scholarly journals Nitrate leaching and growth of cereal crops following cultivation of contrasting temporary grasslands

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIKSEN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Use

Intensive dairy farming with low N use efficiencies may have adverse environmental impact through nitrate leaching. The residual effects of six different temporary grasslands (1994–96) on yield and nitrate leaching in the following cereal crops (1997–99) were investigated on a loamy sand in central Jutland. The grasslands were unfertilized grass–clover and fertilized ryegrass subject to cutting or continuous grazing by dairy cows with two levels of N in feed supplements. In the first year there was sufficient residual effect of the grazed grasslands to obviate the need for supplementary fertilizer, but in the following years gradually more fertilizer N was required to obtain optimal yields. Nitrate leaching decreased as a function of time after cultivation of grassland, but grassland management had little effect on the subsequent nitrate leaching (6 to 36 kg N/ha in unfertilized plots). Application of cattle slurry to cereals influenced nitrate leaching more than the history of the grassland and caused the annual mean nitrate concentration to exceed the EU Drinking Water Directive upper limit in most cases. Presumably, large differences in N-input during the grassland phase of the crop rotation had relatively little effect on the subsequent N release because of variable N losses during grazing. Possibilities for further improvement of the utilization of grassland N following cultivation are limited when the current knowledge has been implemented. If the N use efficiency of dairy farming systems is to be further improved the utilization of N during the pasture phase is crucial.

Residual effects of nitrogen fertiliser on the yield and N composition of succeeding cereal crops and on soil chemical properties of an Ethiopian highland Vertisol

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selamyihun Kidanu ◽  
D. G. Tanner ◽  
Tekalign Mamo
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Current Season ◽  
The Mean

A trial was conducted on an Ethiopian Vertisol from 1990 to 1995 to determine the residual effects of fertiliser N applied to tef [Eragrostistef (Zucc.) Trotter] on the grain and straw yield, N content, and total N uptake of succeeding crops of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) and tef. The mean agronomic efficiency of 60 kg fertiliser N ha−1 was 13.1 kg grain kg−1 fertiliser N applied in the current year and 5.4 kg grain kg−1 fertiliser N applied in the previous year. Thus, the residual fertiliser N benefit was equivalent to 41.2% of the response to current season N application for the two cereal crops. The mean rates of apparent recovery of fertiliser N were 65.8% for current season N application and 31.0% for previous season N application. Soil organic matter and nitrate levels increased linearly in response to both previous and current season N application rates. The current study demonstrates that the residual effect of fertiliser N enhanced the yields and N contents of the grain and straw of both wheat and tef, resulting in a significant increase in total N uptake. Any analysis of the profitability of fertiliser N response should reflect the multi-year benefit period. Key words: N recovery, N residue, N uptake, tef, wheat

scholarly journals Nitrogen Utilization in a Cereal-Legume Rotation Managed with Sustainable Agricultural Practices

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Diacono ◽  
Paola Baldivieso-Freitas ◽  
Francisco Sans Serra
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Practices ◽  
N Use

Optimization of the nitrogen (N) inputs and minimization of nutrient losses strongly affect yields in crop rotations. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of agricultural practices on yield and N use in a 4-year cereal-legume rotation in organic farming and to identify the best combination of these practices. The following treatments were compared: conventional plough (P) vs. reduced chisel (RC) tillage; composted farmyard manure (F) vs. unfertilized control (NF); and green manure (GM) vs. no green manure (NoM). No significant differences were found for N use efficiency between P and RC in each crop. The results suggested that legumes in the tested rotation do not need supplemental N fertilization, particularly if combining GM and F. The use of composted farmyard manure should be considered in a long-term fertilization plan for cereals, to allow a higher efficiency in N use. The residual effect of fertilization over time, along with the site-specific pedo-climatic conditions, should also be considered. In both tested tillage approaches, soil N surplus was the highest in plots combining GM and F (i.e., more than 680 kg N ha−1 in combination with RC vs. about 140 kg N ha−1 for RC without fertilization), with a risk of N losses by leaching. The N deficit in NoM–NF both combined with P and RC would indicate that these treatment combinations are not sustainable for the utilized crops in the field experiment. Therefore, the combination of the tested practices should be carefully assessed to sustain soil fertility and crop production.

A review of nitrogen losses due to leaching and surface runoff under intensive pasture management in Australia

Soil Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy L. Burkitt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Pasture Production

This paper reviews the literature on nitrate leaching and nitrogen (N) runoff under intensive dairy pasture systems in Australia and draws comparisons with research undertaken under similar climates and farming systems internationally, with the aim to inform future research in this area. An Australian nitrate-leaching study suggests that annual nitrate-leaching loads are lower (3.7–14.5 kg N ha–1 year–1 for nil N and 6–22 kg N ha–1 year–1 for 200 kg N ha–1 applied) than the range previously measured and modelled on New Zealand dairy farms (~18–110 kg N ha–1 year–1). It is likely that nitrate-leaching rates are higher in New Zealand because of the prevalence of free-draining soils and higher average stocking rates. However, this review highlights that there are insufficient Australian nitrate-leaching data, particularly following urine application, to undertake a rigorous comparison. Median N surpluses on Australian dairy farms are higher (198 kg N ha–1) than values for an average New Zealand farm (135 kg N ha–1). Given the facts that many soils used for intensive pasture production in Australia are lightly textured or free-draining clay loams receiving average rainfall of >800 mm year–1, that herd sizes have risen in the last 10 years and that water quality is a concern in some dairy catchments, nitrate leaching could be an issue for the Australian dairy industry. Australian data on surface runoff of N are more available, despite its overall contribution to N losses being low (generally <5 kg N ha–1 year–1), except under border-check flood irrigation or hump-and-hollow surface drainage (3–23 kg N ha–1 year–1). More research is needed to quantify surface N runoff and leaching following effluent application and to examine dissolved organic forms of N loss, particularly in view of the continued intensification of the Australian dairy industry.

scholarly journals A desktop evaluation of the environmental and economic performance of model dairy farming systems within four New Zealand catchments

2004 ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Monaghan ◽  
D. Smeaton ◽  
M.G. Hyslop ◽  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
C.A.M. De Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
High Input ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
Systems Modelling ◽  
Environmental Emissions ◽  
Farm System

The environmental and economic performances of low, medium and high input dairy farming systems were evaluated for model farms within catchments in Waikato, Taranaki Canterbury and Southland. These four catchments, predominantly under dairy landuse, are part of a long term systems study of farm productivity and catchment-specific environmental issues. Within each catchment, environmental and economic performance indicators were derived for model farms by using the farm systems modelling tool UDDER and the OVERSEER™ nutrient budgeting programme. Our analyses indicated that high input systems, currently defined as farms within the top quartile of farm inputs, either as imported feed or fertiliser nitrogen (N), were often the least profitable, as defined by Earnings Before Interest and Tax (EBIT). These high-input systems consistently had the greatest environmental emissions of N and greenhouse gases, and the greatest energy consumption, on a per hectare and a per kg milksolids basis. The most profitable farm input system depended on payout and the catchment under study. Evaluation of the whole-farm system using these modelling tools demonstrated the relatively large contribution that stock wintering made to N emissions from farms within the two South Island catchments. Where reductions in N losses are sought, it would seem prudent to initially target mitigations at this part of the farm system. Keywords: dairy farming, environmental emissions, farm systems modelling, OVERSEER™ nutrient budgets, UDDER farm systems tool

scholarly journals Robotic urine-patch treatment and effluent application - technology to support intensification of New Zealand dairy farming while protecting the environment

2013 ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
G. Bates ◽  
B.F. Quin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Urease Inhibitors ◽  
Rapid Intensification ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Application ◽  
Milk Contamination ◽  
Urine Patch ◽  
Gaseous N Losses

The need to minimise nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses from dairy farming is increasing; simultaneously dairy farming is undergoing rapid intensification. Robotic targeted application of nitrification and/or urease inhibitors is proposed as a route to addressing the "urine-patch" issue without risking milk contamination. This paper demonstrates a new robotic product under development and scheduled for commercial release for the 2015/2016 dairy season. The paper then discusses two developments of the product that will enable (i) highly-efficient fluidised-N application, and (ii) effluent application. These new products have the potential to greatly reduce nitrate leaching and gaseous N losses from dairy farming. Keywords: robotic urine-patch treatment, nitrogen (N) losses, N inhibitors, effluent management, robotic effluent spreading, robotic fertiliser spreading

White clover or nitrogen fertiliser for dairying under nitrate leaching limits?

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chapman ◽  
Ina Pinxterhuis ◽  
Stewart Ledgard ◽  
Tony Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mixed Grass ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
N Use

As the pressure intensifies to reduce nitrogen (N) losses to the environment from pasture-based dairy systems, interest in reducing N-fertiliser inputs and returning to grass–clover mixtures, where more N for pasture growth is supplied by biological N fixation (BNF), have been revived. However, the following question then arises: is BNF fundamentally different from fertiliser N with respect to N losses, especially nitrate-N leaching risk? The present paper addresses this question by reviewing empirical evidence in the context of N-cycling processes and the efficiency of N use for herbage production. Nitrate leaching data from studies comparing different sward treatments at the same level of total N inputs (fertiliser plus BNF) provide no evidence to suggest that leaching differs when N is supplied solely by fixation in mixtures, by fixation plus fertiliser in mixtures, or solely as a fertiliser to grass monoculture. Increasing clover content in mixed grass–clover pastures is likely to increase N leaching due to a lower ratio of soluble sugar and starch to N in herbage than the common companion grass species perennial ryegrass, and, therefore, a higher partitioning of N eaten to urine. Counteracting this effect, mixed grass–clover pastures may offer some potential for increasing N-use efficiency and reducing the whole-farm N surplus compared with grass-dominant pasture receiving high rates of N fertiliser. While there are undeniable benefits for the productivity of dairy systems from maintaining strong grass–clover mixtures, it is the total amount of N entering the system, rather than the form of N (BNF or fertiliser), that influences nitrate leaching rates.

scholarly journals Ammonia volatilisation from grazed, pasture based dairy farming systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 103119
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Smith ◽  
Karen M. Christie ◽  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
Richard J. Eckard
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Ammonia Volatilisation

scholarly journals Gross Ammonification and Nitrification Rates in Soil Amended with Natural and NH4-Enriched Chabazite Zeolite and Nitrification Inhibitor DMPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2605
Author(s):  
Giacomo Ferretti ◽  
Giulio Galamini ◽  
Evi Deltedesco ◽  
Markus Gorfer ◽  
Jennifer Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Losses ◽  
15N Pool Dilution ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay Soil ◽  
N Use ◽  
15N Pool Dilution Technique

Using zeolite-rich tuffs for improving soil properties and crop N-use efficiency is becoming popular. However, the mechanistic understanding of their influence on soil N-processes is still poor. This paper aims to shed new light on how natural and NH4+-enriched chabazite zeolites alter short-term N-ammonification and nitrification rates with and without the use of nitrification inhibitor (DMPP). We employed the 15N pool dilution technique to determine short-term gross rates of ammonification and nitrification in a silty-clay soil amended with two typologies of chabazite-rich tuff: (1) at natural state and (2) enriched with NH4+-N from an animal slurry. Archaeal and bacterial amoA, nirS and nosZ genes, N2O-N and CO2-C emissions were also evaluated. The results showed modest short-term effects of chabazite at natural state only on nitrate production rates, which was slightly delayed compared to the unamended soil. On the other hand, the addition of NH4+-enriched chabazite stimulated NH4+-N production, N2O-N emissions, but reduced NO3−-N production and abundance of nirS-nosZ genes. DMPP efficiency in reducing nitrification rates was dependent on N addition but not affected by the two typologies of zeolites tested. The outcomes of this study indicated the good compatibility of both natural and NH4+-enriched chabazite zeolite with DMPP. In particular, the application of NH4+-enriched zeolites with DMPP is recommended to mitigate short-term N losses.

scholarly journals Yeast extract plus blood plasma in diets for piglets from 36 to 60 days old

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112
Author(s):  
Cinthia Maria Carlos Pereira ◽  
Juarez Lopes Donzele ◽  
Rita Flávia Miranda de Oliveira Donzele ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Verônica Maria Pereira Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Performance Variables

ABSTRACT: To evaluate inclusion levels and residual effects of diets containing yeast extract (YE) plus blood plasma (BP) on the performance of 36 to 60-days old piglets, 105 piglets were used (8.75±0.72kg), and they were distributed under a randomized block experimental design with five treatments (control - 2.0% BP; 1.0% BP plus 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0% YE), seven repetitions, and three animals per experimental unit. Piglets were given experimental diets from 36 to 49 days of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, all piglets received the same diet. No effects from treatments (P>0.10) were observed on the performance variables from 36 to 49 day of age. From 50 to 60 day of age, an effect was observed from YE levels on the daily feed consumption (P<0.03), daily weight gain (p<0.01), and final weight (P<0.06), which increased quadratically up to 1.67, 1.67, and 1.55% YE levels, respectively. Piglets which were fed with the diet containing 1.0% BP + 2.0% YE were observed to have better feed conversion ratios (P<0.01) as compared to the control diet (2.0% BP). As it provides a better residual effect, the inclusion of 1.67% yeast extract may replace 50% of blood plasma in 36 to 49-days old piglet diets.

NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR BARLEY WHEN APPLIED WITH CATTLE MANURE CONTAINING WOOD SHAVINGS AS A SOIL AMENDMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MACKAY ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT ◽  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Mineralizable N

In an 8-yr experiment on an irrigated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil, four rates of N (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha−1), applied annually with 45 t ha−1 of manure containing softwood shavings (avg. of 46% dry wt) produced a linear yield response (from 3.5 with the check to 4.3 t ha−1 at the highest rate) of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Galt'). There were large differences in yields among years, which could be attributed to weather factors, but there was no significant N × year response. Protein content increased linearly (from 11.2 to 13.5%), and both kernel weights and "test weights" (kg hL−1) decreased slightly but significantly with N applications. There was a pronounced "residual" effect of N rates on both grain yield (from 3.8 to 6.3 t ha−1) and protein content (from 10 to 13%) in the first year after applications of manure and N fertilizer ceased. These effects decreased rapidly and had practically disappeared by the end of the 3rd yr, although yields of all treatments remained high (about 5 t ha−1). Organic matter and N contents of the soil were increased by 70 and 41%, respectively, from the cumulative applications of shavings manure. It is concluded that application of manure containing large quantities of softwood shavings has a negligible effect on the N fertilizer requirements of the crop being grown. Beneficial residual effects of N fertilizer applied with the manure may result because of buildup of NO3-N throughout the soil profile, and likely also because of N release from readily mineralized organic compounds or microbial biomass. However, this effect was not reflected in soil tests for readily mineralizable N by NO3 incubation or KCl digestion methods and the effects were practically dissipated after 3 yr. The recovery of applied N fertilizer by the crops was high at all rates (61–79%), and essentially all of the N applied (fertilizer + manure) was accounted for by crop removal + increased soil N. Key words: Mineralizable-N soil tests, Chernozemic soil, repeated fertilizer applications, residual effects

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