in methane than did wethers. Total energy losses in urine and methane, however, did not differ between species.

The maintenance requirements of beef steers and the relationship of maintenance needs and total fattening requirements

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Luitingh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Although considerable work has been done on basal metabolism and maintenance requirements of animals, maintenance needs in relation to total feed requirements for production have not received much attention in South Africa. Most workers have investigated production requirements, whilst the part of the total needs of the fattening of steers used for maintenance, has received very little attention.This capital cost or ‘overhead’ expense is an item which constitutes a large proportion of the animals' fattening ration. In South Africa, only a small percentage of cattle is marketed under 4 or 5 years old. The maintenance cost of these animals must be considerable and the nett efficiency of beef production very low. As only the amount of a ration in excess of the maintenance requirements can be utilized for production, it follows that a level of nutrition well above the requirements for maintenance will facilitate a more efficient production system by narrowing the ratio between the part of the ration used for maintenance and that used for production. It is well known that differences in the efficiency of production between steers can only be due to the difference in the level of feed intake above maintenance needs—hence probably the strong correlation between rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization. Apart from the actual determination of maintenance needs the object of this investigation was to determine the relationship between maintenance requirements and the total feed intake of beef steers when fed on fattening rations containing different ratios of concentrates to roughage.

scholarly journals The effect of forage quality and level of feeding on digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time of oat straw and alfalfa given to ponies and donkeys

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Pearson ◽  
R. F. Archibald ◽  
R. H. Muirhead
Keyword(s):  
Transit Time ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Gastrointestinal Transit Time ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Ad Libitum

Four donkeys and four ponies were fed molassed dehydrated alfalfa or oat straw, eitherad libitumor restricted to about 70 %ad libitumintake in a Latin-square design for four periods of 21 d. Measurements of apparent digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time were made on the last 7 d of each period. When the forages were providedad libitum, all animals ate significantly (P<0.01) more of the alfalfa than of the oat straw. Ponies consumed significantly (P = 0.007) more of both diets per unit live weight than donkeys. Higher apparent digestibilities of dietary DM, energy and fibre fractions were seen in donkeys, at both levels of feeding, compared with the ponies. This partly compensated for the lower intakes by the donkeys when fedad libitum. When intake of alfalfa was restricted, the apparent digestibility of DM was higher compared with the corresponding values when fedad libitum,but the reverse was true for straw. This may be because restriction of a low-quality diet reduced selection of the more digestible parts of the forage. Donkeys and ponies consumed more energy and protein than required when fed alfalfaad libitum. Both oat straw treatments provided insufficient protein to meet the predicted requirements of ponies and donkeys. Straw intakesad libitumexceeded the estimated energy requirement for ponies by 34–51 %, but donkey energy requirements were only just met. When the amount of straw offered was restricted, 78–90 % of the estimated energy requirement for donkeys was met compared with 90–105 % for the ponies.

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