Growth and development in the pig, with special reference to carcass quality characters. I

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. McMeekan
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
General Order ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anterior Posterior

1. With the object of establishing the general order of development during post-natal life of the body proportions, tissues, and anatomical units, the relative changes with age in these characters have been studied in a series of male pigs killed at monthly intervals from birth to 7 months. The study is to be regarded in the light of a preliminary investigation, providing a background to experimental studies on the influence of nutrition on the growth and development of the pig.2. Growth in body proportions, when measured both photographically and by the weight of the individual anatomical regions, conforms to the law of developmental direction, exhibiting a well-defined anterior-posterior gradient from earlier to later developing regions. The limbs appear as relatively early developing parts with the fore limbs slightly earlier developing than the hind.3. The major body tissues exhibit marked differential growth behaviour; skeleton, muscle, and fat develop in that order. This situation has its origin in the differential rates of growth of the three tissues, in consequence of which the earlier developing skeleton makes a greater proportion of its growth earlier in life than does muscle, while the latter makes a greater proportion of its growth earlier than does the still later developing fat.4. Within any one tissue, the individual anatomical units or regions of the body similarly show well-defined differential growth relationships. Thus, the skeletal units of the head and trunk exhibit an anterior-posterior gradient in their order of development, while the bones of each limb show a centripetal gradient, the upper units being later developing than the lower units. To an even more marked degree, both the muscle and the fat surrounding these skeletal units afford evidence of similar gradients in these tissues.

Glucocorticoid-induced changes in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein expression in the human placenta as a potential factor for altering fetal growth and development

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Bivol ◽  
Suzzanne J. Owen ◽  
Roselyn B. Rose'Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Induced Changes

Glucocorticoids (GCs) control essential metabolic processes in virtually every cell in the body and play a vital role in the development of fetal tissues and organ systems. The biological actions of GCs are mediated via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), the cytoplasmic transcription factors that regulate the transcription of genes involved in placental and fetal growth and development. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that fetal exposure to high maternal GC levels early in gestation is associated with adverse fetal outcomes, including low birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction and anatomical and structural abnormalities that may increase the risk of cardiovascular, metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders in adulthood. The response of the fetus to GCs is dependent on gender, with female fetuses becoming hypersensitive to changes in GC levels whereas male fetuses develop GC resistance in the environment of high maternal GCs. In this paper we review GR function and the physiological and pathological effects of GCs on fetal development. We propose that GC-induced changes in the placental structure and function, including alterations in the expression of GR mRNA and protein levels, may play role in inhibiting in utero fetal growth.

scholarly journals Body proportions of 6–18-year-old children in Merida, Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-285
Author(s):  
Anna Siniarska ◽  
Joanna Nieczuja-Dwojacka ◽  
Sławomir Kozieł ◽  
Napoleon Wolański
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Effect Factor ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The purpose of this study was to find out the differences in body physique and its proportions between children from Creole, Maya and Mestizo ethnic groups living in Merida, Mexico. The study was conducted between 1996–1999 and comprised of 4636 children and youth aged 6–18 years from three ethnic groups: Maya, Mestizo, and Creole. There were 1362 boys and 1314 girls from Creole group and 803 boys and 857 girls from the pooled Maya/Mestizo group. Anthropometric measurements included body height, arm and leg length, shoulder and hip width. The following indexes were calculated: leg length-to-body height, upper-to-lower limb, shoulder-to-body height, hip-to-body height, and hip-to-shoulder. Two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was used to test the main effect and the interaction effects of age and ethnicity on height, leg length and body proportions, separately for boys and girls. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistica software version 13.1. All p-values lower than 0.05 were considered significant. Results of this study revealed that average values of body height, leg length and upper-to-lower limb and shoulder width proportions were statistically significantly different between ethnic groups. Creole children were taller and longer-legged than their Maya/Mestizo peers, and the greatest difference was noted after puberty. Maya/Mestizo children had relatively longer arm as compared to Creoles. Results of two-way ANOVA revealed that age and ethnicity were combined (interaction effect) factors for variation in body height both in boys and girls, and upper-to-lower limb proportion in boys, shoulder-to-body height proportion in girls. Ethnicity was the main effect factor for leg length both in boys and girls, and for the body proportions: upper-to-lower limb in girls and shoulder-to-body height in boys. Age was the main effect factor for upper-to-lower limb proportion in girls, shoulder-to-body height in boys, hip-to-body height in boys and girls, and hip-to-shoulder, both in boys and girls. In conclusion it may be stated that variation in body physique and body proportions during the postnatal growth in different ethnic groups is under the influence of complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors to which the individual is exposed.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of individual parameters of the sum of the sizes intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine in juvenile males and males of the first mature age in norm

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
V.P. Danylevych ◽  
Yu.Y. Guminskyi ◽  
V.O. Tykholaz ◽  
Y.O. Bezsmertnyi ◽  
S.V. Pavlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anterior Posterior

In nowadays, an important area in medicine is the early preclinical identification of the parameters deviations from the norm, where mathematical modeling can help, which should be used to calculate individual linear parameters of internal structures based on external parameters of the body. The aim of the study was to calculate the individual total linear measures of the lumbar intervertebral discs in juniors and men of the first adulthood (17-28 years) in norm. The total size of the each intervertebral discs were calculated a sum of the anterior-posterior diameter, frontal diameter and vertical sizes of each lumbar intervertebral discs, which were measured by MRI. The next step was to calculate the relative proportional nonlinear somato-disc rates (based on body weight and body length) for each individual examined. Mathematical processing of the measured parameters and the relative values of the somato-disc relationships was carried out by the statistical data processing program “STATISTICA 6.1” using parametric methods. The correct distribution of the variational series indicators, mean values and their standard errors were evaluated. Based on relative values the mathematical model was created to obtain individual values of the TS of the lumbar intervertebral discs. Subsequently, we compared the measured total discs sizes of the anterior-posterior, frontal diameters and vertical sizes of the lumbar intervertebral discs with a mathematically calculated value for each lumbar intervertebral discs. The significant difference between the mathematically calculated and measured values of the total intervertebral discs’ sizes of the didn’t exceed 10%. Determination of the standard linear dimensions of the intervertebral discs of the lumbar spine using CT and MRI and comparison with theoretically calculated indices will make it possible to diagnose early manifestations of the lumbar intervertebral discs pathology.

A COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENCES IN THE TOTAL NITROGEN CONTENT OF THE MUSCLES OF THE RAT, RESULTING FROM TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE AND FROM INANITION

1953 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. GREENBAUM ◽  
F. G. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Masseter Muscle ◽  
Pectoralis Major ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Nitrogen Content ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
The Individual

1. The distribution of nitrogen in the bodies of rats treated with purified growth hormone for 23 days, and of rats starved for 6 days, has been studied. 2. Some of the extra nitrogen of the growth hormone-treated animals was found deposited in all the tissues examined, with the exception of the heart and the soleus muscle, but the rate at which the individual muscles grew was not uniform. Pectoralis major, masseter, quadriceps, acromiotrapezius, deep spinal muscle, supraspinatus and the diaphragm grew significantly faster than the body as a whole. 3. All the tissues studied, except the masseter and the soleus muscles, were found to lose nitrogen during inanition. It was observed that, with the exception of the masseter muscle, those tissues gaining protein most rapidly under the influence of growth hormone were those that lost it most rapidly during starvation, and conversely. 4. These results reveal the existence of a group of muscles with protein of greater lability than that of the rest of the body tissues. These muscles respond most vigorously to the deposition of protein during treatment with growth hormone, and suffer most depletion of protein during inanition.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND LIVE WEIGHT WITH AGE IN PUREBRED AND CROSSBRED PIGLETS

PIG-BREEDING ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
LEVSHIN A.D. ◽  
◽  
KULMAKOVA N.I. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
The Individual

Since changes in linear measurements and the live weight of animals are manifested in a very multifaceted way, it is difficult to imagine their study and accounting using a single universal method. This problem can be solved by using a variety of methods and techniques for studying the individual development of the body. This article is devoted to the study of the features of growth and development in purebred breeding and interbreed hybridization based on the study of the intensity of live weight growth, the dynamics of average daily increases in relative growth rate and linear measurements of experimental animals.

scholarly journals Application of Capacitive-Resistive Electric Transfer in Physiotherapeutic Clinical Practice and Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12446
Author(s):  
Luis De Sousa-De Sousa ◽  
Cristina Tebar Sanchez ◽  
José Luis Maté-Muñoz ◽  
Juan Hernández-Lougedo ◽  
Manuel Barba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Diathermy techniques embody an oscillating electrical current passaging through the body tissues generating therapeutic heat; use of this technique in the physiotherapy field has been introduced recently, and because there is scarce information, the following review is proposed, aiming to explore the available evidence on applying CRET in physiotherapy clinical practice and sports. A systematic search was led through a keyword search on PubMed, MedLine, DialNet, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science and Clinicaltrials databases. Including randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies, which applied radiofrequency diathermy in sports and physiotherapy fields, without any restrictions on dates, published in Spanish, English, Portuguese or Italian. Data extraction was conducted through the Cochrane data extraction form and presented in tabular format; 30 articles were included for analysis, and assessment of methodological quality was made through the PEDro scale with a “Good/Fair” general quality score. The nature of existing articles does not allow a quantitative analysis. Conclusion: identified fields of applications were musculoskeletal physiotherapy, treatment of pelvic floor and sexual dysfunctions, as well as dermato-functional physiotherapy and sports, evidencing an increase of skin temperature, enhanced skin and muscle blood perfusion, as well as reporting an increase in oxyhaemoglobin. Further research is needed. Prospero registration number: CRD42020215592.

scholarly journals FREE KINETOSOMES IN AUSTRALIAN FLAGELLATES

1972 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney L. Tamm
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interphase Cells ◽  
Anterior Side ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
Anterior Posterior

An electron microscope study was made of Deltotrichonympha and Koruga, two closely-related hypermastigote flagellates that live in the hindgut of the Australian termite, Mastotermes darwiniensis These symbiotic protozoans have a typical flagellated rostrum and long body flagella. Their "giant centrioles" (centriolar apparatus) are large, fibrillar, and granular bodies which do not resemble typical centrioles in structure. The unique feature of interphase cells is the presence of more than half a million free kinetosomes in the anterior cytoplasm. Two classes of free kinetosomes, differing in length and spatial arrangement, were found. 500,000–750,000 short free kinetosomes are concentrated in a dense column which extends from the centriolar apparatus in the rostrum to the anterior side of the nucleus Most of the short free kinetosomes in the column are arranged end-to-end in chains of varying lengths. Within a kinetosomal chain, all of the individual kinetosomes face in the same direction with respect to their cartwheel ends In most flagellates, the short free kinetosomes are 0 07–0.13 µ long, and are remarkably similar in length within any cell Occasionally, cells with uniformly "longer" short free kinetosomes are found. 70,000–120,000 long free kinetosomes are scattered singly throughout the cytoplasm between the column of short free kinetosomes and the cell surface These long free kinetosomes are 0 4–0 7 µ long, similar in length to the kinetosomes of the body flagella, and are oriented parallel to the anterior-posterior axis of the cell. The significance of this remarkable accumulation of free kinetosomes is discussed.

Temporal growth and development of body tissues of pigs as assessed by X-ray computed tomography

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Barchia ◽  
P. F. Arthur ◽  
L. R. Giles ◽  
G. J. Eamens
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ct Imaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Nonlinear Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Body Tissues

Data from 54 hybrid (mainly Large White × Landrace) pigs, comprising 18 male, 18 female and 18 castrated pigs, were used to quantify and mathematically describe the temporal growth and development of body tissues of live pigs. The pigs were 31.1 ± 3.6 kg liveweight (LW) and 70 ± 1 day of age (mean ± s.d.) at the start of the study, were individually penned, fed ad libitum and were weighed weekly. Computed tomography (CT) imaging was used to determine the weights of lean, fat and bone tissues of each pig at five different times during the study, which corresponded to ~30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg LW. The highest age and LW achieved by a pig were 31.4 weeks and 166.6 kg, respectively. A nonlinear mixed effects model of Gompertz function with sigmoidal behaviour was fitted to the data for each of the three sexes (male, female and castrate) to study the temporal growth and development of CT LW and the body tissues (lean, fat and bone). The estimate for CT LW at maturity was 237.5, 198.6 and 210.1 kg for males, females and castrates, respectively, and the corresponding prediction for the point of inflection (maximum growth rate) was 87.4, 73.1 and 77.3 kg. The predicted point of inflection for lean tissue was 47.0, 37.5 and 34.3 kg for males, females and castrates, respectively. In general, male pigs were the leanest, and castrates were the fattest, with females in between. Within sex, the ages at the point of inflection for lean tissue and bone tissue were lower than those for CT LW, whereas those for fat tissue were higher than those for CT LW. The percentage of bone tissue in the body generally remained stable with age (e.g. castrates had 9.2 and 9.0% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively), whereas the percentage of lean tissue decreased with age (e.g. castrates had 61.3 and 50.4% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively), and that of fat tissue increased with age (e.g. castrates had 16.8 and 25.8% at 14 and 26 weeks of age, respectively). Accurate mathematical models are required to develop management strategies to optimise pig production. The results of this study indicate that serial data on live pigs generated by CT imaging technology can be used to describe temporal growth and development of LW and body tissues of pigs using sigmoidal growth functions.

scholarly journals Transportation and The Use of Oxygen

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Kun Arifi Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Individual

Introduction: All living things need a certain amount of oxygen which is obtained from free air, which is continuous throughout life, but cannot be stored in the body as a reserve. Oxygen is distributed throughout the body to the mitochondria of cells which are used in metabolic processes along with glucose to produce ATP (energy source for cell activity) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). Literature Review: The exchange of oxygen as a metabolic material for the body and carbon dioxide as the end product of the body’s metabolism is done through a process called respiration. Blood pumped by the heart carries oxygen from the lungs to all body tissues and brings back the blood containing carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs for gas exchange. Oxygen transport in the blood takes two forms, namely bound to hemoglobin/Hb (the largest) and dissolved. Meanwhile, the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood takes 3 forms, namely:  carbonic ion (the largest), dissolved, and binds to Hb. Conclusion: The consumption of oxygen in the body requires processes and is associated with several organ systems. If one of the systems is not functioning properly, it can cause oxygen deficiency, thus the cells do not consume enough oxygen, which can cause anaerobic metabolism and if it becomes severe it will cause the death of cells, organs, and the individual.

scholarly journals A continuous dynamic beam model for swimming fish

1998 ◽  
Vol 353 (1371) ◽  
pp. 981-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.–Y. Cheng ◽  
T. J. Pedley ◽  
J. D. Altringham
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Plate Theory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Fish Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Continuous Dynamic

When a fish swims in water, muscle contraction, controlled by the nervous system, interacts with the body tissues and the surrounding fluid to yield the observed movement pattern of the body. A continuous dynamic beam model describing the bending moment balance on the body for such an interaction during swimming has been established. In the model a linear visco–elastic assumption is made for the passive behaviour of internal tissues, skin and backbone, and the unsteady fluid force acting on the swimming body is calculated by the 3D waving plate theory. The body bending moment distribution due to the various components, in isolation and acting together, is analysed. The analysis is based on the saithe ( Pollachius virens ), a carangiform swimmer. The fluid reaction needs a bending moment of increasing amplitude towards the tail and near–standing wave behaviour on the rear–half of the body. The inertial movement of the fish results from a wave of bending moment with increasing amplitude along the body and a higher propagation speed than that of body bending. In particular, the fluid reaction, mainly designed for propulsion, can provide a considerable force to balance the local momentum change of the body and thereby reduce the power required from the muscle. The wave of passive visco–elastic bending moment, with an amplitude distribution peaking a little before the mid–point of the fish, travels with a speed close to that of body bending. The calculated muscle bending moment from the whole dynamic system has a wave speed almost the same as that observed for EMG–onset and a starting instant close to that of muscle activation, suggesting a consistent matching between the muscle activation pattern and the dynamic response of the system in steady swimming. A faster wave of muscle activation, with a variable phase relation between the strain and activation cycle, appears to be designed to fit the fluid reaction and, to a lesser extent, the body inertia, and is limited by the passive internal tissues. Higher active stress is required from caudal muscle, as predicted from experimental studies on fish muscle. In general, the active force development by muscle does not coincide with the propulsive force generation on the tail. The stiffer backbone may play a role in transmitting force and deformation to maintain and adjust the movement of the body and tail in water.

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