The effect of supplemental bioactive fatty acids on growth performance and immune function of milk-fed Holstein dairy calves during heat stress

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
B. Mohtashami ◽  
H. Khalilvandi-Behroozyar ◽  
R. Pirmohammadi ◽  
M. Dehghan-Banadaky ◽  
M. Kazemi-Bonchenari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Bioactive Fatty Acids ◽  
Hot Season ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different supplemental fat sources [soybean oil (SBO) as a source of n-6 fatty acid and fish oil (FO) as a source of n-3 fatty acids] in the starter feed of milk-fed dairy calves during the hot season. Forty Holstein calves (3 d of age; 39.67 kg of body weight; ten calves per group) were randomly assigned to the experimental treatments as follows: (1) starter feed supplemented with no fat source (CON), (2) starter feed supplemented with 3% SBO (DM basis), (3) starter feed supplemented with 3% FO (DM basis), and (4) starter feed supplemented with an equal mixture of SBO and FO (1.5% each, DM basis). The milk feeding schedule was constant for treatments and all calves were weaned on d 65 of age. Results show that calves had greater starter intake, average daily gain, and body length when fed SBO compared to other treatments. However, feed efficiency was increased and inflammatory indicators (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin) concentrations were reduced in the calves fed FO compared to the other treatments. In summary, it was revealed that SBO rich in n-6 FA improved starter intake and growth performance, while FO rich in n-3 FA could improve the immune function of calves. Due to the current experimental condition, an equal mixture of SBO and FO (1.5% each, DM basis) can be recommended to have an optimum growth performance and immune function while the calves are reared under the heat conditions.

280 Descriptive Characteristics of Preweaned Heifer Raising Practices on China Dairy Farms: Colostrum Quality, Passive Transfer Status and Growth Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Tianyu Chen ◽  
Jiaqi Li ◽  
Wenli Guo ◽  
Rong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Passive Transfer ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Report System ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Few data are available on the descriptive characteristics of colostrum quality, passive transfer status and growth performance within a national population in China. This study included 110 dairy operations in 23 provinces, and data were obtained from management software, report system and questionnaires from 2015 to 2019. Data were analyzed using SAS (version 9.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The results showed that colostrum quality was measured in 96.4% of farms and colostrum was pasteurized in 91.8% of farms. 83.6% of colostrum was excellent (Brix > 22%). Colostrum could be fed to calves within 1 hour after birth in 86.4% of farms. Besides, calves that experienced failure of passive transfer (serum total protein < 5.2 g/dl) decreased from 2015 to 2019 and accounted for 0.75% of calves in 2019. Most farms (48.8%) feed 400 kg - 600 kg milk during the preweaning period and whole milk was the main type of liquid diet accounting for 70.6% of farms. Meanwhile, 22.0% of farms chose to feed forage before weaning, and 90.1% of these farms fed oat hay. The average birth weight of calves was 37.8 kg and the average daily gain of preweaning calves was 848.3 g/d. For preweaning calves, the proportion of single housing was more than 60%, whereas postweaning calves were mainly raised in groups. The morbidity of preweaning calves in China decreased annually, from 43.3% in 2015 to 25.4% in 2019. Digestive diseases and respiratory diseases were two main diseases, and accounted for 46.0% and 38.4%, respectively. This study provides an overview on dairy calves raising practices in China.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Mikroenkapsulasi Minyak Kanola Terhadap Performa, Kecernaan Nutrien, dan Profil Asam Lemak Rumen Domba

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Vishara Sekar Fadhilah ◽  
I Komang Gede Wiryawan ◽  
Sri Suharti
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Average Body

ABSTRAK      Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki pengaruh dari pemberian pakan yang mengandung mikroenkapsulasi minyak kanola pada konsumsi, kecernaan nutrien, dan performa pertumbuhan pada domba. Lima belas domba garut jantan dengan rataan bobot badan awal 20.17 ± 4.65 kg digunakan dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) pada periode pemeliharaan selama 100 hari dengan 3 perlakuan dan 5 kelompok sebagai ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah P0 (kontrol / hijauan: konsentrat = 60:40), P1 (P0 mengandung 4% minyak kanola), dan P2 (P0 mengandung 4% mikroenkapsulasi minyak kanola). Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan untuk performa, konsumsi dan kecernaan nutrien. Suplementasi minyak kanola murni maupun terenkapsulasi sebagai sumber energi dalam ransum domba, menghasilkan pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH) dan efisiensi penggunaan pakan yang terbaik. Proporsi asam lemak tak jenuh pada perlakuan suplementasi mikroenkapsulasi minyak kanola 8% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Perlakuan minyak kanola murni meningkatkan (P<0.05) proporsi asam stearat (C18:0) dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi 4% mikroenkapsulasi minyak kanola di dalam ransum, selaian menghasilkan PBBH dan efisiensi pakan terbaik juga mampu melindungi asam lemak tak jenuh (ALTJ) dari proses biohidrogenasi rumen tanpa mengganggu konsumsi dan kecernaan nutrient ransum.Kata kunci: konsumsi, kecernaan, mikroenkapsulasi, minyak kanola, performaABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding diets with microencapsulation of canola oil on intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, and growth performance of lambs. Fifteen male garut lambs with an initial average body weight of 20.17 ± 4.65 kg were used in a randomized block design (RBD) for a 100-days feeding period with 3 treatments and 5 groups as replication. The treatments were P0 (control/forage:concentrate = 60:40), P1 (P0 contained 4% of canola oil), and P2 (P0 contained 4% of microencapsulated canola oil). The results showed that there was no difference in the growth performance, intake, and digestibility of nutrients. The best of average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency results from the supplementation of pure canola oil or encapsulated canola oil in diets. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the supplementation of microencapsulated canola oil treatment was 8% higher than control. The treatment of canola oil supplementation increased (P<0.05) the proportion of stearic acid (C18:0) compared to other treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that supplementation of 4% of microencapsulated canola oil, besides produced the best of ADG and feed efficiency, was also able to maintain unsaturated fatty acids from the rumen biohydrogenation process without detrimental effects on nutrient intake and digestibility in lambs.    Keywords: canola oil, digestibility, intake, microencapsulation, performance

Effects of Clostridium butyricum and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology, volatile fatty acids, and intestinal flora in a piglet model

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 7844-7854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangli Wang ◽  
Guangtian Cao ◽  
Haoran Zhang ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Caimei Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Clostridium Butyricum ◽  
Intestinal Morphology

We investigated the effects of Clostridium butyricum and Enterococcus faecalis (probiotics) in a piglet model.

Feeding forage or concentrates early in life influences rumen fermentation, metabolic response, immune function and growth of Wagyu × Friesian calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1418
Author(s):  
M. A. Khan ◽  
V. T. Burggraaf ◽  
B. Thomson ◽  
P. Muir ◽  
K. Lowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Milk Feeding

Context Early life nutrition of calves influences their performance later in life. There is limited literature demonstrating the effects of rearing dairy calves in early life on milk with either exclusively forage or concentrate starter diets on metabolic and immune function and post-weaning growth and body composition on a pasture only diet. Aim This study evaluated the effects of feeding Wagyu × Holstein Friesian calves a forage starter (FS) or a concentrate starter (CS) for the first 14 weeks of rearing on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, immune function, growth and body composition to Week 41. Methods Group-housed calves (Wagyu × Friesian, 10 calves per group, three groups per treatment) were fed milk (2 L per calf twice daily) until Week 7, then transitioned to once a day milk feeding until weaning by Week 9, with ad libitum access to either FS or CS. All calves were transferred to graze ryegrass pastures a week after transitioning to once daily milk feeding, with starter feeds removed gradually by Week 14. Thereafter, calves were reared together on pasture until Week 41. Results Solid feed intake was lower in FS than CS calves during the first 7 weeks. Total short chain fatty acids were lower, but acetate to propionate ratio and rumen pH were higher in FS than CS calves at Week 7, with no differences observed at Week 12 or 30. Plasma β-hydroxybutyrate an indicator of ketogenic ability of the rumen in developing calves was higher in FS vs CS calves at weaning. Further, FS calves had lower concentrations of circulating non-esterified fatty acids compared with CS calves at weaning. Compared with CS calves, FS calves grew slower for the first 14 weeks which was associated with lower plasma IGF-1 levels. However, FS calves had greater average daily gain after 14 weeks when on pasture and had similar plasma IGF-1 at 30 weeks and similar body weight and body composition (muscle and subcutaneous fat deposition) by Week 41 compared to CS calves. Conclusions These results indicate that offering a FS starter has better prepared calves for weaning onto pasture and potentially improved utilisation of forage post-weaning to achieve similar muscle and fat deposition and overall liveweight in both groups by 41 weeks. Implications Dairy beef calves can be successfully reared using forage as the only solid feed source without affecting their growth performance on pasture until 10 months of age. Rearing calves using forage will contribute to reducing the usage of concentrate feeds in pastoral dairy-beef production systems and provide an opportunity to fulfil the market requirements and standards for grain-free beef production.

scholarly journals Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and flavomycin on the immune function of broiler chickens

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yuan ◽  
Wanli Li ◽  
Qianqian Huo ◽  
Chenhong Du ◽  
Zhixiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 5 ◽  
Daily Gain

This study investigated the effects of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and flavomycin (FLA) on the performance and immune function of broiler chickens. A total of 150 ArborAcres broilers were randomly divided into three groups and fed for six weeks from one day of age in cascade cages. The diets of each test group were (1) a basal diet, (2) the basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg FLA, and (3) the basal diet supplemented with 2 mg/kg XOS. At 21 and 42 days, the growth performance index values and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the cecum were quantified. Furthermore, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and plasma interleukin 2 (IL-2) as well as mRNA expression of LPS-Induced TNF-alpha Factor (LITAF), Toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) in the jejunum were quantified. The results showed that administration of XOS or FLA to chickens significantly improved the average daily gain. Supplementation with XOS increased acetate and butyrate in the cecum, while FLA supplementation increased propionate in the cecum. An increase in plasma IgG was observed in XOS-fed 21-day-old broilers, but FLA supplementation decreased IgG in the plasma of 42-day-old broilers and increased plasma IL-2. Furthermore, FLA or XOS supplementation downregulated mRNA expression of IFNγ, LITAF and TLR5. The above data suggest that addition of XOS and FLA to the diet could improve the growth performance of broilers and reduce the expression of cytokine genes by stimulating SCFA.

scholarly journals The effects of low levels of aflatoxin B1 on health, growth performance and reproductivity in male rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yawang Sun ◽  
Guozhong Dong ◽  
Guangxin E ◽  
Min Liao ◽  
Lin Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Haematological Indices

This study investigated the chronic effects of relatively low exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the growth performance, immune situation and reproduction in male rabbits. Bucks (n=32, 4.82±0.22 kg) were individually assigned to 4 treatments (8 replicates each) using a randomised complete block design. Four diets containing 0, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg AFB1/kg, were provided to bucks for 8 wk. Growth performance and semen quality were measured. Blood, organ and tissue samples were collected to measure haematological indices, liver function, organ weights and immune parameters. Compared to control, AFB1-contaminated diets reduced body weight and average daily gain (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), altered certain haematological indices and liver function with decreased monocytes percentage and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and increased plateletcrit and albumin (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), slightly impaired reproductive parameters with enhanced ratio of morphologically abnormal sperm cells at early stage and reduced post-stage acrosome integrity, testis weight and serum testosterone concentration (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), decreased immune function with reduced relative liver weight (%) and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in serum and liver tissue, and increased serum 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine levels (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05). Furthermore, bucks fed diets with relatively high AFB1 (0.05 and 0.1 mg AFB1/kg) had reduced red blood cell and haematocrit (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05) in contrast with the low AFB1 group (0.02 mg AFB1/kg). In conclusion, diets containing 0.05 and 0.1 mg AFB1/kg had negative effects on bucks’ growth performance, haematology, reproductivity and immune function, whereas diet containing 0.02 mg AFB1/kg had only minor effects on the parameters measured.

scholarly journals Supplementation with sodium butyrate improves rumen fermentation, antioxidant capability, and immune function in dairy calves before weaning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Liu ◽  
A La Teng Zhu La ◽  
Alexander Evans ◽  
Shengtao Gao ◽  
Zhongtang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Background Short-chain fatty acids including butyrate have received increasing research interest as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of sodium butyrate (SB) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of calves before weaning. Healthy Holstein female calves (4-day-old; 40 ± 5 kg of body weight) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups (n = 10 per group). The control group was fed no SB (SB0), while the other groups were supplemented with 2% (SB2), 4% (SB4), or 6% (SB6) of SB/kg of dry matter. All calves were housed in individual hutches. Results The SB supplementation enhanced growth rate and improved feed conversion into body weight gain compared with the SB0 group. At 60 days of age, the rumen fluid pH increases quadratically with increased SB supplementation, and the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration of rumen fluid in the treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the SB0 group. There was a quadratic effect that indicated that the SB4 treatment was most effective in reducing the NH3-N concentration. The concentration of volatile fatty acids and Acetic: Propionic in rumen fluid were not affected by SB in any groups. At 28 days of age, the serum level of maleic dialdehyde of the SB groups was significantly lower than that of the control group, and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the serum of group SB4 was significantly increased compared with the that of the control group. At 28 days of age, SB had a quadratic effect on serum immunoglobulin A concentration, with the greatest increase being observed in group SB4. At 60 days of age, the serum immunoglobulin G concentration increased linearly as SB levels increased. Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, there were positive effects of SB supplementation on growth performance, rumen fermentation, antioxidant ability, and immune function in calves before weaning. We recommended 4% as the optimal SB supplementation level to improve growth, antioxidant and immune function of calves before weaning.

scholarly journals Supplementation of Mixed Organic Acids Improves Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Gut Morphology and Volatile Fatty Acids of Broiler Chicken

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3020
Author(s):  
Jiayu Ma ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Shad Mahfuz ◽  
Shenfei Long ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acids Profile

Background: Organic acid as a green feed additive is increasingly favoured by enterprises and scholars, but little emphasis has been placed on the effect of organic acids on broiler meat quality. Methods: A total of 192 male chicks (one-day-old, weighted 48.40 ± 0.64 g) were selected to investigate the effect of mixed organic acids (MOA) on growth performance, meat quality as well as fatty acids profile. Chicks were randomly allocated to three treatments with eight replicates and eight chicks per replicate, including a corn–soybean basal diet with 0 (CON), 3000 mg/kg (low MOA; LMOA), and 6000 mg/kg (high MOA; HMOA) MOA. The experiment was divided into starter (d 1–d 21) and grower (d 22–d 42) phases. Results: Broilers supplemented with LMOA and HMOA enhanced (p < 0.05) the final body weight and average daily gain in the grower and overall phases. An improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio in the grower and overall phases was observed in broilers supplemented with LMOA. The breast and thigh muscles pH24h were higher (p < 0.05) in broilers fed with HMOA and the redness in thigh meat was also improved (p < 0.05). Additionally, supplementing LMOA increased (p < 0.05) the saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in breast meat. A positive effect occurred (p < 0.05) on jejunal villus height and ileal crypt depth in 21 d broilers supplemented with HMOA. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that dietary supplementation of MOA could improve the growth performance, meat quality, and fatty acids profile, as well as intestinal morphology. Furthermore, diets supplemented with mixed organic acids at 3000 mg/kg may be more desirable, considering the overall experimental results in broilers.

Effects of forage finishing methods with alfalfa on cattle growth performance and beef carcass characteristics, eating quality, and nutrient composition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
C. Lafreniere ◽  
R. Berthiaume ◽  
L. Giesen ◽  
C.P. Campbell ◽  
L.M. Pivotto-Baird ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Diet Management ◽  
Daily Gain

Over 2 yr, yearling steers (n = 200) were used to evaluate growth performance, carcass, meat quality, and nutrient composition traits as affected by management regimen comparing three methods of forage finishing (alfalfa pasture, hay, and silage) versus a high corn diet. Management regimen × year interactions (P < 0.01) for average daily gain, dry matter intake, gain-to-feed, carcass weight, and grade fat were due to lower performance for hay-fed cattle in years 1 vs. 2. Carcass, meat quality, and taste panel traits were generally similar (P > 0.10) across method of forage finishing. Trained taste panels found longissimus muscle from grain-fed beef to be more (P < 0.01) tender, juicy, and flavourful than forage finished beef, with lower (P ≤ 0.05) ratings for tenderness and juiciness for hay- vs. silage-finished beef. Corn finished beef contained greater amounts of oleic and monounsaturated fatty acids and lower amounts of omega-3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids than forage finished beef (P ≤ 0.04). Although the method of forage finishing may not affect most performance, carcass, and meat quality (pH, colour, intramuscular fat content, and shear force) traits, there may be concerns with tenderness and juiciness for beef from cattle finished on alfalfa hay.

scholarly journals The High Level of Xylooligosaccharides Improves Growth Performance in Weaned Piglets by Increasing Antioxidant Activity, Enhancing Immune Function, and Modulating Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaman Pang ◽  
Xingjian Zhou ◽  
Hao Ye ◽  
Yujun Wu ◽  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
High Level ◽  
Weaning Piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the high level of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) on growth performance, antioxidant capability, immune function, and fecal microbiota in weaning piglets. The results showed that 28 d body weight exhibited linear and quadratic increases (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary XOS level, as well as average daily feed intake (ADFI) on d 15–28, average daily gain (ADG) on d 15–28 and 1–28. There was a linear decrease (P &lt; 0.05) between XOS levels and feed conversion rate (FCR) on d 1–14 and 1–28. Additionally, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) showed a linear increase (P &lt; 0.05), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level decreased linearly and quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) with the increasing dietary level of XOS. Moreover, the XOS treatments markedly increased the levels of immunoglobulin A (Ig A) (linear, P &lt; 0.05; quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), IgM (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05), IgG (linear, P &lt; 0.05), and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) in serum, while the IL-1β (linear, P &lt; 0.05; quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and IL-6 (linear, P &lt; 0.05) decreased with increasing level of XOS. Microbiota analysis showed that dietary supplementation with 1.5% XOS decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the α-diversity and enriched (P &lt; 0.05) beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Fusicatenibacter at the genus level, compared with the control group. Importantly, linearly increasing responses (P &lt; 0.05) to fecal acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were observed with increasing level of XOS. Spearman correlation analyses found that Lactobacillus abundance was positively correlated with ADG, acetate, propionate, and IgA (P &lt; 0.05), but negatively correlated with IL-1β (P &lt; 0.05). Bifidobacterium abundance was positively related with ADFI, total SCFAs, IgG, and IL-10 (P &lt; 0.05), as well as g_Fusicatenibacter abundance with ADFI, total SCFAs, and IL-10. However, Bifidobacterium and Fusicatenibacter abundances were negatively associated with MDA levels (P &lt; 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with XOS can improve the growth performance in weaning piglets by increasing antioxidant capability, enhancing immune function, and promoting beneficial bacteria counts.

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