scholarly journals The Toxin of the Bacillus Enteritidis of Gärtner

1906 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Cathcart
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Fluid Medium ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Infected Meat

1. Cultures of Gärtner's bacillus grown on broth do not excrete any large amount of toxin into the fluid medium.2. Suspension in broth made from ordinary agar cultures and killed by means of heat (30 mins. at 60°C.) are fairly toxic.3. The most toxic preparations were obtained by autolysis of the bacilli, especially in the presence of toluol.4. Cultures grown on agar and killed by means of chloroform vapour lose their toxicity to a considerable extent.5. Autolysis takes place best in the presence of distilled water or of normal saline.6. Autolysed material sterilised by heat is more toxic than the filtrate obtained from the same digest.7. Shaking the bottles during the process of autolysis increases the yield of toxic substances.8. Gärtner toxin withstands heating to 100°C. for 30 mins.9. Paratyphoid B. bacillus cultures on autolysis yield a filtrate quite as toxic as those from the Gärtner bacillus itself.10. Paratyphoid toxin is also heat resistant (100° for 30 mins.).11. A colon bacillus gave a toxin which was fatal to mice. It was not heat resistant.12. Feeding experiments with Gärtner-infected meat, both cooked and uncooked, proved successful.13. So far as the present experiments go the connection between virulence and toxicity does not appear to be very definite.14. The Gärtner bacillus contains a toxin of the endotoxin type as is shown in comparing results 1 and 3. This toxin gives rise to very definite clinical symptoms of which the gluing together of the eyelids and the prolonged narcosis before death are the most notable. The post-mortem signs have much in common with those arising from other intestinal intoxications.

scholarly journals Effect of 2% Lignocaine Solution in Pain During Removal of Nasal Pack

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Ashish Dhakal ◽  
Bikash Lal Shrestha ◽  
Monika Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Nasal Packing ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Left Nostril ◽  
Normal Saline Group ◽  
Nasal Pack ◽  
Control Side ◽  
Group 5

Background: Nasal packing is commonly done after septal surgeries. Nonabsorbable nasal pack is used to minimize bleeding from surgery site, support the mucoperichondrial flaps, and minimize the risk of formation of septal hematomas and adhesions. However, these materials cause pain and discomfort in-situ as well as during removal. This study was done to evaluate the effect of 2% lignocaine rehydration of nasal pack on pain during pack removal. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 60 patients who had undergone septoplasty. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Lignocaine and Normal saline group, with 30 patients each. In the Lignocaine group, 2.5 ml of 2% of lignocaine was diluted with 2.5 ml of distilled water and was injected into the nasal pack; and in Normal saline group, 5 ml of normal saline was injected into the nasal pack. Nothing was injected to the left nostril, which acted as a control, in both groups. All patients were asked severity of pain during removal of nasal packing by VAS. Results: In lignocaine group, mean pain score was 3.73 ± 1.63 on lignocaine side and 6.23 ± 1.69 on control side (U=109.5, p<0.001). In Normal saline group, it was 6.5 ± 1.7 on normal saline side and 6.23 ± 1.96 on control side (U=425.5, p=0.711). On comparing VAS between lignocaine and normal saline group, pain was significantly lower in the lignocaine group (U=112.5, p<0.001) Conclusion: Rehydrating nasal pack with 2% topical lignocaine is a useful method to reduce pain during nasal pack removal.

scholarly journals Determination of acute toxicity parameters of the drug ‘MEGASTOP for dogs’ on white rats and mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
O. L. Orobchenko ◽  
M. Ye. Romanko ◽  
M. O. Yaroshenko ◽  
I. O. Gerilovych ◽  
N. A. Zhukova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Main Experiment ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Rats And Mice

The experiments were performed on 58 males of nonlinear white rats 3–4 months old and weighing 180–200 g and 64 females of nonlinear white mice 2.5–3 months old and weighing 18–22 g. In the main experiment on rats, six experimental groups were formed, the animals of which were injected intragastrically with the drug ‘MEGASTOP for dogs’ (by absolute weight) in doses of 1,000.0, 2,000.0, 3,000.0, 4,000.0, 5,000.0, and 6,000.0 mg/kg body weight; in the main experiment on mice, seven experimental groups were formed, the animals of which were administered the drug in doses of 100.0, 500.0, 1,000.0, 1,500.0, 2,000.0, 2,500.0, and 3,000.0 mg/kg body weight. Control rats and mice were injected with 2.0 cm3 and 0.2 cm3 of polyethylene glycol-400, respectively. Clinical symptoms of poisoning with the drug ‘MEGASTOP for dogs’ of white rats (at doses of 2,000.0–6,000.0 mg/kg body weight) and mice (at doses of 1,000.0–3,000.0 mg/kg body weight) were refusals of food and water, loss of coordination, sitting in one place, a dose-dependent increase in depression with subsequent complete depression, lack of response to external stimuli and death on the first or fourth day after administration. During autopsy in rats and mice that died as a result of poisoning with the drug ‘MEGASTOP for dogs’, we recorded pallor of the mucous membranes of the mouth, trachea, pharynx, and esophagus; increase in heart volume, atrial blood supply; pulmonary hyperemia; uncoagulated blood; increase in liver volume, dark cherry color, flabby consistency; catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine. According to the results of determining the parameters of acute toxicity of the drug ‘MEGASTOP for dogs’ in the case of a single intragastric injection, LD50 for male rats is 3,384.98 ± 444.94 mg/kg, and for female mice — 2,025.88 ± 279.46 mg/kg body weight, which allows to classify it to class IV by the toxicity — low-toxic substances (LD50 — 501–5,000 mg/kg) and by the degree of danger to class III— moderately dangerous substances (LD50 — 151–5,000 mg/kg)

scholarly journals Emergence of distinct and heterogeneous strains of amyloid beta as Alzheimer′s disease progresses in Down syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M Maxwell ◽  
Peng Yuan ◽  
Brianna M Rivera ◽  
Wilder Schaaf ◽  
Mihovil Mladinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenotypic Heterogeneity ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Strain Profile ◽  
Post Mortem Brain ◽  
And Control

Amyloid beta (A&#946) is thought to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer&#8242s disease (AD). Prion-like Aβ polymorphs, or strains, can have varying pathogenicity and may underlie the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. In order to develop effective AD therapies, it is critical to identify the strains of A&#946 that might arise prior to the onset of clinical symptoms and understand how they may change with progressing disease. Down syndrome (DS), as the most common genetic cause of AD, presents promising opportunities to compare such features between early and advanced AD. In this work, we evaluate the neuropathology and A&#946 strain profile in the post-mortem brain tissues of 210 DS, AD, and control individuals. We assayed the levels of various A&#946 and tau species and used conformation-sensitive fluorescent probes to detect differences in A&#946 strains among individuals and populations. We found that these cohorts have some common but also some distinct strains from one another, with the most heterogeneous populations of A&#946 emerging in subjects with high levels of AD pathology. The emergence of distinct strains in DS at these later stages of disease suggests that the confluence of aging, pathology, and other DS-linked factors may favor conditions that generate strains that are unique from sAD.

An improved method of diet preparation for toxicological feeding experiments

1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Morrissey ◽  
W. P. Norred
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Animal Feeding

Groups of 30 rats each were fed 1 of 4 diets to determine feeding preference for freeze-dried meal compared to dry meal, and to determine if 3% agar is a desirable component of freeze-dried meal. The diets were: dry meal, meal+distilled water(freeze-dried), meal+3% agar in distilled water(freeze-dried), and meal+3% agar in distilled water(gel). Diet preparation, and the method for introducing a toxin in a toxicological study, is described. Feed consumption, bodyweight, and observational data were collected. Rats ate freeze-dried meal in amounts comparable to dry meal. There were no significant variations in feed conversion ratios among the dietary treatment groups. Agar is not required for freeze-dried diets, and we recommend that it be omitted to save resources and preparation time. Freeze-dried diets have a longer storage and cage life, thus the frequency of diet preparation, animal feeding and dean-up arc reduced. For studies involving a toxin, these factors would reduce the potential for accidental exposure of personnel to potentially harmful materials.

Vitreous humour as a complementary sample to blood for the detection/confirmation of diazepam: ante-mortem and post-mortem studies in an animal model

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H M Teixeira ◽  
F Reis ◽  
P Proença ◽  
P Ramos ◽  
O Quińtela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Vitreous Humour ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Correlation Ratio ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Toxic Dose

The quantification of medical or toxic substances in vitreous humour (VH) could be very useful in forensic toxicology when blood sample determinations are impossible due to absence or deterioration. However, few studies have been made in this area and even fewer have tried to find a relationship between drug levels in both samples. To determine a correlation ratio between blood and VH diazepam (DZ) levels, we performed an experimental study using rabbits administered with a sub-toxic dose of DZ under known and controlled conditions. Blood and VH samples were collected 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours after the drug administration in order to determine DZ and its main active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DMD). In addition, we have studied an animal group sacrificed 2 hours after intramuscular (i.m.) drug administration with blood and VH collection 24 hours later, to evaluate the existence of possible post-mortem changes. After DZ administration, a fast absorption phase was observed with a plasma Cmax value 1 hour after, followed by a rapid concentration decrease, with a half-life of 1 hour, indicating that, besides elimination, a fast distribution to other organs and tissues and/or hepatic metabolism occurred. Diazepam Cmax value in VH was achieved between 1 and 2 hours, when plasma concentrations had already decreased to half the value. The plasma/VH DZ ratio calculated at this time was 10. In the post-mortem study, while plasma DZ concentration at 24 hours was smaller, DMD levels were higher than those at the time of death. In the VH, both DZ and DMD concentrations at 24 hours were higher than those obtained at the time of death. That is, in both fluids DZ and DMD concentrations were different from those at the time of death and post-mortem distribution and redistribution phenomena occurred. The combination of antemortem and post-mortem studies has allowed the determination of a correlation ratio for DZ in the rabbit of 6×, comparing the concentrations in VH collected 24 hours after death with the concentrations detected in plasma at the time of death. This study opens new perspectives for the use of VH as a complementary sample to blood for DZ detection and confirmation. The putative relevance of the correlation ratio obtained, for forensic toxicology practice with medical substances, namely benzodiazepines, recommends further studies in humans.

The energy and nitrogen metabolism and performance of pigs infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Stewart ◽  
C. W. Holmes ◽  
W. C. Smith ◽  
W. A. G. Charleston
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Oesophagostomum Dentatum ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACTThe effect of Oesophagostomum dentatum on the performance of growing pigs over the live-weight range 20 to 80 kg was investigated. Fourteen individually-penned pigs in Experiment 1 and 16 group-penned but individually fed pigs in Experiment 2 were orally dosed once with 80 000 or 20 000 larvae respectively at about 18 kg live weight. Worm-free but otherwise similar pigs served as controls. Three energy and nitrogen balance studies were undertaken in two open-circuit calorimeters on four infected gilts and their paired worm-free counterparts on two levels of feeding at 7, 21 and 49 days after infection. Worm burdens averaging 4 255 and 4 722 in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively were recorded post mortem but performance and carcass measurements were not affected, neither were there any clinical symptoms. No significant differences between infected and worm-free pigs were recorded for either apparent digestibility of nitrogen and gross energy or for nitrogen retention. Possible reasons for the lack of measurable effects on pig performance are discussed.

scholarly journals The role of mouthwash sampling in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Biber ◽  
Dana Lev ◽  
Michal Mandelboim ◽  
Yaniv Lustig ◽  
Geva Harmelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Saline ◽  
Diagnostic Method ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
R Genes ◽  
The World ◽  
Mouth Rinsing

Background The current practice of COVID 19 diagnosis worldwide is the use of oro nasopharyngeal (ONP) swabs. Our study aim was to explore mouthwash (MW) as an alternative diagnostic method, in light of the disadvantages of ONP swabs. Methods Covid-19 outpatients molecular confirmed by ONP swab were repeatedly examined with ONP swab and MW with normal saline (0.9%). Other types of fluids were compared to normal saline. The Cq values obtained with each method were compared. Results Among 137 pairs of ONP swabs and MW samples, 84.6% (116/137) of ONP swabs were positive by at least one of the genes (N, E, R). However MW detected 70.8% (97/137) of samples as positive, which means 83.6% (97/116) out of positive ONP swabs, missing mainly Cq value>30. In both methods, the N gene was the most sensitive one. Therefore MW samples targeting N gene, which was positive in 95/137 (69.3%), is comparable to ONP-swabs targeting E and R genes which gave equal results; 95/137 (69.3%) and 90/137 (65.7%) respectively. Comparing saline MW to distilled water gave equal results, while commercial mouth-rinsing solutions were less sensitive. Conclusions MW with normal saline, especially when tested by N gene, can effectively detect COVID 19 patients. Furthermore, this method was not inferior when compared to R and E genes of ONP swabs, which are common targets in many laboratories around the world.

THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING DIETS CONTAINING FURAZOLIDONE* ON EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLA GALLINARUM INFECTION IN CHICKENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
M. O. Ojo ◽  
A. I. Adetosoye
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion Broth ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Salmonella Gallinarum ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Feeding Diets

Twenty eight week-old chickens infected orally with 16.5x109 viable Salmonella gallinarum organisms in 3ml. brain heart infusion broth were shown to be protected against infection by -feeding them on diets containing either 0.0055 percent or 0.011 percent furazolidone. The higher concentration was more effective as judged by the clinical symptoms, mortality, egg production, post mortem lesions and the isolation of the infecting organism from the visceral organs of the dead chickens. About 600 isolates of E. coli from the.chickens both before and during the course of infection·were sensitive to furazolidone disc (100mcg). The infecting organism and about 300 isolates of the organism tested during the course of infection were also sensitive furazolidone. No ''carriers" were detected in :chickens fed on diet containing 0.011 percent furazolidone.It is therefore recommended that furazolidone can be used effectively as feed additive for poultry.

Use of entomotoxicology in estimating post-mortem interval and determining cause of death

2017 ◽  
Vol 295 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Joanna Stojak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Toxicological Analysis ◽  
Post Mortem Interval ◽  
The Impact

Entomotoxicology allows the estimation of the post-mortem interval and the determination of the cause of death in cases in which the corpse has decomposed and the tissues necessary for toxicological analysis are no longer available. Obtaining information about toxic substances potentially present in the body is possible by isolation of larvae and pupae of true flies (Diptera) and/or adult forms of, e.g., beetles (Coleoptera) present on or near the corpse. This article was intended to summarize the current knowledge in the field of entomotoxicology, including examples from the literature, and to present the impact of selected toxic substances and medicines on the development of necrophagous larvae of insects.

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