The effect of the plane and pattern of concentrate feeding on milk yield and composition in dairy cows

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Amount ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Residual Period

SUMMARYNinety-six Friesian cows were used to determine the effects of pattern of allocation of a fixed amount of concentrates on milk yield during the treatment and residual periods (weeks 1–20 and 21–44 respectively) and on the whole lactation. Thirty-two were in their second and the remainder in their third or later lactation. Second-lactation cows were used to form separate blocks.Four treatments were imposed for the first 20 weeks of lactation; these were Graded (G), Woodman (W), High Fixed (HF), and Low Fixed (LF). The first three treatments involved the same total amount of concentrate but fed in different daily amounts. Treatment W received Woodman's standard (Evans, 1960) amounts of feed according to a predetermined lactation curve derived from earlier experience in the herd; treatment G reallocated the same allowance by feeding more than W in weeks 1–12 and less during weeks 13–20; the HF treatment was a fixed daily amount of 6·4 kg, in total also equal to W total. LF was a fixed daily amount of 4·0 kg/day. The maintenance allowance was the same for all cows within a block and based on hay, dried sugar-beet pulp and barley meal. During weeks 21–44 all cows within a block received the same treatment; either grazing or self-fed silage and supplementary concentrates according to the time of year.There were significant differences in milk yield during the treatment period resulting from plane of feeding (W, G and HF greater than LF; P < 0·001) but no significant differences arising from the pattern of feeding. In the residual period (weeks 21–44) there was no significant difference between the yields of second-lactation treatment groups. Thus for the whole lactation the yields of treatments G, W and HF were significantly greater than LF. However, for the older cows there were differences in the residual period and treatment groups G and LF gave significantly more milk than group W (P < 0·001 and P < 0·05 respectively). Over the whole lactation treatment group G gave significantly more milk than LF (P < 0·001), W (P < 0·01) and HF (P < 0·05). Furthermore, the increase in total lactation yield of G compared with W was 4·5 times the increase observed in weeks 1–20.Cows of both age groups on treatment HF, unlike those on treatments W and G, never achieved a distinct peak yield but their mean weekly rate of decline was significantly less.Live-weight changes varied between treatments and between age groups and were significantly correlated with milk yield in weeks 1–20.There were no significant effects of treatments on milk composition in either age group at any stage of the lactation. The minimum value for solids-not-fat content for the cows on the LF treatment was unacceptably low.It is suggested that for cows of moderate yield potential fed to Woodman's standards (Evans, 1960) the actual pattern of feeding a predetermined amount of concentrates has little effect on the yield or quality of milk. For cows of high potential a redistribution of concentrates to allow earlier more generous feeding will increase milk yield.The rate of decline of milk yield is a characteristic of both cow potential and pattern of feeding and an adoption of a standard 2½% a week should be viewed with caution.

The effect of level and frequency of concentrate feeding on the performance of dairy cows of different yield potential

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Effect On Yield

SUMMARYAn experiment has been made using adult lactating cows in a randomized block design to study the effectiveness of basing feeding during the first 20 weeks of lactation on yield predicted from that obtained during the 8–12th days of lactation. Cows were classified as high yielding (HY) or low yielding (LY). The levels of feeding were identical within each yield group during the first 8 weeks of lactation but during the 9th to the 20th week two different levels of concentrate feed (HP and LP) were used. Over the 20-week period concentrates were offered in two or five daily feeds. Thus the effect of two levels and two frequencies of feeding on feed intake, milk yield and composition, and on live-weight change were studied.Cows in the HY group achieved a mean daily peak yield 2·6 kg higher than predicted while those in the LY group achieved the predicted mean peak daily yield. There was no significant effect of level of feeding on the 20-week milk yield but there was a significant effect on the yield of the LYLP class in weeks 9–20. Frequency of feeding had no significant effect on yield in either high-low-yielding cows. There was no significant effect of level of feeding on milk composition but low-yielding cows gave milk with a higher fat percentage than high-yielding cows. Five-times-a-day feeding also produced milk with a higher fat percentage than twice-a-day feeding.Live-weight changes were small and the largest variation was recorded in highyielding cows.The number of days from calving to first service was not significantly different for the two yield groups but there was a significant effect of level of feeding.

Influence of feeding pattern on the biological efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fixed Amount

SUMMARYAn experiment has been made to study the effect of the pattern of distribution of a fixed amount of production compound on milk yield, milk composition and live-weight change in the first 20 weeks of lactation and any carry-over effects on performance in the remaining part. Adult British Friesian cows of predicted high yield potential were randomly allocated to a graded (G) or flat-rate (F) system of feeding.There was no significant effect of treatment on milk yield, milk composition or yield of milk constituents in the experimental period or in the whole lactation.Live-weight changes were not significantly different between treatments at any stage of lactation. Calculated energy balances showed losses until the 4th week of lactation. Thereafter positive balances occurred but it was not until the 9th week for treatment G and the 15th week for treatment F that the original zero balance was restored. The total balance was in good agreement with live-weight gain for treatment F but not for treatment G.Calculated efficiencies of utilization of metabolizable energy for milk production (Klo) were variable throughout lactation and lower than the currently accepted standards.

Effect of winter environment on growth of young beef cattle 2. A note on the comparison of roofless cubicles with indoor cubicles for wintering 9-month-old Hereford × Shorthorn steers

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. McCarrick ◽  
M. J. Drennan
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains

SUMMARYLive-weight gains of two groups of 9-month-old Hereford × Shorthorn steers wintered in either roofless cubicles or indoor cubicles were compared during the winter of 1968/69, and during a subsequent 29 days at pasture. The animals were fed 1·82 kg concentrates per head daily and both treatment groups received equal quantities of silage.No significant difference was found between treatments in winter live-weight gains or subsequent weight changes at pasture. The health of all animals was excellent throughout.

scholarly journals SELECTION EFFICIENCY OF INBRED CATTLE OF UKRAINIAN WHITEHEAD BREED

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-245
Author(s):  
Svitlana Voitenko ◽  
Olena Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Close Inbreeding ◽  
Selection Of

The stated results of using outbreeding and inbreeding in a selection of cattle of the Ukrainian Whitehead breed, which belongs to the local population and is preserved only in one breeding herd. It was revealed that animals obtained from related breeding are characterized by a sufficiently high level of productivity and normal reproductive qualities. Although outbred and inbred heifers in the process of growth from birth to 18 months of age differed somewhat from each other in live weight, the difference was not statistically significant. In different periods of growth, both outbred and inbred animals had an advantage, indicating the possibility of improving the trait by purebred breeding methods. The absolute increase in live weight of experimental heifers on rearing was: Group I – 295 kg, II – 289 kg, III – 298 kg, IV – 308 kg and V – 293 kg without a statistically significant difference between the groups, which made it possible to conclude that there was no inbred depression when breeding cattle of a given herd through a related selection of parental pairs. It is recognized that the selection of calves to increase their live weight at birth will not have a positive effect on the trait during the growth of animals, as evidenced by the correlation between them. As a result of the study of reproductive ability, the expediency of obtaining and using inbred cattle in a herd, which was inseminated almost a month earlier than outbred, was proved. Between outbred and inbred cows, a significant differentiation of milk yield for the first – third lactation was found, without a significant advantage of animals obtained by one or another method of purebred breeding. According to the first lactation, the highest milk yield was observed in cows of the close inbreeding group (group V) – 4501 kg, which exceeded the outbred ones by 150 kg and the lower inbred ones (groups II-IV) by 191 – 633 kg. Inbred cattle with distant, moderate and close degrees of inbreeding at the second lactation had from 4629 kg to 4719 kg of milk, with the highest rate in cows of a moderate degree of inbreeding, while outbred cows produced only 4582 kg. Cows of a moderate degree of inbreeding had the highest milk yield in the third lactation – 5204 kg and the lowest – 3897 kg of the group of a close degree of inbreeding. Outbred cows for this trait were superior only to individuals of the group of close inbreeding. The results of a comparative analysis of economically useful traits of outbred and inbred cows and heifers of the Ukrainian Whitehead breed indicate the possibility of using a related selection of parental pairs in a herd to increase the efficiency of interbreeding selection, replicate the hereditary traits of the ancestor and preserve the disappearing domestic breed of cattle.

Value for milk production of artificially dried forages as cobs and pellets

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Milne ◽  
E. F. Thomson ◽  
R. C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Milk Solids ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Basal Ration

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted to compare the milk-producing value of dried forages in the form of cobs and pellets as replacements for a standard dairy concentrate. Four levels (0·33, 0·44, 0·55 and 0·66 kg/kg milk) of dried forage or standard dairy concentrate were offered in addition to a basal ration of 6 kg hay and 2 kg standard dairy concentrate. In both experiments the rate of eating by the cows of cobs was significantly slower (P<0·05) than that of pellets. No significant difference was found between the cobs and pellets in either experiment in their value for milk production. In Experiment 2 the standard dairy concentrate had a non-significantly higher (P>0·05) milk-producing value than the dried lucerne. Level of feeding had a significant positive effect on the milk yield (P< 0·001) of cows offered the dried grass and lucerne and on the milk solids- not-fat content (P<0·05) and live weight (P<0·01) of cows offered the dried grass, lucerne and standard dairy concentrate.

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 1. Effects of methods of processing dried grass and of including barley in the supplementation of grass silage given ad libitum

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Female Cattle

SUMMARY1. Young adult and adult British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) which were lactating were individually fed on diets of grass silage ad libitum with supplements of dried grass, dried grass/barley or barley/groundnut in two randomized block experiments.2. In Experiment I, equal quantities of dry matter (DM) as dried grass in the form of a wafer (W), cob (C) or pellet (P) were given with the silage during weeks 8 to 18 of lactation, to three groups of 12 heifers. Silage DM intakes were respectively 14·2, 14·3 and 15·8 ± 0·43 g/kg live weight per day (P<0·05). Milk yields were 14·0, 15·6, 16·7 ± 0·35 kg/day (P< 0·001). Milk composition and live-weight change did not differ significantly.3. In Experiment II, five treatment groups of heifers and cows were offered silage with equal amounts of a supplement of either dried grass pellets (treatment 1) or dried grass/barley in the ratios of 2: 1 (treatment 2), 1: 2 (treatment 3), or a barley/groundnut supplement (treatment 4). In treatment 5 the cattle received the same supplement as in treatment 4, but at a 10% higher level. Silage DM intakes for treatments 1 to 5 during lactation weeks 6 to 22 were 8·64, 8·94, 7·96, 6·96, 7·63 kg/day (1, 2>4, P<0·01; 2>5, P<0·05). The intake of digestible organic matter, milk yields and live-weight changes over the whole experimental period were not influenced significantly by treatments 1 to 4, but in treatment 5 the milk was significantly higher in fat, protein and energy content than in treatments 1 to 4. Blood composition was normal and did not differ markedly between treatments.

Milk yield and mammary function in dairy cows milked four times daily

1990 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Hillerton ◽  
Christopher H. Knight ◽  
Alan Turvey ◽  
Stephen D. Wheatley ◽  
Colin J. Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milking Frequency ◽  
Rate Of Decline

SummaryGroups of lactating cows and heifers were milked four times daily in two diagonally opposed glands for 4 weeks, and the effects on milk yield studied relative to twice-daily milked glands as controls. Mammary enzyme activities, in vitro synthesis rates of milk constituents and histological scoring were determined in mammary biopsy samples obtained at the end of this period. These were used for assessment of mammary function. Frequent milking increased milk yield only in the treated glands, the contralateral control glands continuing to decline in yield at ~ 2%/week. There was no significant difference in response between cows and heifers; the mean increase in yield was 10·4%. The rate of decline in milk yield tended to decrease with frequent milking, to ~ 1%/week. Consequently the yield of the treated glands continued to be elevated above that of the controls for some time after reversion to overall twice daily milking. Milk protein content was increased slightly by frequent milking. Mammary enzyme activities were ~ 18% higher in the treated glands than in the controls. Synthesis rates of lactose, casein and total protein were unaffected by milking frequency, but were all lower in the gland selected for the second biopsy, reflecting the reduction in milk yield caused by the first biopsy. DNA synthesis was increased by milking frequency, as were the size and number of epithelial cells in histological sections.

scholarly journals Randomised Control Trial Comparing Cypermethrin-Based Preparations in the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Jennifer Allan ◽  
Steven Van Winden
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Randomised Control Trial ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis ◽  
Moraxella Bovis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Case Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Control Study

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) caused by Moraxella bovis is commonly seen in the summer months spread by face flies. This trial investigated the difference in incidence of IBK cases from natural exposure between two groups of animals, one treated with Cypermethrin pour-on preparation (PON, n = 98) and one with Cypermethrin impregnated ear tags (TAG, n = 99). Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG) difference was investigated between animals with cases and those without and between treatment groups. A randomised positive control study, enrolled 197 animals split into two treatment groups. Cases of IBK and DLWG were recorded over the grazing season (April–November 2018). Fifty-four cases of IBK were recorded. There was no association between the two treatment groups (p = 0.362) and case status. Breed and under 12 months old were significant factors for having a case; (OR 2.3, p = 0.014 and OR 3.5, p < 0.001 respectively). There was no difference in DLWG between animals that had a case and animals that had not (p = 0.739) or between the two treatment groups (p = 0.215). Based on our results, there is no significant difference between PON or TAG preparations in the prevention of IBK. Younger animals and white-faced breeds are significantly more likely to suffer with IBK.

Meat production from pigs which have farrowed. 2. Carcass characteristics

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Brooks ◽  
D. J. A. Cole ◽  
W. J. N. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference

SUMMARYThe carcass characteristics of young adult female pigs (gilts) slaughtered after weaning their first litters have been investigated using three groups of 19 Landrace × (Landrace×Large White) gilts. In two treatment groups gilts were mated at their pubertal oestrus and suckled their piglets for 5 to 11 and 35 to 42 days respectively. These gilts were slaughtered on average 10 days after weaning. A third control group consisted of unmated gilts slaughtered at 118 kg live weight.There was no significant difference in the killing-out percentage for the three groups. The carcasses of the gilts which farrowed contained significantly less fat (P<0·001) than those of the unmated controls. The carcasses of the farrowed gilts had significantly lighter middle sections (P<0·001) and significantly heavier shoulders (P<0·001) than the controls.Despite the variations in tissue yield and distribution, the yield of prime joints for the gilts which had farrowed was only 0·62 percentage units less than that of the controls.No commercially significant variations between groups in meat quality were observed.

The effects of level of feeding of sows during pregnancy. I. Reproductive performance

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. M. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Parity Effect ◽  
Significant Difference

1. Twelve sets of 3 litter-sister Large White gilts were mated at first oestrus after reaching 250 lb. live-weight and given daily during 3 successive pregnancies either 6 lb. (A), 3 lb. (B) or 3 lb. for 76 days then 6 lb. until parturition (C) of the same meal mixture. During an 8-week lactation all were given 4 lb. meal plus 0·8 lb. per piglet suckled.2. There was a significant linear increase in numbers born with successive parities (P<0·05) but no significant differences between treatment or sister groups. There was a highly significant difference between treatment groups in mean piglet birth weight (P< 0·001) but no parity effect; mean birth weights were 2·76, 2·40 and 2·58 Ib. for Groups A, B and C respectively. Differences between sister groups in mean piglet birth weight were also significant (P<0·05).3. Post-natal litter performance was poor for all groups, probably because of the presence of E. coli, but there was no evidence of treatment effects other than on 3-week weight of third litters, which was significantly greater in Group C than in A or B (P<0·05). There were no significant effects on either number or weight of piglets at 8 weeks.

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