Third F.A.O. Regional Conference for Africa

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-120
Author(s):  
G. G. Watterson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
World Markets ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Almost All

This conference was attended by 115 participants, representing 29 member governments, three other governments and the Holy See, six units of the U.N. family, and three other organisations. Reviewing the situation over the past two years, it was clear that agriculture was not yet playing its full part in the economic and social development of Africa. The role of agriculture is to provide food and raw materials for domestic consumption; to earn and save foreign exchange; to supply capital, labour, and raw materials for the development of other sectors of the economy; and to ensure the market for other industries. Yet, taking the region as a whole, the rate of increase in production, and especially in food production, appeared to have slowed down in recent years, and had barely sufficed to keep up with the growth of population. Food imports had increased rapidly in some countries, using up scarce supplies of foreign exchange that were needed to import capital goods essential for the execution of economic development plans. Earnings from agricultural exports, which account for the great bulk of the foreign exchange earnings of almost all African countries, had risen only slowly, and the trend had been aggravated by lower prices for such commodities on world markets, and by a rise in prices of the industrial products imported by African countries.

Co-operatives and Agricultural Development in the Sudan

1968 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahassin Khider ◽  
Morag C. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Modern State ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Physical Volume ◽  
The Creation

Economic progress in many developing African countries depends mainly on raising productivity. Agricultural development is required to free resources—especially labour—for the expansion of industry and the creation of the infrastructure of a modern state. At the same time the physical volume of output must rise, both to provide food and raw materials for the expanding urban areas, and to earn foreign exchange.

Microbiological analysis of popular spreads used in restaurants inside Dhaka city, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Tasnia Ahmed ◽  
Md Aftab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Acceptable Result ◽  
Fast Foods ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Almost All

Spreads are used widely for making the fast foods more amazing and tasty. Varieties and cross combinations of ingredients are used to make many flavours of fast foods. Different restaurants prepare their signature spreads for attracting people but this can cause opposite result if not prepared using high quality raw materials and proper hygienic conditions are not maintained. Current study was conducted on ten different types of spreads (pesto, cilantro, queso, tomato sauce, peanut butter, honey, mustard, cream cheese, chocolate sauce and butter) which are used by the local restaurants in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Almost all the samples (nine out of ten) harbored total viable bacteria exceeding the standard limit. Four spread samples showed high fungal count (102 cfu/gm). Four samples showed to be positive (˃101/ml recommended acceptable count) for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. which indicates that these spread cannot be recommended for public consumption. Among all the samples examined, only chocolate sauce showed acceptable result without the presence of coliforms, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This finding suggests proper maintenance of sanitation in spread preparation and selling area. A proper guidelines and monitoring can help keep up the quality of food additives. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 16-19

DAMPAK SUBSITUSI IMPORT TERHADAP DEFISIT NERACA PERDAGANGAN: STUDI KASUS IMPOR KULIT INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Yulianto ◽  
Ario Seno Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Net Export ◽  
Balance Deficit

An alternative strategy to reduce the trade balance deficit simultaneously to increase the net foreign exchange is the import-substitution for raw materials used to produce an export goods. This paper proposes an import substitution study on footwear products that have a dependency on imported raw materials by 70 percent, with the largest composition being leather raw materials by 67 percent. This paper analyzes the relationship between subsidies on the leather industry to leather import-substitution, multiplier effect to footwear sector, and Indonesia trade balance. Author make use of simulation the on Input-Output 2010 table and Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model. The simulation shows 100 billion subsidies on the leather sector, lead for the substitution-import of leather by 7,94 million rupiah, increase the net export foreign exchange by 1.1 billion rupiah of the footwear sector, and for overall, increase Indonesia trade balance deficit by 68 billion rupiah. Keywords: Computable General Equilibrium, footwear, leather, net foreign exchange, subsidy.ABSTRAK: Salah satu terobosan untuk mengurangi defisit neraca perdagangan dan meningkatkan nilai neto devisa ekspor adalah dengan substitusi impor bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi barang ekspor. Paper ini mengusulkan kajian substitusi impor pada produk alas kaki yang mempunyai ketergantungan bahan baku impornya sebesar 70 persen, dengan komposisi terbesar adalah bahan baku kulit sebesar 67 persen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak stimulus subsidi pada industri kulit terhadap subtitusi impor kulit, dukungan multiplier sektor kulit terhadap sektor alas kaki, serta terhadap devisa ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan simulasi model Computable General Equilibrium (CGE). Hasil simulasi menunjukkan stimulus subsidi sebesar 100 milyar rupiah pada sektor kulit memberikan substitusi bahan baku kulit sebesar 7,94 juta rupiah, menaikkan devisa ekspor sektor alas kaki sebesar 1.1 miliar rupiah, serta secara keseluruhan menambah defisit neraca berjalan Indonesia sebesar 68 miliar rupiah. Kata kunci: alas kaki, Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), devisa ekspor, kulit, subsidi.

scholarly journals Alkali-Hydrothermal Treatment of K-Rich Igneous Rocks for Their Direct Use as Potassic Fertilizers

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Aaron Mbissik ◽  
Abdellatif Elghali ◽  
Muhammad Ouabid ◽  
Otmane Raji ◽  
Jean-Louis Bodinier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Naoh Solution

Due to the increasing demand for conventional sources of potassium (K) and their inaccessibility by African countries, K-rich igneous rocks are increasingly studied as potential alternative sources. In this study, six potassic igneous rocks (syenites and trachytes) from the Tamazeght, Jbel Boho, Ait Saoun, and El Glo’a regions (Morocco) were sampled and characterized. Then they were hydrothermally treated to enhance their K release for potential use as potassic fertilizers. The raw materials are mainly formed by microcline (up to 74%), orthoclase (20–68%), albite (36–57%), biotite-muscovite (15–23%), and titanite, calcite, hematite, and apatite as accessory minerals. These samples were crushed and milled to reach a particle size <150 µm and mixed with 4 N NaOH solution in an autoclave. The liquid/solid (L/S) ratio was about 44 mL/50 g. The powders were allowed to react with the solution at 170 °C for 7 h. For all tests, NaOH reacted completely with the powders and no liquid was observed after the treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IRTF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) were carried out on treated samples to characterize the mineralogical and structural changes due to the alkali-hydrothermal treatment. Indeed, the treated samples revealed the presence of sodic neoformed phases such as thermonatrite, sodalite, analcime, and cancrinite. The treated material was leached for a week using deionized water and the elements released were measured using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The hydrothermal process showed a strong effect on structure breakdown as well as on the release of K and other nutrients such as P, Fe, Si, Mg, and Ca. Therefore, the alkali-hydrothermal treatment allowed the release of 50.5 wt% K. Moreover, the release of Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si were significantly increased. Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si release within raw materials was about (0.5–3.6), (3.5–31.4), (0.01–0.4), (0.01–0.3), (20–55), and (4.6–8) mg/kg, respectively, whereas treated samples showed a higher release of these elements. Quantitatively, Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si releases were about (10–11.8), (60–70), (7–20), (1.2–15), (218–1278), and (1119–2759) mg/kg, respectively. Consequently, the treated igneous rocks (syenite and trachyte) could be directly used as potassic fertilizers that would also be a source of other nutrients.

Characteristics and attitudes of family planners in Khartoum, Sudan

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Age Group ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

SummaryIn a survey of 1475 urban Moslem wives in the age group 15–49 living in the capital city of the Sudan, knowledge of birth control was reported by almost all respondents while a significant proportion had used contraception at least once. The mean age of the users was 32·8 years, their duration of marriage was 15·1 years and their mean number of surviving children was 4·6. Those who had never used contraception had a higher mean age, a longer duration of marriage and more surviving children. Most of the users had an urban residential background and belonged to the high socioeconomic class. They held favourable attitudes to family planning. Although they thought that having a large family (more than five children) was not desirable, their mean preferred family size was no different from that of the never users.The results indicate that contraception is used for the purpose of spacing births rather than limiting their ultimate number. At this early stage of contraceptive adoption in Sudan, the characteristics of the pioneer acceptors are similar to those observed in other African countries.

Assessment of the positions of the exporting countries of agri-food products on the world market according to their role in global value chains

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Frolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
World Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Export Policy ◽  
The World

The place in the rankings of agricultural exporting countries in world trade is estimated in terms of the volume of imports and exports of raw materials and food. However, to assess the efficiency of agricultural exports, it is important to analyze the value added of exported goods produced in the country. The position of the exporting country in global value chains is derived from the type of agricultural production, which in turn depends on the level of development of the national economy, the availability and breadth of use of modern high technologies. The article examines the concept of the development of world agriculture from the point of view of the formation of global value chains, set out in the report of the UN World Food Organization [1] in comparison with the political decisions of such countries as India and the People’s Republic of China in the development of agricultural and food exports. The paper analyzes the risks associated with the consolidation of developing countries as suppliers of agricultural raw materials, as well as the conditions and action plan that allow the country-exporter of agricultural raw materials to move to higher levels in the global value chains on the world market. This experience should be considered to make comprehensive and effective decisions on the formation of the export policy of agricultural products and food of the Russian Federation, considering the food security of the country.

scholarly journals Туризам и привредни опоравак // Tourism and economic recovery

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Марко Шантић ◽  
Брано Маркић ◽  
Сања Бијакшић
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Export Industries ◽  
General Standard ◽  
New Jobs

Резиме: Сектор туризма у БиХ има позитивне трендове у свим битним показатељима раста у посљедњих десет година, међутим још увијек постоји огроман простор за даљње коришћење његовог потенцијала. Са својим природним богатствима и потенцијалом за туризам на отвореном, богатом природном и културном баштином, добрим географским положајем, међународно познатим манифестацијама, изврсном гастрономском понудом по прихватљивим цијенама и статусом још увијек непознатог туристичког одредишта за главна емитивна тржишта, БиХ има све предиспозиције за изузетно успјешан туризам. Туризам је засигурно јако значајан извор девизних средстава, те се управо из тог разлога сврстава у извозне гране које се фаворизују. За земље које су се, прије свега, издвојиле као значајне рецептивне туристичке земље на међународном туристичком тржишту, девизни прилив од туризма представља најважнију ставку прихода у платном билансу и веома снажан фактор укупног развоја привреде. Туризам представља изузетно важну компоненту националне економије. Сектор је чији се значај не може прецизно квантификовати управо зато што је повезан са скоро свим аспектима друштва. Једна од основних функција туризма је што директно и индиректно утиче на раст бруто домаћег производа. Упоредо са јачањем његовог економског аспекта подстиче се запошљавање, утиче на отварање нових радних мјеста што се одражава на побољшање општег животног стандарда. На јединствен начин подстиче развој неких од комплементарних дjелатности и доприноси укупном БДП-у.Summary: Tourist sector in BiH has positive trends in all important growth indicators in the past decade, however, the space for using further its potential is still huge. With its natural resources and potential for outdoors tourism, rich natural and cultural heritage, good geographic location, internationally known events, excellent cuisine for reasonable prices and status of a still unknown tourism destination for main tourist generating markets, BiH has all predispositions for exceptionally successful tourism. Tourism is, certainly, a very important source of foreign exchange and for this reason is classified in favored export industries. For countries which, first of all, are outstanding as significant receptive tourism countries on the international tourism market, foreign exchange inflow from tourism represents the most important item of revenue in the balance of payment and a very strong factor in overall economic development.Tourism is an extremely important component of the national economy. It is a sector whose importance cannot be quantified precisely since it is related to almost all aspects of the society. One of the basic functions of tourism is its direct and indirect impact on the growth of gross domestic product. Along with the strengthening of its economic aspect the employment is being encouraged, affects creating new jobs which is reflected in the improvement of general standard of living. In a unique way it encourages development of other complementary activities and contributes to the overall GDP. 

scholarly journals Impact of Globalisation on African and Its Implications to Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. p81
Author(s):  
Titus Ogalo Pacho
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Global Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Theoretical Paper ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diverse Cultures

Globalisation is one of the most powerful worldwide forces transforming society. It dominates today’s world as a major driver of change. Globalisation has brought about an agglomeration of cultures, where diverse cultures not only interact but also sometimes clash. It permeates through all spheres of life including the environment, politics, economy, prosperity, culture, religion, education, and human well-being in societies across the globe. The present “villagization” of the world has greatly affected many African countries in almost all aspects of life. It has done so in both positive and negative ways. With the emergence of a global society, social, cultural, economic, political, technological and environmental events in one part of the world quickly come to be significant for people in other parts of the world. This theoretical paper assesses the impact of globalisation for Africa and its implications to education.

scholarly journals The Development of Digital in the Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Digna R. Nahak
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Asian Development Bank ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Micro And Small Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The global Covid-19 pandemic that has plagued all countries of the world has affect all sectors of people's lives. In Indonesia, almost all sectors experience impacts, especially the economic ecosystem which has been become the focus of society. Furthermore, the Covid-19 pandemic has made the slowdown in the economic sector in Indonesia with its various derivatives. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector which is part of the most important sector of the economy is very important feel. This is what worried by all parties, because it has made the MSME sector experienced a significant decline. Moreover, currently many MSMEs are experiencing various problems such as: decrease in sales, capital, hampered distribution, difficulty in raw materials, decreased production and the occurrence of many layoffs for workers and hunting which later became a threat to the national economy. MSMEs as a driver of the domestic economy and a middle labor absorber face a decline in productivity which results in a decrease in profits significant. Even based on the related Asian Development Bank (ADB) survey, the impact of the pandemic on MSMEs in Indonesia, 88% of micro businesses run out of cash or savings, and more than 60% of these micro and small enterprises have reduced their workforce work.

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