The weight of the thyroid and pituitary glands and its relationship with rate of gain in beef steers

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Luitingh
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pituitary Glands

The daily live-weight gain of beef steers was not correlated with the weight of the pituitary gland. In the case of the thyroid gland a significant correlation was found between the absolute weight of the gland and the rate of gain. No correlation, however, was found between the relative weight of the thyroid gland and the rate of gain of the steers.A highly significant correlation was found between the weight of both the pituitary and thyroid glands and the live weight of the steers (r = 0·44 and r = 0·55 respectively), and the slope of the regression lines showed that the weight of the pituitary gland varied with the power of 0·34 of live weight (0·34% increase in the weight of the pituitary for every 1% increase in live weight) whilst the weight of the thyroid gland varied with the power of 0·89 of the live weight.No correlation was found between the weight of the pituitary and thyroid glands. The average weight of the pituitary was 1·89, 2·11 and 2·19 g. and the average weight of the thyroid was 16·81, 20·24 and 22·65 g. for steers of 14, 26 and 38 months respectively. The average live weights of the steers in the age groups concerned were 791, 893 and 1071 lb. respectively.

Histological Study of Human Thyroid Gland Relative Proportion of Parenchyma and Stroma in Thyroid Glands of Bangladeshi People

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Md Enayet Ullah ◽  
Hasna Hena ◽  
Rubina Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath

Deep cervical fascia forms a connective tissue sheath around the thyroid gland. Delicate trabeculae and septa penetrate the gland indistinctly dividing the gland into lobes and lobules which in turn composed of follicles.1,2,3 These follicles are structural units of thyroid gland which varies greatly in size and shape.4 The number of follicles varies in different age groups. The study was carried out to see the percentage of area occupied by follicles in the stained section of thyroid glands in different age groups. The collected samples were grouped as A (3.5 – 20yrs), B (21- 40yrs) & C (41 – 78yrs). Percentage of area occupied by follicles was (58.55±10.72) in group A, (63.79±12.35) in group B + (63.39±8.29) in group C.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v1i2.13981 Update Dent. Coll. j. 2011: 1(2): 17-20

Protein-bound iodine, erythrocytes and haemoglobin in the blood of beef steers and their relation to rate of gain

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Luitingh
Keyword(s):  
Serum Protein ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Haemoglobin Content ◽  
Daily Gain

The serum protein-bound iodine concentration in the blood of beef steers varied between animals and was not correlated with the daily gain during the fattening period. The data, however, are insufficient to arrive at a definite conclusion.The average erythrocyte counts of the blood were 7·86 (range: 5·89–8·75), 8·59 (range: 6·55–10·15), and 8·54 (range: 5·23–9·62) million per mm.3 for steers of 14, 26 and 38 months of age. The difference between the counts of the yearlings and that of the other age groups was statistically significant. The red cell fraction increased with live weight over the range 700–1230 lb. Although a significant (P < 0·01) correlation was found between the number of erythrocytes in the blood and the daily gain of the steers, the erythrocyte count cannot be employed to predict the possible gaining ability of single beef animals.The haemoglobin content of the blood was found to be 14·02 (range: 9·8–17·4) in the case of the yearlings, 14·68 (range: 11·8–18·5)and 14·61 (range: 7·95–16·85) g./100 ml. blood in the case of the 2-year-olds and 3-year-olds respectively. These differences between age groups were not significant.A correlation of 0·31 was found between the haemoglobin content and live weight of steers within the weight range of 600–1230 lb. The data suggest that for every 100% increase in weight, the haemoglobin in the blood increased by 17%. No correlation was found between the haemoglobin content and the rate of gain of the steers.

COMPARISON OF THE REGULATION OF CALCITONIN IN SERUM OF OLD AND YOUNG BUFFALO RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHERRY F. QUEENER ◽  
N. H. BELL ◽  
SARAH M. LARSON ◽  
D. P. HENRY ◽  
EDUARDO SLATOPOLSKY
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Serum Calcitonin ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Studies were carried out to characterize the secretion and the effects of calcitonin in the Buffalo rat. Mean basal concentrations of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone were significantly increased in serum of rats older than 6 months of age as compared with rats between 2 and 3 months of age. The mean concentration of calcium in serum was independent of age. In both age groups, serum calcitonin was increased by administration of calcium (1 mmol/kg body wt) or isoproterenol (100 μg/kg body wt), was diminished by β-adrenergic blockade with dl-propranolol (1 mg/kg body wt) and was not altered by either pentagastrin or glucagon (200 and 100 μg/kg body wt respectively). The average weight of the thyroid glands was significantly greater in the old than in the young animals but the mean concentration of calcitonin in the thyroids was the same. Thyroparathyroidectomy produced a transient increase followed by a fall in mean serum calcium in the old rats. In contrast, a progressive decline in the mean concentration of calcium in serum was observed after thyroparathyroidectomy in the young rats. Treatment of old animals with reserpine (2·5 mg/kg body wt) markedly depleted noradrenaline in the thyroid, lowered calcitonin in serum and converted the pattern of response of serum calcium to thyroparathyroidectomy to that observed in young animals. The results provide evidence that hypercalcitonaemia occurs in aged Buffalo rats, as does hyperparathyroidism, and that the concentrations of calcitonin in blood are modulated by β-adrenergic affectors. Glucagon and pentagastrin exhibit little if any effects on calcitonin secretion in this strain of rat regardless of age.

scholarly journals A Postmortem Study of the Pyramidal lobe of the Thyroid Gland in Bangladeshi People

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Begum ◽  
M Khatun ◽  
S Kishwara ◽  
R Ahmed ◽  
J Naushaba
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Hyoid Bone ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pyramidal Lobe ◽  
Group B

Background: The pyramidal lobe is also called the 3rd lobe of the thyroid gland which ascends toward the hyroid bone from the isthmus or the adjacent part of either lobe. A fibrous or fibromascular band the levetor glandulae thyroideae occasionally extends upwards from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Any pathology of thyroid gland involves this lobe, some pathology started from here or recurrence may occur from this lobe. Anatomical knowledge about pyramidal lobe is essential for surgeons, endocrinologists, pathologists and sonologists for proper diagnosis and management of thyroid diseases. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive type of study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka. Study period was from July 2003 to June 2004. Materials: The study was done by examining 60 post mortem human thyroid glands, age ranging from 7 to 67 years. The glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in the morgue of Dhaka Medical College and Sir Salimullah Medical College under the department of Forensic Medicine. Methods: The collected sample were grouped in to three age groups including group A(0-20 years), group B (21-50 years) and group C (>50 years). The presence, variation of position of the pyramidal lobe and its relation with levator glandulae thyroideae were studied. Result: The pyramidal lobe was found in 16 of 60 thyroid glands in different age groups and situated more on the left side than the right. In 9 cases, levator glandulae thyroideae were found. All extended from the apex of the pyramidal lobe to the body of the hyoid bone. Key words: Pyramidal lobe; levator glandulae thyroideae; thyroid gland. DOI: 10.3329/jdmc.v18i2.6270 J Dhaka Med Coll. 2009; 18(2) : 120-123

scholarly journals Expression of mRNA for galanin, galanin-like peptide and galanin receptors 1–3 in the ovine hypothalamus and pituitary gland: effects of age and gender

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Margaret Whitelaw ◽  
Jane Elizabeth Robinson ◽  
George Ballantine Chambers ◽  
Peter Hastie ◽  
Vasantha Padmanabhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Galanin Receptors ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Female Sheep

The neurotransmitters/neuromodulators galanin (GAL) and galanin-like peptide (GALP) are known to operate through three G protein-coupled receptors, GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in expression of mRNA for galanin, GALP and GALR1–3 in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, of male and female sheep, to determine how expression changed in association with growth and the attainment of reproductive competence. Tissue samples from the hypothalami and pituitary glands were analysed from late foetal and pre-pubertal lambs and adult sheep. Although mRNA for galanin and GALR1-3 was present in both tissues, at all ages and in both genders, quantification of GALP mRNA was not possible due to its low levels of expression. mRNA expression for both galanin and its receptors was seen to change significantly in both tissues as a function of age. Specifically, hypothalamic galanin mRNA expression increased with age in the male, but decreased with age in the female pituitary gland. mRNA expression for all receptors increased between foetal and pre-pubertal age groups and decreased significantly between pre-pubertal and adult animals. The results indicate that the expression of mRNA for galanin and its receptors changes dynamically with age and those significant differences exist with regard to tissue type and gender. These changes suggest that galaninergic neuroendocrine systems could be involved in the regulation of ovine growth and or the development of reproductive competence. The roles played by these systems in the sheep, however, may differ from other species, in particular the neuroendocrine link between nutrition and reproduction and GALR1's role in pituitary signalling.

scholarly journals Weight and Volume of Whole Thyroid Gland In Bangladeshi People: A Postmortem Study

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-75
Author(s):  
Fakhrul Amin Mohammad Hasanul Banna ◽  
Zakia Sultana ◽  
Mansur Khalil ◽  
Seheli Zannat Sultana ◽  
Sheikh Muhammad Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glandular Structure ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Normal Standard

Context: The thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular earliest endocrine glandular structure appears in mammal. The size of thyroid gland varies considerably with age, sex, physiologic state, race and geographical location. It is larger and heavier in females than in males, and it hypertrophies during menstruation and pregnancy. So this study is to carry out the macroscopic architecture of thyroid gland of different age groups in Bangladeshi people to establish a normal standard. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and period of study: Department of Anatomy, Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet, from July 2006 to June 2007. Materials: The study was carried out on 43 autopsied human thyroid glands aged 5 to 65 years. Thyroid glands were collected from unclaimed dead bodies autopsied in morgue of Sylhet M. A. G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. Methods: The collected specimens were divided into age group A (20 years and below), group B (21 to 50 years) and group C (above 50 years). All specimens were examined morphologically by fine dissection method. Result: The mean weight and volume of the thyroid gland was 13.27 ± 5.82 gm and 11.62 ± 4.76 ml respectively which are significant (p<0.01). Conclusion: From observation and results it reached conclusion that evidenced by weight and volume, the size and glandular structure gradually increase with age up to adolescence, remain stable in young and middle aged adult then slowly decline in old age. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the anatomy of thyroid gland of Bangladeshi people. To establish a normal standard for Bangladeshi people, further studies with large samples from different zones including goitre endemic zones of the country are suggested. Keywords: weight, volume, thyroid gland, postmortem. DOI: 10.3329/bja.v8i2.7020Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy July 2010, Vol. 8 No. 2 pp. 72-75

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

THE EXTRACTION OF PROLACTIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Apostolakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
List Type ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Precipitation ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Content ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT A method for the extraction of prolactin from human pituitary glands is described. It is based on acetone drying, distilled water extraction, acetone and isoelectric precipitation. Two main products are obtained: Fraction R8 with a mean prolactin activity of 12.2 IU/mg and fraction U8 with a mean prolactin activity of 8.6 IU/mg. The former fraction does not contain any significant gonadotrophin activity and the latter contains on an average 50 HMG U/mg. In both cases contamination with ACTH and MSH is minimal. The growth hormone activity of both these fractions is low. It is postulated that in man too, prolactin and growth hormone are two distinct hormones. A total of 1250 human pituitary glands have been processed by this method. The mean prolactin content per pituitary gland has been found to be 73 IU.

INHIBITION OF THYROGLOBULIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION BY EXCESS IODIDE. SYNERGISM WITH LITHIUM

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Radvila ◽  
R. Roost ◽  
H. Bürgi ◽  
H. Kohler ◽  
H. Studer
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Inhibit Protein Synthesis ◽  
Thyrotrophic Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Excess Iodide ◽  
Kidney Liver

ABSTRACT Lithium and excess iodide inhibit the release of thyroid hormone from preformed stores. We thus tested the hypothesis that this was due to an inhibition of thyroglobulin breakdown. Rats were pre-treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) for 3 weeks in order to deplete their thyroids of thyroglobulin. While the PTU was continued, lithium chloride (0.25 mEq./100 g weight) or potassium iodide (3 mg per rat) were injected every 12 h for 3 days. Thereafter the thyroglobulin content in thyroid gland homogenates was measured. PTU pre-treatment lowered the thyroglobulin content from 4.21 to 0.22 mg/100 mg gland. Lithium caused a marked re-accumulation of thyroglobulin to 0.60 mg/100 mg within 3 days. While iodide alone had only a borderline effect, it markedly potentiated the action of lithium and a combination of the two drugs increased the thyroglobulin content to 1.04 mg/100 mg. Thyroxine was injected into similarly pre-treated animals to suppress secretion of thyrotrophic hormone. This markedly inhibited the proteolysis of thyroglobulin and 1.3 mg/100 mg gland accumulated after 3 days. Excess iodide, given in addition to thyroxine, decreased the amount of thyroglobulin accumulated to 0.75 mg/100 mg gland. To study whether this could be explained by an inhibitory action of iodide on thyroglobulin biosynthesis, thyroid glands from animals treated with excess iodide were incubated in vitro in the presence of 0.2 mm iodide for 3 h. Iodide decreased the incorporation of radioactive leucine into total thyroidal protein and into thyroglobulin by 25 and 35 % respectively. Iodide did not inhibit protein synthesis in the kidney, liver or muscle tissue. Thus, large doses of iodide selectively inhibit thyroglobulin biosynthesis.

ACTION OF ENZYME DIGESTED PITUITARY GLANDS OF THE SKIPPER-FROG ON THE OVULATION OF THE SAME

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Ramaswami ◽  
A. B. Lakshman
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Constant Temperature Bath ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Stimulating Factor

ABSTRACT By using enzymes, the gonadotrophic factors in the skipper-frog pituitary glands have been selectively inactivated or destroyed. By incubating a known number of pituitary gland homogenate with ptyalin in a constant temperature bath for 5–6 h the follicle-stimulating factor is inactivated; with trypsin or pepsin, the luteinizing factor is inactivated. Bioassay on gravid skipper-frogs indicate that the ptyalin digested homogenate brings about profuse spawning while the trypsin or pepsin digested homogenates do not. When a combination of ptyalin digested and trypsin digested homogenates is injected into fresh gravid skipper-frogs, poor spawning is brought about. These experiments show that the luteinizing factor alone brings about more profuse spawning than when it is combined with the follicle-stimulating factor. It is likely, therefore, that in the lower vertebrates the luteinizing factor of the pituitary gland plays a more predominant role. The exact proportions in which the different dosages for the control and test animals are administered are also tabulated.

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