APPRAISAL OF MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF RICE PRODUCTION AND FARMERS’ CHOICE OF RICE IDEOTYPES IN SOUTH SUDAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR BREEDING AND POLICY INTERVENTIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-156
Author(s):  
M. MOGGA ◽  
J. SIBIYA ◽  
H. SHIMELIS ◽  
J. LAMO ◽  
N. OCHANDA
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important staple crop in South Sudan. Current rice consumption in the country is approximately 23,000 mg year−1 of which more than 75% is imported. We investigated farmers’ perceived rice production and productivity constraints and choice of rice ideotypes across rainfed and irrigated rice agro-ecologies in South Sudan to guide breeding and policy interventions. Data were gathered through participatory rural approaches and a formal structured survey involving 136 rice farmers from major rice growing areas of South Sudan. Farmers generally cultivated old rice varieties with low yields varying from 0.4 to 1.6 mg ha−1. Pair-wise ranking based on respondents score indicated yield, early maturity, cooking and eating quality, nutritional importance and drought tolerance as the most desirable traits of rice ideotypes. Further, imported rice varieties were best ranked for their sweet and appealing taste, rich aroma, grain shape and size, swelling capacity and non-stickiness during cooking. Major perceived constraints to rice production were unreliable rainfall, poor access to credit facilities, poor soil and water management practices, poor rice storage facilities, inadequate and poor processing machines as well as limited technical skills in rice production. The results show a need for integration of farmers’ and stakeholders’ preferences in variety development process and the desirability of releasing site-specific rice cultivars given the differences in bio-physical, socio-cultural and farmers preferences across major rice growing areas of South Sudan.

scholarly journals Utilization of Molecular Markers for Rice Breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Tasliah Tasliah
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Early Maturity

Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population. Rice production in 2050 must increase by at least 50% to keep up with the population growth. Efforts to increase rice production continue using various strategies. Breeders apply multiple approaches including application of molecular markers in developing varieties better than the previous ones. Since the discovery of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers in 1980s and the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, many types of molecular markers have been developed and applied to various crops including rice. Various molecular approaches to map genetic loci associated with rice superior traits were conducted. The mapped loci are very useful for rice breeding purposes. This paper reports the results of mapping and breeding economically important traits in rice, mainly those related to abiotic stresses, agronomic traits, yield, and yield quality. These included characters of semidwarf stature, aromatic grain, high yield potential, eating quality, higher Zn and Fe grain, more tolerant to abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, phosphate deficiency, Al toxicity and Fe toxicity, submergence, as well as early maturity character. The mapped characters can be transferred using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) method into cultivated rice genotypes well-adopted by farmers. Several countries including Indonesia have benefited from this breeding method, and Indonesia have released several rice varieties developed through MABC. These include rice varieties such as Code, Angke, Inpari 30, Inpari Blas, Inpari HDB, Bio Patenggang Agritan, and Bioni 63 Ciherang Agritan

scholarly journals Breeding of High Cooking and Eating Quality in Rice by Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MABc) Using KASP Markers

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Me-Sun Kim ◽  
Ju-Young Yang ◽  
Ju-Kyung Yu ◽  
Yi Lee ◽  
Yong-Jin Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

The primary goals of rice breeding programs are grain quality and yield potential improvement. With the high demand for rice varieties of premium cooking and eating quality, we developed low-amylose content breeding lines crossed with Samgwang and Milkyqueen through the marker-assisted backcross (MABc) breeding program. Trait markers of the SSIIIa gene referring to low-amylose content were identified through an SNP mapping activity, and the markers were applied to select favorable lines for a foreground selection. To rapidly recover the genetic background of Samgwang (recurrent parent genome, RPG), 386 genome-wide markers were used to select BC1F1 and BC2F1 individuals. Seven BC2F1 lines with targeted traits were selected, and the genetic background recovery range varied within 97.4–99.1% of RPG. The amylose content of the selected BC2F2 grains ranged from 12.4–16.8%. We demonstrated the MABc using a trait and genome-wide markers, allowing us to efficiently select lines of a target trait and reduce the breeding cycle effectively. In addition, the BC2F2 lines confirmed by molecular markers in this study can be utilized as parental lines for subsequent breeding programs of high-quality rice for cooking and eating.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Perceptions of Rice Production Constraints and Stem Borers Management Practices in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonaventure January ◽  
Gration M. Rwegasira ◽  
Tadele Tefera
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Stem Borers ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Rice Stem Borers ◽  
Rice Ecosystems

Rice farmers in Tanzania continue to experience losses due to stem borers. However, the information on farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of rice stem borers is limited and farmers’ efforts on managing this insect have been ineffective. The aim of this study was to investigate constraints affecting rice production and farmers’ approaches of stem borer management in irrigated low land rice ecosystems in Tanzania. Research method: A focus group discussion with farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The information collected included: farmers’ socio-economic profiles, farm characteristics, knowledge and perceptions of stem borers and their management practices.Farmers reported insect pests such as stem borers, white flies, leaf rollers and grasshoppers as major constraints of rice production. Other constraints reported were such as diseases, damage by birds, drought, weeds and lack of access to credit for purchasing inputs. Most of the farmers apply chemical insecticides against rice insect pests particularly stem-borers where number of health hazards have been reported. Very few farmers use cultural methods including crop residue disposal and split application of nitrogenous fertilizers for reduction of stem borer damages. The study revealed that, most farmers have limited knowledge on the recommended stem borer management practices and suggests that environmentally friendly pest management methods to be designed and implemented to minimize losses associated with rice stem borers.

scholarly journals The Potential of Silicon in Improving Rice Yield, Grain Quality, and Minimising Chalkiness: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Engku Hasmah Engku Abdullah ◽  
Azizah Misran ◽  
Muhammad Nazmin Yaapar ◽  
Mohd Rafii Yusop ◽  
Asfaliza Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality ◽  
Fertiliser Use ◽  
Grain Chalkiness

Silicon (Si) is a micronutrient that can increase the resistance of certain plants against multiple biotic or abiotic stresses. It is known that Si has a beneficial effect on plant growth, beginning in the soil, which could lead to a good crop yield. Despite its benefits, Si is not listed among the generally essential elements or nutrients for rice production in many countries such as Malaysia. This review discusses the ability to uptake Si and its benefits on rice. Environmental factors affect rice production, and among the factors, high temperature has been shown to disrupt the physiological development of rice grain, which contributes to chalkiness. Chalkiness is an undesirable trait that decreases grain’s value, milling, cooking, and eating quality. The application of Si could ameliorate rice grain quality, thus providing a valuable reference for Si fertiliser use in high-quality rice production. This review also presents an update on the potentials of Si in improving the rice yield and grain quality, including Si’s ability to minimise grain chalkiness. Therefore, it is anticipated that Si applications will increase rice yield and grain quality and help to reduce chalkiness.

scholarly journals Glycemic Index of Selected Indian Rice Varieties

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
M. Mohibbe Azam ◽  
Afifa Jahan ◽  
K. Uma Maheshwari ◽  
T. Ram ◽  
Amtul Waris
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

Aims: For prevention and management of type II diabetes among rice eating population, consumption of rice with lower Glycemic Index (GI) is highly desirable as low GI food decreases plasma glucose levels and plasma insulin demand. As there is paucity of information on the GIs of commonly consumed rice varieties in India, the aim of this study was to determine GI of selected five rice varieties, and to find relationship of GI with their cooking and eating quality traits. Study Design, Place and Duration: In vivo experiment was conducted at PG&RC, PJTS Agricultural University, Hyderabad, India, during March, 2017 to February, 2018. During this period, cooking and eating quality traits of selected rice varieties were determined in ICAR- Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India. Methodology: GIs were determined by feeding10 fasted human subjects a fixed portion of foods and subsequently measuring plasma glucose of their blood samples at specific interval of time and GIs were calculated using standard formula. Cooking and eating quality traits were determined using standard procedure. Results: The estimated GI values were 56.38(SEM 1.57), 59.23(SEM 1.02), 71.73 (SEM 1.75), 87.40 (SEM 1.90), and 94.05 (SEM 1.21), respectively for Sampada, Dhanrasi, DRR Dhan 42, DRR Dhan 43, and Jarava. Alkali spreading value (ASV), Gel consistency (GC), and Water uptake (WU) values of these five varieties ranged from 4 to 6, 22 mm to 54.5 mm, and 80 ml/ 100 g to 255 ml/100 g, respectively. Conclusion: Two varieties were identified with moderate GI values (Sampada, 56.38 ± 1.57; Dhanrasi, 59.23± 1.02). These varieties can prove to be a healthier option to incorporate in nutritional therapeutic diet. It is also concluded that lower ASV, higher GC, and lower WU, are good predictors for lower GIs of rice varieties. These relationships may be used for screening of low GI rice cultivars in breeding programme.

scholarly journals Smallholder Farmers’ Knowledge, Perception and Management of Rice Blast Disease in Upland Rice Production in Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hashim ◽  
Delphina P. Mamiro ◽  
Robert B. Mabagala ◽  
Tadele Tefera
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Blast Disease ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Rice Varieties

The objective of this paper was to investigate farmers’ knowledge and management of rice blast disease in Tanzania. Farmers’ household survey was conducted in five districts namely Mvomero, Morogoro rural, Ulanga, Korogwe and Muheza in April and May 2017. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaire and observations made through transect walks across selected villages. Farmers observed symptoms of rice blast disease for the first time in the past 3 to 10 years, with higher severity of blast disease in April to May each year. About 46.3% of the respondents were not aware of the cause and spread of rice blast disease. About 39.9% of the respondents associated rice blast disease with drought, high rainfall and temperature (8.7%) and soil fertility problems (5.1%). About 18.7% of the farmers reported burning of crop residues, 17.0% use of ash, 4.0% use of nitrogen fertilizer and 6.3% application of fungicide for management of rice blast disease. The majority (54.0%) of farmers did not apply any management method. Most farmers planted local upland rice varieties, with only 7.7% using improved varieties. About 69.6% of the respondents shared information on disease management among themselves. Lack of knowledge, ability to afford and unavailability of effective blast disease control methods were reported to affect the management of the disease. Strengthening the capacity of farmers to identify the disease and proper management practices will sustainably solve the problem of rice blast disease in upland rice production.

scholarly journals Effect of Climate Change on Rice Production: A Case of Six VDCs in Jumla District

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudha Sapkota ◽  
Mina Nath Paudel ◽  
Naresh Singh Thakur ◽  
Megh Bahadur Nepali ◽  
Reshma Neupane
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop of Nepal and is directly associated with ample water and minimum fluctuation of temperature that could affect on its production. Jumla is the unique place where rice is cultivated in the highest altitude (3000 m) in the world. To find out changes in rice production due to climatic effect, six VDCs of Jumla were chosen for the study. Household survey, participatory rapid appraisal, farmers’ group discussions and desk review were used for collecting data. Rice varieties Chandannath-1 andChandannath-3 were disseminated by the formal seed system with the aim of increasing rice productivity. Despite the replacement of local varieties by improved ones the production trend seems to be stagnant. One of the factors on stagnant of rice production in Jumla is due to the lack of desirable variety with genetic traits of early maturity, less nutrient requirement compared to Jumli Marshi to cope up with the climate congruently supporting to cultural practices regarding the unique rice production systems of Jumla. Key words: climate change; rice production; highest altitude; seed DOI: 10.3126/njst.v11i0.4124Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 11 (2010) 57-62

scholarly journals Farmers’ Perception and Drivers of Membership in Rice Production Community Enterprises: Evidence from the Central Region, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5445
Author(s):  
Wachira Petcho ◽  
Sylvia Szabo ◽  
Kyoko Kusakabe ◽  
Vimolwan Yukongdi
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
Community Enterprises

In rapidly developing economies such as Thailand, farmers face multiple challenges preventing them from improving their livelihoods, and are therefore reverting to collective action as a means to overcome those obstacles. Community enterprises (CEs) have recently emerged as a new form of such collective action, yet there is limited evidence regarding farmers’ perception of rice production CEs (RPCEs) and the specific factors influencing their decision to join. In order to fill this gap, primary data were collected through questionnaires administered to 406 farmers in six districts in Uthai Thani province in the central region of Thailand. A weighted average index (WAI) was employed to assess the farmers’ perception of RPCEs’ role, and a binary logit regression model was used to investigate the determinants of perception and membership in RPCEs. The results revealed that both members and non-members perceived RPCEs as a saving source but not a credit provider. Compared to non-members, members put more emphasis on the product competition with rivals. Decision to join was associated with small landholdings, diversity of rice varieties cultivated, participation in networks, membership of economic groups, access to extension services, access to credit, and proximity to the market. The results suggest that production-oriented and marketing-oriented policies should be promoted in order to encourage farmers to cultivate organic rice and rice for the niche market to supply to RPCEs in order to generate greater group income.

scholarly journals Within-Field Rice Yield Estimation Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4095
Author(s):  
Belen Franch ◽  
Alberto San Bautista ◽  
David Fita ◽  
Constanza Rubio ◽  
Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Spectral Band ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Sentinel 2

Rice is considered one of the most important crops in the world. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), rice production has increased significantly (156%) during the last 50 years, with a limited increase in cultivated area (24%). With the recent advances in remote sensing technologies, it is now possible to monitor rice crop production for a better understanding of its management at field scale to ultimately improve rice yields. In this work, we monitor within-field rice production of the two main rice varieties grown in Valencia (Spain) JSendra and Bomba during the 2020 season. The sowing date of both varieties was May 22–25, while the harvesting date was September 15–17 for Bomba and October 5–8 for JSendra. Rice yield data was collected over 66.03 ha (52 fields) by harvesting machines equipped with onboard sensors that determine the dry grain yield within irregular polygons of 3–7 m width. This dataset was split in two, selecting 70% of fields for training and 30% for validation purposes. Sentinel-2 surface reflectance spectral data acquired from May until September 2020 was considered over the test area at the two different spatial resolutions of 10 and 20 m. These two datasets were combined assessing the best combination of spectral reflectance bands (SR) or vegetation indices (VIs) as well as the best timing to infer final within-field yields. The results show that SR improves the performance of models with VIs. Furthermore, the correlation of each spectral band and VIs with the final yield changes with the dates and varieties. Considering the training data, the best correlation with the yields is obtained on July 4, with R2 for JSendra of 0.72 at 10 m and 0.76 at 20 m resolution, while the R2 for Bomba is 0.87 at 10 m and 0.92 at 20 m resolution. Based on the validation dataset, the proposed models provide within-field yield modelling Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.254 t×ha−1 (Mean Absolute Percentage Error, MAPE, of 3.73%) for JSendra at 10 m (0.240 t×ha−1; 3.48% at 20 m) and 0.218 t×ha−1 (MAPE 5.82%) for Bomba (0.223 t×ha−1; 5.78% at 20 m) on July 4, that is three months before harvest. At parcel level the model’s MAE is 0.176 t×ha−1 (MAPE 2.61%) for JSendra and 0.142 t×ha−1 (MAPE 4.51%) for Bomba. These results confirm the close correlation between the rice yield and the spectral information from satellite imagery. Additionally, these models provide a timeliness overview of underperforming areas within the field three months before the harvest where farmers can improve their management practices. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of optimum agronomic management of rice plants during the first weeks of rice cultivation (40–50 days after sowing) to achieve high yields.

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