scholarly journals Effectiveness of hand washing and disinfection methods in removing transient bacteria after patient nursing

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Ojajärvi
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Finger Print ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Skin Bacteria

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of various hand washing and disinfection methods in removing transient skin bacteria was studied in hospital after dry or moist contamination of the hands when nursing burn patients. The results were compared with those of laboratory tests with volunteers. A fairly good correlation of the bacterial reductions existed between hospital and laboratory tests. All other methods removed Slaph. aureus from the hands more effectively than liquid soap. Gram-negative bacilli were more easily removed than staphylococci, even with soap wash alone.In hospital, none of the washing and disinfection methods always removed all patient-borne bacteria from the hands. After dry or moist contamination and subsequent washing with soap only, colonies of Staph. aureus were often detected in finger-print samples. Staphylococci wero more often completely removed by a 4% chlorhexidine detergent scrub and alcoholic solutions (either with or without previous soap wash) than by liquid soap, hexachlorophene or iodophor preparations. Gram-negative bacilli were more easily removed by all the washing and disinfection methods. After moist contamination, Gram-negative bacilli were more often completely removed from the hands by ethanol than by other treatments.The results of the present study emphasize the importance of always using gloves when nursing a profuse spreader of bacteria or one who must be protected from infection.

scholarly journals Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhani Ojajärvi ◽  
Paavo Mäkelä ◽  
Ilari Rantasalo
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Hospital Wards

SUMMARYIn a prolonged field trial a 4% chlorhexidine digluconate detergent scrub (HibiscrubR), that had earlier proved to be an effective hand disinfectant, was studied in hospital wards. Finger tips were found to harbour more bacteria than the hand dorsum and the samples collected from them yielded more information on the bacteriological and dermatological effects of hand disinfectants in practice.In wards with a relatively low hand-washing frequency (less than 20 times in 8 hours) the bacteriological results resembled those obtained by in-use tests with volunteers. In the neonatal unit where the hand washing frequency was remarkably high, even occasionally over 100 times/8 h shift, an increase in the bacterial colony counts of the majority of the staff was recorded both before and after hand washing already after using the preparation for 1 week. Age, occupation and hand-washing frequency all correlated with the bacteriological results. Twenty-seven out of 37 persons complained of side effects such as wounds of finger tips and redness or heavy drying of the skin. Wounds, particularly on finger tips, resulted in the failure of disinfection. An increase in bacterial counts was sometimes noted without any dermatological or subjective changes. Drying of the skin was complained of less often when no increase in skin bacteria occurred.After the changeover of washing practice to a detergent followed by a rinse with spirit solution containing chlorhexidine and glycerol a decrease was recorded in the bacterial counts. It is concluded that more attention should be paid to long-term testing of hand washing and disinfection methods to ensure optimum final results in practice. It is obvious that the knowledge obtained from short time in-use testing cannot be applied to all conditions of use.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Novel Methods for Sink Drain Disinfection

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s180-s180
Author(s):  
Muhammed Fawwaz Haq ◽  
Lucas Jones ◽  
Natalia Pinto Herrera ◽  
Jennifer Cadnum ◽  
Philip Carling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Cleaning And Disinfection

Background: Sink drainage systems are a potential reservoir for the dissemination of gram-negative bacilli but are not amenable to standard methods of cleaning and disinfection. Pouring liquid disinfectants down drains has only a limited and transient effect on drain colonization, presumably due to inadequate disinfectant contact time and suboptimal penetration into areas harboring biofilm-associated organisms. Methods: We compared the antimicrobial efficacy of 2 novel sink disinfection methods intended to enhance disinfectant contact time and penetration. Healthcare facility sinks were randomly assigned to disinfection with 300 mL hydrogen peroxide-based disinfectant applied either as a foam (N = 13 sinks) or instilled for 30 minutes behind a temporary obstruction created by an inflated urinary catheter balloon (N = 12 sinks). Swabs were used to collect quantitative cultures from the proximal sink drain to depth of 2.5 cm (1 inch) below the strainer before treatment and at 15 minutes and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to compare the efficacy of the 2 treatments. Results: As shown in Fig. 1, both methods yielded an initial reduction of >3 log10 CFU of gram-negative bacilli. Over the 7-day follow-up period, disinfectant instillation resulted in significantly greater reduction than the foam application (P < .01). Recovery of sink colonization to >2 log per swab occurred at day 3 for both treatments, whereas recovery to >3 log per swab occurred on day 3 for the foam treatment versus day 7 for disinfectant instillation. Conclusions: Two novel disinfection methods were effective in reducing sink drain colonization for several days. The instillation method was more effective than the foam method in maintaining reductions over 7 days.Funding: NoneDisclosures: NoneDisclosures: NoneFunding: None

Frequency of Bacteriological Organism in Patients with Thoracic Empyema

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1914-1916
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umer Salim ◽  
Syed Mohammad Umair Dilawar ◽  
Syed Tabish Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Thoracic Empyema ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Culture Test ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Bacterial Organism ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms

Objective: To examine the frequency of bacteriological organism present in pleural fluid, in patients positive with thoracic empyema, assessed on the basis of pus culture test. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Inpatient Department, Chest Medicine Ward 12, JPMC, Karachi, Pakistan for six months duration from 11 February 2019 to 10 August 2019. Methodology: One hundred and thirty nine patients diagnosed with Thoracic Empyema were included in this study. All patients included in the study shall undergo Pus Culture Test prior to identify the presence or absence of bacterial organism. Those with positive bacterial findings (mainly Staph Aureus and gram negative organisms) were further assessed for stratification with reference to their possible variable affecters. Results: There were 107 males and 32 females (%M: F ratio 77:23), with Empyema Thoracic, aged between 25-55 years and having a mean age of 36.28 year (± SD 8.206), were studied. The Pus Culture Test rate was 100% whereas duration of empyema was of average 18.38 days (± S.D 11.16). One hundred and four patients (74.82%) were carrying investigated bacteria which were staph. Aureus in 17 (12.50%) patients. GRAM NEGATIVE ORGANISMS in 87 (62.58%) patients. Echerea Coli in 12 (8.3%) patients, Pseudomonas. Aeruginosa in 46 (33.33%) patients, Klebseilla in 17(12.50%) patients, Enterococcus Species in 12 (8.3%) patients. While remaining thirty five patients (25.17%) were found to have other bacteria, including Streptococcus, Proteus Mirabillis and Acinobacter, responsible for Empyema. Conclusion: It is concluded that 74.82% patients had bacteria and among them 62.58% patients had gram negative organism. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was the most common organism followed by Klebseilla and staph. Aureus. Keywords: Empyema, Thoracic, Pleural Effusion, Thoracentesis, Thoracostomy

A Comparison of Hand Washing Techniques To Remove Escherichia coli and Caliciviruses under Natural or Artificial Fingernails

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2296-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIA-MIN LIN ◽  
FONE-MAO WU ◽  
HOI-KYUNG KIM ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
BARRY S. MICHAELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Escherichia Coli Jm109 ◽  
Viral Indicators

Compared with other parts of the hand, the area beneath fingernails harbors the most microorganisms and is most difficult to clean. Artificial fingernails, which are usually long and polished, reportedly harbor higher microbial populations than natural nails. Hence, the efficacy of different hand washing methods for removing microbes from natural and artificial fingernails was evaluated. Strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli JM109 and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9 were used as bacterial and viral indicators, respectively. Volunteers with artificial or natural nails were artificially contaminated with ground beef containing E. coli JM109 or artificial feces containing FCV. Volunteers washed their hands with tap water, regular liquid soap, antibacterial liquid soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer gel, regular liquid soap followed by alcohol gel, or regular liquid soap plus a nailbrush. The greatest reduction of inoculated microbial populations was obtained by washing with liquid soap plus a nailbrush, and the least reduction was obtained by rubbing hands with alcohol gel. Lower but not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) reductions of E. coli and FCV counts were obtained from beneath artificial than from natural fingernails. However, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher E. coli and FCV counts were recovered from hands with artificial nails than from natural nails before and after hand washing. In addition, microbial cell numbers were correlated with fingernail length, with greater numbers beneath fingernails with longer nails. These results indicate that best practices for fingernail sanitation of food handlers are to maintain short fingernails and scrub fingernails with soap and a nailbrush when washing hands.

scholarly journals Prevalence of gram negative bacteria in infected burn wounds and antibiotic susceptibility pattern; a study conducted on stable burn patients reporting to out-patient department.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1376-1380
Author(s):  
Saeeda Nabat ul Hassan ◽  
Khushbu Farva ◽  
Ghulam Asghar Bhutta
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Burn Wounds ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Patient Department

Objective: To study prevalence of various gram negative bacteria in infected burn wounds among stable burn patients reporting to out-patient department on follow-ups. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Sahara Medical College Narowal. Period: January to June 2020. Material & Methods: Patients with burn wounds with clinical signs and symptoms of infection but vitally stable, wound less than one month old involving < 20% body surface, reporting to out-patient door of study institution on follow-ups were enrolled into the study. Swabs of infected wounds were taken and sent for bacterial culture and sensitivity to the pathology department of the institution, where micro flora were isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using standard techniques. Consent was taken from patients before including them in study. Results: Total 210 cases were studied. Gram negative bacteria were isolated from 190 cases, out of them 30% were oxidase positive ad 70% were oxidase negative. Most common organism isolated was Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (30%), followed by Proteus Sps. (25.3%) and Entero bacter Sps. (15.8%) etc. Conclusion: Among gram negative bacteria pseudomonas is a major isolated organism from infected burn wounds having high susceptibility to imipenem and cefepime.

scholarly journals Metabolism of azo dyes by human skin microbiota

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Stingley ◽  
Wen Zou ◽  
Thomas M. Heinze ◽  
Huizhong Chen ◽  
Carl E. Cerniglia
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Stationary Growth ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Proteomic Data ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
Staphylococcus Capitis ◽  
Ponceau S

Reduction of Methyl Red (MR) and Orange II (Or II) by 26 human skin bacterial species was monitored by a rapid spectrophotometric assay. The analysis indicated that skin bacteria, representing the genera Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Dermacoccus and Kocuria, were able to reduce MR by 74–100 % in 24 h, with only three species unable to reduce completely the dye in that time. Among the species tested, only Corynebacterium xerosis was unable to reduce Or II to any degree by 24 h, and only Staphylococcus delphini, Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. sciuri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were able to reduce completely this dye within 24 h. MR reduction started with early-exponential growth in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and around late-exponential/early-stationary growth in P. aeruginosa. Reduction of Or II, Ponceau S and Ponceau BS started during late-exponential/early-stationary growth for all three species. Using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses, MR metabolites produced by Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa were identified as N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine and 2-aminobenzoic acid. Searches of available genomic and proteomic data revealed that at least four of the staphylococci in this study, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staph. epidermidis, Staphylococcus cohnii and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, have hypothetical genes with 77, 76, 75 and 74 % sequence identity to azo1 encoding an azoreductase from Staph. aureus and hypothetical proteins with 82, 80, 72 and 74 % identity to Azo1, respectively. In addition, Staphylococcus capitis has a protein with 79 % identity to Azo1. Western analysis detected proteins similar to Azo1 in all the staphylococci tested, except Staph. delphini, Staph. sciuri subsp. sciuri and Staphylococcus auricularis. The data presented in this report will be useful in the risk assessment process for evaluation of public exposure to products containing these dyes.

Effect of VCO and Castor Oil Concentrations on Physicochemical Properties of Patikan Kebo (Euphorbia hirta) Liquid Handsoap

2021 ◽  
Vol 1162 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Ardi Nugroho ◽  
Putri Akromah ◽  
Ari Wibowo ◽  
Zahrotun Nafiah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
Euphorbia Hirta ◽  
Insoluble Material ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to investigate the impact of VCO and castor oil compositions on the physicochemical properties of liquid soap from patikan kebo (Euphorbia hirta) extract and compare it with the marketed liquid hand-soap. The liquid hand-soap was manufactured by adding patikan kebo extract with VCO and castor oil as fatty acid sources. The concentration of VCO and castor oil were varied in 5 formula with ratio 1 : 0, 3 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 3, and 0 : 1 of 200 mL of soap perspectively. Several tests such as organoleptic inspection, homogeneity, density, viscosity, foam volume and stability, pH, insoluble materials, free fatty acids, total active ingredients, and total plate number, were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of prepared handsoap. The results of the five formulas were known to the greater VCO the higher the viscosity and percent height of foam, the greater the castor oil the higher the value of specific gravity The five liquid soap formulas produced meet the requirements of SNI 2588-2017. The second liquid soap formula with a ratio of VCO and castor oil 3: 1 was declared to be the best product with free fatty acid 0.78%, pH 8.31, total active ingredient 24.3%, ethanol insoluble material 0.29%, specific gravity 1.09 g/mL, foam high stability 82.85%, and no colonies in testing the Total Plate Figures. It can be concluded that variations in the concentration of VCO and castor oil may affect the physicochemical properties of liquid soap for hand washing extracted from Patikan kebo.

524 Effectiveness of Burns Wound Cleansing by Comparison of Prewash and Post Wash Swab Reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Sayed ◽  
S Jabeen ◽  
A Soueid
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Burns Unit ◽  
Type Of Injury

Abstract Aim The main aim and objective were to optimise wound healing through infection prevention. This clinical audit aimed to investigate the effectiveness of burn wound cleansing in decreasing bacterial load by comparing pre-wash and post-wash swab results against local burn wound management and aseptic non touch technique (ANTT) guidelines. Method The audit was conducted retrospectively on children admitted to Burns Unit during August 2019, excluding resuscitation burn patients. Pre- and post-wash swabs taken on admission were included and the results obtained from Chameleon database. Data were collected on excel spread sheets including demographic variables such as age, sex, type of injury, percentage total body surface area (TBSA) and mechanism of injury. Data were analysed and results compiled. Results Fifty patients were admitted over a month period; amongst those 60% were male and 40% female of ages ranging from 5 months to 14 years. Scald (50%) was found to be the most common mode of injury followed by contact burn (36%) involving 0.30 to 9% TBSA. Among 50 patients, 30 (60%) showed no growth in pre-wash and 36 (72%) in post-wash swabs. However, 6% post-wash swabs that were initially negative later showed bacillus cereus, staph aureus, Enterobacter, and Acinetobacter. Similarly, another 4% post-wash swabs developed new microorganisms as compared to pre-wash swabs. Conclusions The most common bacteria colonising both pre- and post-wash swabs was staph aureus. Overall, cleansing had reduced the bacterial load significantly around 82% very effective. It is imperative to stick to local guidelines to reduce morbidity and mortality in burn patients.

Study of multidrug resistance in prevalent Gram-negative bacteria in burn patients in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Javanmardi ◽  
Amir Emami ◽  
Neda Pirbonyeh ◽  
Mahrokh Rajaee ◽  
Gholamreza Hatam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Gram Negative

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile of Burn Patients and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of their Wound Isolates at Nepal Cleft and Burn Center

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Apar Lamichhane ◽  
Kiran Kishor Nakarmi ◽  
Peeyush Dahal ◽  
Surendra Jung Basnet ◽  
Pashupati Babu Pokharel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacteriological Profile ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp

Background: Burn infections are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in burn patients. The infectious agent could be both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The aim of this research was to study the bacteriological profile of burn patients and anti-microbial susceptibility pattern of their wound isolates.  Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kirtipur Hospital, Nepal from January 1st to March 31st 2019. A total of 109 burn patients were included and their wound swabs were collected at the time of admission. All isolates were identified by standardized microbiological procedures. Anti-microbial susceptibility tests were performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Of 109 burn wound samples, 56 (59%) yielded culture growth and the Gram negative isolates were more common than Gram positives (77% vs. 23%). The most common organism isolated was Klebsiella spp. (25%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (21%) and Staphylococcus aureus (18%). Most burn wound isolates were of resistant strain. Particularly, highly resistant strain of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated, most of which were sensitive to Tigecycline, Polymyxin B and Colistin only. Conclusion : Gram negative isolates were common in burn wound isolates and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was different for different organisms. The use of antimicrobials should be judicious to further not escalate the problem of antimicrobial resistance in the healthcare settings.  

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