The composition of the milk of young and of old cows

1968 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Waite
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Serum Albumins ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Probable Loss ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Disease Free

SummaryThe milk produced by old cows frequently contains a lower concentration of solids-not-fat (S.N.F.) than that of young cows, mainly because of a low concentration of lactose. This can result from mastitis or possibly from other factors associated with ageing. The composition of the milk of 2 groups of old cows has been compared with that of substantially disease-free first-lactation cows. A comparison has also been made between the milk from the 4 quarters of each cow.The first part of the work was done with 8 old cows and 4 first-lactation cows, and the milk was examined bacteriologically, cytologically and chemically at frequent intervals throughout the lactation. There was strong evidence that most of the difference in chemical composition of the milk of the old cows compared with that of the young cows was the result of mastitis, mainly subclinical. The milk from the old cows had a higher incidence of infection, a lower concentration of lactose and casein, higher concentrations of serum albumins, globulins and proteose-peptones and contained more total and polymorph cells. There was also some indication of another effect, not directly associated with disease in the current lactation, that led to a decrease in the lactose concentration of the milk of the old cows after about 80–90 days in lactation.In the second part of the work, the milk from 23 old and 8 first-lactation cows in 8 commercial herds was examined twice, once after 58 and again after 163 days in lactation. Milk of abnormal composition as a result of disease was produced by 30% of the quarters of the old cows at the first examination and by 62% of the quarters at the second examination.Some indication is given of the probable loss of milk and milk constituents that can be attributed to disease.

The Origin of the Moon

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Ruskol
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar System ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

Ultrastructure of the podia of Amphiura chiajei and Amphiura filiformis and their role in feeding

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Keogh ◽  
Brendan F. Keegan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Feeding Styles ◽  
Amphiura Filiformis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mucus Cells ◽  
Deposit Feeding

Morphological study of the podia of the suspension feeding Amphiura filiformis and the deposit feeding Amphiura chiajei revealed sensory–secretory complexes in the podial epidermis, consisting of four cells, two secretory and two sensory. Large mucus cells were found in association, but not exclusively, with the sensory–secretory complexes. In A. filiformis, mucus cells stained positively for both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides, while, in A. chiajei, these cells stained only for acid mucopolysaccharides. The surfaces of the arm podia in A. chiajei were relatively smooth, while the arm podia of A. filiformis bear papillae. The sensory–secretory complexes open through numerous paired pores, with each pair having an intervening cilium. Pores were restricted to the podial tip in A. chiajei, while in A. filiformis they are concentrated on the podial tip and on the papillae. Amphiura chiajei shows very little differentiation of the podia along the length of the arm. In A. filiformis, the distal podia have papillae throughout their entire length, with pores being found on the head region and the papillar tips. Here, the papillae are oriented in such a way (i.e. facing inward towards the ventral arm plate) as to increase the area of the filtering surface of the podium, serviced by the sticky secretions from the sensory–secretory complexes. The proximal podia are relatively simple in structure and are thought to function more in the transportation of mucus wrapped particles to the mouth rather than in their capture. The difference in structure of the podia and chemical composition of podial secretory cells are taken to reflect the difference in feeding styles of the two species.

On the difference of aerosol hygroscopicity between high and low RH environment in the North China Plain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingnan Shi ◽  
Juan Hong ◽  
Nan Ma ◽  
Qingwei Luo ◽  
Hanbing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aerosol Hygroscopicity

<p>Simultaneous measurements of aerosol hygroscopicity and chemical composition were performed at a suburban site in the North China Plain in winter 2018 using a self-assembled hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (H-TDMA) and a capture-vaporizer time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (CV-ToF-ACSM), respectively. During the experimental period, aerosol particles usually show an external mixture in terms of hygroscopicity, with a less hygroscopic particles mode (LH) and a more hygroscopic mode (MH). The average ensemble mean hygroscopicity parameter (κ<sub>mean</sub>) are 0.16, 0.18, 0.16, and 0.15 for 60, 100, 150, and 200 nm particles, respectively. Two episodes with different RH/T conditions and secondary aerosol formations are distinguished. Higher aerosol hygroscopicity is observed for all measured sizes in the high RH episode (HRH) than in the low RH episode (LRH). In LRH, κ decreases as the particle size increases, which may be explained by the large contribution of non- or less-hygroscopic primary compounds in large particles due to the enhanced domestic heating emissions at low temperature. The number fraction of LH mode at 200 nm even exceeds 50%. Closure analysis is carried out between the HTDMA-measured κ and the ACSM-derived hygroscopicity using different approximations for the hygroscopic parameters of organic compounds (κ<sub>org</sub>). The results indicate that κ<sub>org</sub> is less sensitive towards the variation of its oxidation level under HRH conditions but has a stronger O: C-dependency under LRH conditions. The difference in the chemical composition and their corresponding physical properties under different RH/T conditions reflects potentially different formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosols at those two distinct episodes.</p>

The Isothermal Oxidation of MCrAlY Protective Coatings

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 407-412
Author(s):  
Marcin Drajewicz ◽  
Tadeusz Kubaszek ◽  
Barbara Kościelniak ◽  
Marek Góral ◽  
Dawid Dziadosz
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Isothermal Oxidation ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Bond Coats ◽  
Spraying Parameters ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
Oxidation Effect

The thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are commonly used for protection of jet engine parts. In presented article the influence of chemical composition of TBCs bond coats on isothermal oxidation resistance was analysed. The bond coat was plasma sprayed (APS) using different MCrAlY alloys produced by Oerlikon-Metco: Metco 4451, AMDRY 997, AMDRY 962, AMDRY 365-1, AMDRY 995C. The conducted research showed big difference in coating thickness despite the same spraying parameters. The difference in porosity was not observed. The isothermal oxidation test was conducted during 500h at 1100°C in static laboratory air. The obtained results showed, that degradation mechanism of MCrAlY bond coats regardless of chemical composition is similar. The formation of scale contained aluminium and chromium oxides was observed. The internal oxidation effect was also observed in produced coatings.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN KARAKTERISTIK KIMIA DAN DAYA CERNA PATI TEPUNG JAGUNG DAN TEPUNG KECAMBAH JAGUNG (Zea mays L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Willem Kurniawan Lombu ◽  
Ni Wayan Wisaniyasa ◽  
AAI. Sri Wiadnyani
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to determine the difference of characteristic and starch digestibility of germinated and ungerminated flour. This study used randomized complete design (RCD) three repeated. The corn germinated for 36 hours. Corn germinated flour and ungerminated flour were evaluated directly of the chemical composition of the flour content, moisture content, ash content, protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber, starch content and starch digestibility. The results showed the corn germinated flour has increased of moisture content from 9.66% into 10.38%, increased of protein into 7.22% into 8.45%, increased of fiber content from 2.28% into 2.79% and increased of starch digestibility from 57.04% into 62.43%. While were the decreased fat content from 5.17% into 4.76%, decreased of carbohydrate from 75.41% into 73.89% and decreased of starch content from 76.10% into 69.40%. The treatmented has no effect for the flour content decreased from 41.40% into 40.36% and ash content decreased from 2.52% into 2.51%. Germinated increased starch digestibility and changed the character of corn flour.

scholarly journals Comparison of chemotherapy with immunotherapy for maintenance of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adults

Blood ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 606-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
PA Stryckmans ◽  
J Otten ◽  
MJ Delbeke ◽  
S Suciu ◽  
D Fiere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Consolidation Chemotherapy ◽  
Disease Free Interval ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Leukemia In Children

Abstract Two hundred and seventeen patients, 1–50 yr old, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in complete remission were randomized to receive a 1-yr consolidation chemotherapy of either type P, comprising 7 different drugs, or type M, consisting of methotrexate interspersed with prednisone and vincristine. Thereafter, they were randomized a second time to receive a 4-yr maintenance of either chemotherapy or immunotherapy, comprised of allogeneic blasts and bacillus Calmette- Guerin (BCG). Consolidation P caused more toxicity than consolidation M. However, comparison between the consolidation therapies P and M showed no significant difference, neither for disease-free interval nor for duration of survival. Chemotherapy showed more lethal toxicity in adults than in children. Comparison between chemotherapy (C) and immunotherapy (I) as maintenance treatment showed a significant (p = 0.016) superiority of C for disease-free interval (DFI). The difference was even more pronounced (p = 0.009) in the group with less than 8 g/dl of hemoglobin (Hb) at diagnosis before therapy. On the other hand, for patients with more than 8 g/dl Hb at diagnosis, presumably those with T- ALL, no difference in DFI was seen. No difference has been seen so far between maintenance therapies I and C concerning the duration of survival. The patients who were receiving maintenance I when they relapsed and who were consequently retreated by chemotherapy, survived longer from relapse than those patients retreated for relapse while receiving maintenance C.

Fate and Transport of PPCPs in the Environment: A Review on Occurrences, Sources, and Cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 967 ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Mohamad Padri ◽  
Mohamed Sahrul Tamzil
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Fate And Transport ◽  
General Information ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Broad Understanding

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have been intensively studied recently. These compounds can cause serious problem in environment. Intake of these compounds in low concentration can threat human health due to its reactivity and chemical composition. Occurrences of PPCPs in environments are important to recognize in order to draw broad understanding on which mitigation of PPCPs can be deliberated. This review provides general information about occurrence of PPCPs. Moreover, sources of PPCPs in the environment are comprehensively explained. The fate and transport mechanisms of PPCPs are summarized based on important studies of selected groups of PPCPs which conducted through years based on several previous study cases are mentioned and elaborated to pinpoint the existence of these pollutants. In the end, identification of the current research limitation and further recommendations are proposed for improving mitigation process and addressing further research.

scholarly journals Quality Properties and Pyrolysis Characteristics of Cassava Rhizome Pellets Produced by Alternating between Pelletizing and Torrefaction

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Nitipong Soponpongpipat ◽  
Paisan Comsawang ◽  
Suwat Nanetoe
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Pyrolysis Characteristics ◽  
Durability Index ◽  
The Difference

This work investigated quality properties of pellets of raw cassava rhizome (P-RC), pellets of pelletized cassava rhizome followed by torrefaction (T-CP), and pellets of torrefied cassava rhizome followed by pelletizing (P-TC). Torrefaction was conducted at temperatures of 230, 250, and 280 °C for 30 min. Pyrolysis characteristics of T-CP and P-TC at torrefied temperatures of 230 and 250 °C were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that at the similar torrefied temperature, P-TC had a higher bulk density, energy density, and pellet durability than that of T-CP and P-RC while T-CP had a higher HHV and moisture absorption than P-TC and P-RC. The bulk density of P-TC was 1.13–1.19 and 1.33–1.52 times higher than that of P-RC and T-CP, respectively. The HHV of T-CP was 1.07 and 1.29 times higher than P-TC and P-RC, respectively. The energy density of P-TC was 1.24–1.56 and 1.20–1.41 times higher than that of P-RC and T-CP. In terms of Pellet Fuel Institute (PFI) standard, the durability index of P-RC, P-TC, and T-CP at torrefied temperatures of 230 and 250 °C was acceptable. However, dramatically low and unacceptable durability index was found in case of T-CP at torrefied temperature of 280 °C. The moisture absorption of P-TC was lower than that of P-RC and T-CP. Finally, T-CP had a lower pyrolysis temperature and had a much lower solid yield than that of P-TC. Variation of pyrolysis characteristics indicated the difference in chemical composition between T-CP and P-TC.

Randomized Trial of Radiotherapy Versus Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Stage III and IV Nasopharyngeal Cancer of the Endemic Variety

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (27) ◽  
pp. 6730-6738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Wee ◽  
Eng Huat Tan ◽  
Bee Choo Tai ◽  
Hwee Bee Wong ◽  
Swan Swan Leong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distant Metastasis ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Cancer ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intent To Treat ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Treat Analysis

Purpose The Intergroup 00-99 Trial for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) showed a benefit of adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy. However, there were controversies regarding the applicability of the results to patients in endemic regions. This study aims to confirm the findings of the 00-99 Trial and its applicability to patients with endemic NPC. Patients and Methods Between September 1997 and May 2003, 221 patients were randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy (RT) alone (n = 110) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT; n = 111). Patients in both arms received 70 Gy in 7 weeks using standard RT portals and techniques. Patients on CRT received concurrent cisplatin (25 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4) on weeks 1, 4, and 7 of RT and adjuvant cisplatin (20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4) and fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4) every 4 weeks (weeks 11, 15, and 19) for three cycles after completion of RT. All patients were analyzed by intent-to-treat analysis. The median follow-up time was 3.2 years. Results Distant metastasis occurred in 38 patients on RT alone and 18 patients on CRT. The difference in 2-year cumulative incidence was 17% (95% CI, 14% to 20%; P = .0029). The hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival was 0.57 (95% CI, 0.38 to 0.87; P = .0093). The 2- and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 78% and 85% and 65% and 80% for RT alone and CRT, respectively. The HR for OS was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.81; P = .0061). Conclusion This report confirms the findings of the Intergroup 00-99 Trial and demonstrates its applicability to endemic NPC. This study also confirms that chemotherapy improves the distant metastasis control rate in NPC.

Studies of Copper Surfaces modified by Thermal and Plasma Treatments

2000 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Beyer ◽  
M. Baklanov ◽  
T. Conard ◽  
K. Maex
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Copper Film ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Clean Room ◽  
Copper Surfaces ◽  
The Difference

AbstractIt was found that copper surfaces, which had been exposed to a clean room atmosphere, were covered by a layer, whose chemical composition can be described by Cu(OH)2·CuCO3. This layer can effectively be removed by either a short thermal treatment in vacuum at 350°C, a hydrogen plasma treatment, or a combination of both. Ex-situ photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show little difference of the chemical composition of the surface after the respective treatments. The thermal treatment, however, gives rise to re-crystallisation of the copper film due to the difference in temperature of deposition and the anneal. Ex-situ ellipsometry measurements indicate that the hydrogen plasma not only removes Cu(OH)2·CuCO3 but also passivates the copper surface.

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