Glucocorticoid-induced changes in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein expression in the human placenta as a potential factor for altering fetal growth and development

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Bivol ◽  
Suzzanne J. Owen ◽  
Roselyn B. Rose'Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Induced Changes

Glucocorticoids (GCs) control essential metabolic processes in virtually every cell in the body and play a vital role in the development of fetal tissues and organ systems. The biological actions of GCs are mediated via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), the cytoplasmic transcription factors that regulate the transcription of genes involved in placental and fetal growth and development. Several experimental studies have demonstrated that fetal exposure to high maternal GC levels early in gestation is associated with adverse fetal outcomes, including low birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction and anatomical and structural abnormalities that may increase the risk of cardiovascular, metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders in adulthood. The response of the fetus to GCs is dependent on gender, with female fetuses becoming hypersensitive to changes in GC levels whereas male fetuses develop GC resistance in the environment of high maternal GCs. In this paper we review GR function and the physiological and pathological effects of GCs on fetal development. We propose that GC-induced changes in the placental structure and function, including alterations in the expression of GR mRNA and protein levels, may play role in inhibiting in utero fetal growth.

scholarly journals RF- EMR – Effects on human and environmental health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bincy Biju ◽  
Chiradeep Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Embryo Viability ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Increased Risk

In today's world, development in technology has brought social and economic benefits to society and technological devices play a vital role in our day-to-day life. However, with advancement in the field of electronics and communication technology, there is an increased risk of exposure to electromagnetic field and this may cause many health problems in humans as well as affecting the environment. Sources of electromagnetic waves are power transmission line, base transmitter station, mobile phones, household appliances and the waves that are emitted from these sources get absorbed in the body causing various ill-effects. Various studies have shown that radiations from mobile phone/towers increases the rate of various types of cancer among women and children. Electromagnetic radiations can also cause changes in EEG pattern, decrease in TSH, T3, T4, prolactin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone levels. Experimental studies showed that long- term exposure to electromagnetic waves decrease sperm count and quality among men. RF- EMR can cause DNA damage, affect embryo viability and cause premature birth. In this narrative review, we focus on the available literature describing the ill-effects of various kinds of electromagnetic radiation emitting sources on multiple organs/organ systems of the human body as well as its effect on the environment from studies carried all across the world.

scholarly journals Reductions in adipose tissue and skeletal growth in rat adult offspring after prenatal leptin exposure

2003 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Nilsson ◽  
D Swolin-Eide ◽  
C Ohlsson ◽  
E Eriksson ◽  
HP Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Protein Levels

Leptin is involved in regulating food intake, energy balance and bone formation. Increasing evidence suggests that leptin is also involved in fetal growth and development. The aim of this study was to determine if increased maternal leptin is followed by changes in body composition, skeletal growth or hormonal regulation in the adult rat offspring. Pregnant rats were given injections of either human recombinant leptin (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle on days 8, 10 and 12 of gestation. Both genders of leptin-exposed offspring showed significantly reduced adipose tIssue weight at adult age. Skeletal growth and cortical bone dimensions were significantly reduced. Circulating testosterone levels were significantly increased in female leptin-exposed offspring, and male leptin-exposed offspring had significant testicular enlargement. No significant effects were seen on circulating leptin levels or hypothalamic protein levels of the leptin receptor. The results demonstrate that maternally administered leptin is involved in fetal growth and development, leading to lean offspring with reduced skeletal growth.

scholarly journals Exercise and training regulation of autophagy markers in human and rodent skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Botella ◽  
Nicholas A. Jamnick ◽  
Cesare Granata ◽  
Amanda J. Genders ◽  
Enrico Perri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Induced Response ◽  
Autophagy Flux ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Flux Level ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractAutophagy is a key intracellular mechanism by which cells degrade old or dysfunctional proteins and organelles. In skeletal muscle, evidence suggests that exercise increases autophagosome content and autophagy flux. However, the exercise-induced response seems to differ between rodents and humans, and little is known about how different exercise prescription parameters may affect these results. The present study utilised skeletal muscle samples obtained from four different experimental studies using rats and humans. Here we show that following exercise, in the soleus muscle of Wistar rats, there is an increase in LC3B-I protein levels (+ 109%) immediately after exercise, and a subsequent increase in LC3B-II protein levels (+ 97%) 3 hours into the recovery. Conversely, in human skeletal muscle, there is an immediate exercise-induced decrease in LC3B-II protein levels (− 24%), independent of whether exercise is performed below or above the maximal lactate steady state, which returns to baseline 3.5 hours following recovery, while no change in LC3B-I protein levels is observed. p62 protein levels did not change in neither rats nor humans following exercise. By employing an ex vivo autophagy flux assay previously used in rodents we demonstrate that the exercise-induced decrease in LC3B-II protein levels in humans does not reflect a decreased autophagy flux. Instead, effect size analyses suggest a modest-to-large increase in autophagy flux following exercise that lasts up to 24 hours. Our findings suggest that exercise-induced changes in autophagosome content markers differ between rodents and humans, and that exercise-induced decrease in LC3B-II protein levels do not reflect autophagy flux level.

Fetal programming: the perspective of single and twin pregnancies

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Multiple pregnancy is associated with increased risk of adverse consequences for both mother and fetus(es), including increased rates of maternal hypertension and pre-eclampsia, spontaneous abortion, Caesarean delivery, low birthweight, birth prematurity, perinatal mortality, admission to neonatal intensive care and extended length of care, respiratory distress, cerebral palsy, developmental delay, contact with disability services and mortality to age 5 years. Premature birth, which affects 97% of triplets and 53.3% of twins in Australia, is not the sole factor involved. The rate of multiple pregnancy in Australia is 1.7%. This compares to 22.1% for pregnancies resulting from assisted reproduction technology (ART). As a result, 21.8% of babies born from ART are from a multiple pregnancy, in comparison to the USA where the majority of babies born from ART are from a multiple pregnancy. Additionally, the population rate of multiple births is rising due to the more frequent use of ART and continued multi-embryo transfers, which is operating against a background of rising implantation rates within ART clinics. Twins have been of interest from a programming perspective. However, analysis of associations between crude birthweight and subsequent metabolic risk factors or mortality in adulthood from chronic disease indicate that adaptations in pregnancy to support multi-fetal growth are not identical to fetal growth restriction in singleton pregnancies. Indeed, the process of ‘maternal constraint’ is incompletely understood and confounds such comparisons. From a programming perspective, it is a challenge to identify in twin pregnancies the transition from physiological adaptation to pathological growth restriction. Growth disparity between twins has been more illuminating of subtle adverse effects for the smaller of twin pairs in both blood pressure and insulin resistance in adulthood. Interestingly, these effects can be observed in both dizygotic and to a lesser degree in monozygotic twins, which indicates a role for both genetic and environmental factors in these measures. This suggests that, consistent with experimental studies in other species, the relationship between impaired growth in utero and chronic disease in later life is not simply mediated by a common genetic pathway.

Adaptability and potential for treatment of placental functions to improve embryonic development and postnatal health

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
In Pregnancy

For an organ that is so critical for life in eutherian mammals, the placenta hardly gets the attention that it deserves. The placenta does a series of remarkable things, including implanting the embryo in the uterus, negotiating with the mother for nutrients but also protecting her health during pregnancy, helping establish normal metabolic and cardiovascular function for life postnatally (developmental programming) and initiating changes that prepare the mother to care for and suckle her young after birth. Different lines of evidence in experimental animals suggest that the development and function of the placenta are adaptable. This means that some of the changes observed in pathological pregnancies may represent attempts to mitigate the impact of fetal growth and development. Key and emerging concepts are reviewed here concerning how we may view the placenta diagnostically and therapeutically in pregnancy complications, focusing on information from experimental studies in mice, sheep and cattle, as well as association studies from humans. Hundreds of different genes have been shown to underlie normal placental development and function, some of which have promise as tractable targets for intervention in pregnancies at risk for poor fetal growth.

scholarly journals Pharmacological and biochemical modulation of stress markers by L-NAME and L-Ascorbic acid in chronic restraint model in Wistar rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Giridhari Pal ◽  
Vishwajeet Rohil ◽  
Razi Akhtar ◽  
Tapan Behl ◽  
Sudha Bharati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biochemical Modulation ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
Induced Changes

Background: Stress is the psycho-physiologic reaction of the body to diverse stimuli including emotional or physical stimuli that imbalance the homeostasis and is also known to trigger various stress markers. Despite the stressors of different types, chronic stress in particular, is known to influence the physiological milieu and breakdown of adaptive mechanisms consequently aggravating the morbid states.  Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the modulatory role of stress marker by N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) and L-Ascorbic acid (L-AA) in experimental model of chronic restraint stress (RSx21) in Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: MDA and GSH levels were determined by the method of Okhawa et al 1979 and Ellman 1959 respectively, the SOD and catalase levels were estimated by the method of Nandi and Chatterjee 1988 and Aebi 1984 respectively.Results: Results from our study reveal the significant enhancement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level while significant attenuation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase levels in chronic stress group compared with vehicle (non-stress) group. The MDA level was found to be increased by L-NAME (10 and 50 mg/kg) in chronic restraint (RSx21) induced rats as compared to vehicle treated RS group. Antioxidant L-AA (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced MDA level in chronic stress situation. However, L-NAME and L-Ascorbic Acid were found to cause an increase in level of plasma SOD, GSH and catalase when compared with vehicle treated RS group. On the other hand, L-AA (100 and 200 mg/kg) reversed these RS induced changes in these oxidative parameters.Conclusions: Hence, results from the study underlined the intricate role of antioxidants as evidenced by reversal of oxidative stress markers that command a vital role in the development of morbid condition.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(1) 2017 15-20

scholarly journals Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming

Reproduction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A L Fowden ◽  
A J Forhead
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Intrauterine Programming

Epidemiological findings and experimental studies in animals have shown that individual tissues and whole organ systems can be programmedin uteroduring critical periods of development with adverse consequences for their function in later life. Detailed morphometric analyses of the data have shown that certain patterns of intrauterine growth, particularly growth retardation, can be related to specific postnatal outcomes. Since hormones regulate fetal growth and the development of individual fetal tissues, they have a central role in intrauterine programming. Hormones such as insulin, insulin-like growth factors, thyroxine and the glucocorticoids act as nutritional and maturational signals and adapt fetal development to prevailing intrauterine conditions, thereby maximizing the chances of survival bothin uteroand at birth. However, these adaptations may have long-term sequelae. Of the hormones known to control fetal development, it is the glucocorticoids that are most likely to cause tissue programmingin utero. They are growth inhibitory and affect the development of all the tissues and organ systems most at risk of postnatal pathophysiology when fetal growth is impaired. Their concentrationsin uteroare also elevated by all the nutritional and other challenges known to have programming effects. Glucocorticoids act at cellular and molecular levels to alter cell function by changing the expression of receptors, enzymes, ion channels and transporters. They also alter various growth factors, cytoarchitectural proteins, binding proteins and components of the intracellular signalling pathways. Glucocorticoids act, directly, on genes and, indirectly, through changes in the bioavailability of other hormones. These glucocorticoid-induced endocrine changes may be transient or persist into postnatal life with consequences for tissue growth and development both before and after birth. In the long term, prenatal glucocorticoid exposure can permanently reset endocrine systems, such as the somatotrophic and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axes, which, in turn, may contribute to the pathogenesis of adult disease. Endocrine changes may, therefore, be both the cause and the consequence of intrauterine programming.

Growth and development in the pig, with special reference to carcass quality characters. I

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. McMeekan
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
General Order ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Anterior Posterior

1. With the object of establishing the general order of development during post-natal life of the body proportions, tissues, and anatomical units, the relative changes with age in these characters have been studied in a series of male pigs killed at monthly intervals from birth to 7 months. The study is to be regarded in the light of a preliminary investigation, providing a background to experimental studies on the influence of nutrition on the growth and development of the pig.2. Growth in body proportions, when measured both photographically and by the weight of the individual anatomical regions, conforms to the law of developmental direction, exhibiting a well-defined anterior-posterior gradient from earlier to later developing regions. The limbs appear as relatively early developing parts with the fore limbs slightly earlier developing than the hind.3. The major body tissues exhibit marked differential growth behaviour; skeleton, muscle, and fat develop in that order. This situation has its origin in the differential rates of growth of the three tissues, in consequence of which the earlier developing skeleton makes a greater proportion of its growth earlier in life than does muscle, while the latter makes a greater proportion of its growth earlier than does the still later developing fat.4. Within any one tissue, the individual anatomical units or regions of the body similarly show well-defined differential growth relationships. Thus, the skeletal units of the head and trunk exhibit an anterior-posterior gradient in their order of development, while the bones of each limb show a centripetal gradient, the upper units being later developing than the lower units. To an even more marked degree, both the muscle and the fat surrounding these skeletal units afford evidence of similar gradients in these tissues.

EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT IN THE FETAL PIG

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. B. RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Visible Body ◽  
Fetal Pig

The effect of hypophysectomy on fetal growth and development was studied in 45 fetuses in which the pituitary had been destroyed by electrocoagulation between 68 and 84 d of gestation, and in 35 control littermates. Hypophysectomized fetuses were significantly heavier than their intact litter mates (1203 g vs. 1057 g; P < 0.05), were more edematous and had visible body fat stores. Fetuses hypophysectomized before 70 d of gestation were hairless and myxedematous, whereas in those hypophysectomized after day 80 the body surface either was similar to that of intact litter mates or had mild hypotrichosis. Hypophysectomy resulted in significant reductions in the weights of adrenal and thyroid glands and the testes, but did not influence fetal ovarian weight. In fetuses hypophysectomized after 80 d of gestation, no alteration of thyroid weight was noted. The spleen and kidneys were significantly heavier in hypophysectomized fetuses, whereas liver and heart weights were lighter. It is concluded that fetal hypophysectomy may increase fetal growth in the pig, and selectively alters the growth and maturation of individual organs. Key words: Hypophysectomy, body weight, organ weight, fetus

Perbedaan Efektivitas Pemberian Origami Dan Playdough Terhadap Perkembangan Pada Anak Prasekolah Kelompok A Di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kota Kediri

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halimatus Saidah ◽  
Yunida Septiyanty
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Body ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Group A ◽  
Key Words Development ◽  
Children Development ◽  
Research Show

ABSTRAKPerkembangan (development) adalah bertambahnya kemampuan atau fungsi semua sistem organ tubuh sebagai akibat bertambahnya kematangan atau maturitas fungsi sistem organ tubuh (Dewi, 2013). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas pemberian origami dan playdough terhadap perkembangan pada anak prasekolah kelompok A di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal tahun 2018.Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian pre eksperiment dengan pendekatan pre-test and post-test Design. Populasi yang diteliti adalah seluruh anak kelompok A di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal berjumlah 56 anak dengan teknik purposive sampling diperoleh sampel 36 responden. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah lembar KPSP. Hasil penelitian kemudian dianalisa dengan menggunakan wilcoxon signed rank.Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukan bahwa perkembangan anak sebelum pelaksanaan pemberian Origami didapatkan setengahnya perkembangan anak meragukan, setelah pelaksanaan didapatkan hampir seluruhnya perkembangan anak sesuai. Perkembangan anak sebelum pelaksanaan pemberian Playdough didapatkan sebagian besar perkembangan anak meragukan, setelah pelaksanaan didapatkan sebagian besar perkembangan anak sesuai. Hasil analisis menunjukkan ada pengaruh pemberian permainan origami dan permainan Playdough terhadap perkembangan anak kelompok A di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Tahun 2018 dengan hasil ρ-value = 0,001 ɑ = 0,05 dari kelompok origami dan ρ-value = 0,007 ɑ = 0,05 dari kelompok playdough, sedangkan hasil analisis perbedaan adanya perbedaan efektivitas pengaruh pemberian permainan origami dan playdough terhadap perkembangan anak pada kelompok A di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Tahun 2018 dengan hasil ρ-value = 0,043 ɑ = 0,05.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan ada pengaruh permainan origami dan playdough terhadap perkembangan anak pada kelompok A di TK Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Tahun 2018. Diharapkan kepada orang tua maupun guru untuk lebih meningkatkan frekuensi dalam memberi stimulus permainan terutama permainan origami yang diberikan kepada anak. Kata Kunci : Perkembangan , Anak Prasekolah,  Origami, Playdough ABSTRACTDevelopment is increasing ability or function of all organ systems of the body as a result of increasing maturity or maturity function of the organ system of the body (Dewi, 2013). The purpose of this research is to know the effectiveness difference of origami and playdough on development in preschoolers group A in Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten in 2018.The research design used is research pre eksperiment with approach pre-test dan post-test. The population studied was all group A children in kindergarten Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal amounted to 56 children with purposive sampling technique obtained sample 36 respondents. The research instrument used is KPSP sheet. The results were then analyzed by using wilcoxon signed rank.The results of the research show that the development of children before the implementation of giving Origami found half of child development doubt, after the implementation is obtained almost entirely the child's development accordingly. Child development prior to the implementation of Playdough gift obtained most of the development of children doubt, after the implementation is obtained most of the child's development accordingly.  The results of the analysis show that there is an effect of giving origami game and Playdough game to the child development group A in Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten Year 2018 with the result ρ-value = 0.001 ɑ = 0.05 from the origami group and ρ-value = 0.007 ɑ = 0.05 of the playdough group, while the result of difference analysis that is difference between origami and playdough influence to children development in group A diiyah Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Year 2018 with result of ρ-value = 0,043 ɑ = 0,05.Based on the research results can be concluded there is influence of origami and playdough on the development of children in group A in Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal Kindergarten Year 2018. Expected to parents and teachers to increase the frequency of giving stimulus especially the origami given to the child. Key Words : Development, children preschool, Origami, Playdough

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