The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. BEBBINGTON ◽  
G. DUNN ◽  
R. JENKINS ◽  
G. LEWIS ◽  
T. BRUGHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Social Explanations ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background. Women are consistently reported to have a greater prevalence of depressive disorders than men. The reason for this is unclear, and is as likely to be social as biological. There is some evidence that the excess of depression is greater during women's reproductive lives. Data from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity were used to test the hypothesis that the excess disappeared in the post-menopausal years and that obvious social explanations for this were inadequate.Method. Subjects (N=9792) from a random sample of the British population provided data for the analysis. Psychiatric assessment was carried out by lay interviewers using the CIS-R. Subjects with ICD-10 depressive episode or mixed anxiety/depression were compared with the remainder. Social variables that were likely to contribute to a post-menopausal decline in depressive disorders were controlled in logistic regression analyses.Results. There was a clear reversal of the sex difference in prevalence of depression in those over age 55. This could not be explained in terms of differential effects of marital status, child care, or employment status.Conclusions. This large and representative survey adds considerably to the increasingly held view that the sex difference in prevalence of depression is less apparent in later middle age. This may be linked to the menopause, and our attempts to explain it in terms of obvious conditions among social variables were not successful. More specific studies are required to clarify the finding.

scholarly journals Comorbidity of substance misuse with anxiety-related and depressive disorders: a genetically informative population study of 3 million individuals in Sweden

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1706-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvi Virtanen ◽  
Ralf Kuja-Halkola ◽  
David Mataix-Cols ◽  
Nitya Jayaram-Lindström ◽  
Brian M. D'Onofrio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Substance Misuse ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Monozygotic Twin ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Anxiety Depression

AbstractBackgroundCauses of the comorbidity of substance misuse with anxiety-related and depressive disorders (anxiety/depression) remain poorly known. We estimated associations of substance misuse and anxiety/depression in the general population and tested them while accounting for genetic and shared environmental factors.MethodsWe studied individuals born in Sweden 1968–1997 (n = 2 996 398) with follow-up in nationwide register data for 1997–2013. To account for familial effects, stratified analyses were conducted within siblings and twin pairs. Substance misuse was defined as ICD-10 alcohol or drug use disorder or an alcohol/drug-related criminal conviction. Three dimensions of ICD-10 anxiety and depressive disorders and a substance misuse dimension were identified through exploratory factor analysis.ResultsSubstance misuse was associated with a 4.5-fold (95% CI 4.50–4.58) elevated risk of lifetime generalized anxiety/depression, 4.7-fold (95% CI 4.63–4.82) elevated risk of panic disorder and agora/social phobia, and 2.9-fold elevated risk of phobias/OCD (95% CI 2.82–3.02) as compared to those without substance misuse. The associations were attenuated in within-family analyses but we found elevated risks in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for substance misuse as well as significant non-shared environmental correlations. The association between anxiety/depression and substance misuse was mainly driven by generalized anxiety/depression, whereas other anxiety/depression dimensions had minor or no independent associations with substance misuse.ConclusionsSubstance misuse and anxiety/depression are associated at the population level, and these associations are partially explained by familial liabilities. Our findings indicate a common genetic etiology but are also compatible with a potential partially causal relationship between substance misuse and anxiety/depression.

Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England: the National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, 1993 to 2007

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 2047-2055 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Spiers ◽  
T. S. Brugha ◽  
P. Bebbington ◽  
S. McManus ◽  
R. Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Icd 10

BackgroundThe National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (NPMS) programme was partly designed to monitor trends in mental disorders, including depression, with comparable data spanning 1993 to 2007. Findings already published from this programme suggest that concerns about increasing prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) may be unfounded. This article focuses on depression and tests the hypothesis that successive birth cohorts experience the same prevalence of depression as they age.MethodWe carried out a pseudo-cohort analysis of a sequence of three cross-sectional surveys of the English household population using identical diagnostic instruments. The main outcome was ICD-10 depressive episode or disorder. Secondary outcomes were the depression subscales of the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS-R).ResultsThere were 8670, 6977 and 6815 participants in 1993, 2000 and 2007 respectively. In men, the prevalence of depression increased between cohorts born in 1943–1949 and 1950–1956 [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–4.2], then remained relatively stable across subsequent cohorts. In women, there was limited evidence of change in prevalence of depression. Women born in 1957–1963, surveyed aged 44–50 years in 2007, had exceptionally high prevalence. It is not clear whether this represents a trend or a quirk of sampling.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of an increase in the prevalence of depression in male cohorts born since 1950. In women, there is limited evidence of increased prevalence. Demand for mental health services may stabilize or even fall for men.

Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab

1997 ◽  
Vol 170 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Mumford ◽  
Khalid Saeed ◽  
Imtiaz Ahmad ◽  
Shazia Latif ◽  
Malik H. Mubbashar
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire

BackgroundThe prevalence of psychiatric disorders in rural Punjab is unknown. Previous studies in rural areas elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent have yielded widely differing estimates.MethodFirst-stage screening of a village near Gujar Khan used the Bradford Somatic Inventory and Self Reporting Questionnaire. Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.ResultsIt is estimated that 66% of women and 25% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Levels of emotional distress increased with age in both genders. Women living in unitary households reported more distress than those living in extended or joint families. With younger men and women, lower levels of education were associated with greater risk of psychiatric disorders. Social disadvantage was associated with more emotional distress.ConclusionsThis study in rural Punjab confirms the findings of a previous study in Chitral, northern Pakistan, of high levels of emotional distress and psychiatric morbidity among women in rural areas of Pakistan.

Lone mothers, social exclusion and depression

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TARGOSZ ◽  
P. BEBBINGTON ◽  
G. LEWIS ◽  
T. BRUGHA ◽  
R. JENKINS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Social Disadvantage ◽  
Marital Stability ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Lone Mothers ◽  
Icd 10

Background. In this paper, data from the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity are used to assess depressive disorders and markers of social disadvantage in women bringing up children on their own.Method. The household component of the British National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity was based on a stratified random sample of >10000 subjects. This paper reports on 5281 women interviewed in person. Psychiatric symptoms and ICD-10 diagnoses were established by lay interviewers using the CIS-R. Results are presented in terms of depressive episode and mixed anxiety/depressive disorder. Housing tenure and access to a car were used as proxy measures of material status. The life event rate in the 6 months before interview was used to indicate overall exposure to stress, and subjects were asked in detail about perceived social support. Information was collected about various other sociodemographic attributes. Lone mothers were compared with supported mothers and with women not involved in care of children under 16.Results. Lone mothers had prevalence rates of depressive episode of 7%, about three times higher than any other group. The milder condition, mixed anxiety/depression, was also increased in frequency. These increased rates of depressive conditions were no longer apparent after controlling for measures of social disadvantage, stress and isolation.Conclusions. Lone mothers are increasing in numbers as marital stability declines. Their high rates of material disadvantage and of depressive disorder may have considerable implications for psychiatric and social policy.

Cross validation of a general population survey diagnostic interview: a comparison of CIS-R with SCAN ICD-10 diagnostic categories

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. BRUGHA ◽  
P. E. BEBBINGTON ◽  
R. JENKINS ◽  
H. MELTZER ◽  
N. A. TAUB ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Clinical Assessments ◽  
Icd 10

Background. Comparisons of structured diagnostic interviews with clinical assessments in general population samples show marked discrepancies. In order to validate the CIS-R, a fully structured diagnostic interview used for the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, it was compared with SCAN, a standard, semi-structured, clinical assessment.Methods. A random sample of 1882 Leicestershire addresses from the Postcode Address File yielded 1157 eligible adults: of these 860 completed the CIS-R; 387 adults scores [ges ]8 on the CIS-R and 205 of these completed a SCAN reference examination. Neurotic symptoms, in the previous week and month only, were enquired about. Concordance was estimated for ICD-10 neurotic and depressive disorders, F32 to F42 and for depression symptom score.Results. Sociodemographic characteristics closely resembled National Survey and 1991 census profiles. Concordance was poor for any ICD-10 neurotic disorder (kappa = 0·25 (95% CI, 0·1–0·4)) and for depressive disorder (kappa = 0·23 (95% CI, 0–0·46)). Sensitivity to the SCAN reference classification was also poor. Specificity ranged from 0·8 to 0·9. Rank order correlation for total depression symptoms was 0·43 (Kendall's tau b; P<0·001; N=205).Discussion. High specificity indicates that the CIS-R and SCAN agree that prevalence rates for specific disorders are low compared with estimates in some community surveys. We have revealed substantial discrepancies in case finding. Therefore, published data on service utilization designed to estimate unmet need in populations requires re-interpretation. The value of large-scale CIS-R survey data can be enhanced considerably by the incorporation of concurrent semi-structured clinical assessments.

The prevalence of depression among Australian nursing home residents: results using draft ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 739-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Phillips ◽  
A. S. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Social ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
State Examination

SYNOPSISThe aims of this study were, first, to estimate the prevalence of depressive disorders in Australian nursing home residents using international diagnostic criteria, and second, to explore environmental determinants of such disorders. Residents of 24 nursing homes were surveyed using the Canberra Interview for the Elderly (CIE) and a range of environmental measures was also taken. Of 323 residents who were screened for cognitive impairment, 165 (51%) scored 18 or above on the Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein et al. 1975), and were interviewed with the CIE. According to DSM-III-R criteria and the CIE, the prevalence of major depressive episode was 9·7%. Using ICD-10 criteria, 6·1% of residents suffered from a severe depressive episode, 6·7% from a moderate depressive episode and 6·7% from a mild depressive episode. Some measures of the social environment were significantly related to depressive symptoms.

Stress and Psychiatric Disorder in the Hindu Kush

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Mumford ◽  
Mohammed Nazir ◽  
Faiz-Ul-Mulk Jilani ◽  
Imam Yar Baig
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
The World ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Contradictory Evidence

BackgroundIt is widely believed that people in remote areas of the world suffer less emotional distress and fewer psychiatric disorders. Previous studies offer contradictory evidence.MethodFirst stage screening of two mountain villages in Chitral used the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI). Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD–10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.ResultsThe BSI was an effective screening test, with sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 77%. At a conservative estimate, 46% of women and 15% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Literate subjects had lower levels of emotional distress than the illiterate. Higher socio-economic status was associated with less emotional distress. Members of joint and nuclear families were similar.ConclusionsThe study offers no support for the belief that people who live in Chitral lead stress-free lives or have low rates of psychiatric morbidity. Women may suffer more anxiety and depressive disorders than in Western societies.

scholarly journals Loneliness and Depression among Polish High-School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1706
Author(s):  
Beata Dziedzic ◽  
Paulina Sarwa ◽  
Ewa Kobos ◽  
Zofia Sienkiewicz ◽  
Anna Idzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
School Students ◽  
Loneliness Scale ◽  
Emotional Loneliness ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Introduction: Having impaired relations and limited interpersonal contact is associated with a sense of loneliness, and can result in a number of mental disorders, including the development of depression. Approximately one in five adolescents in the world suffers from depression, and first episodes of such are occurring at increasingly young ages. Due to a lack of appropriate support from parents, teachers and the healthcare system, the young person feels alone when dealing with their problem. Aims: The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of anxiety, depression, aggression and sense of loneliness among high school students, and to analyze a correlation between loneliness and depression. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 300 high school students in Poland. The study material was collected using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-M) and De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS). Results: A feeling of loneliness correlated significantly with depressive disorders (p < 0.005), with the strongest effect between the total HADS-M score and the total loneliness scale score (r = 0.61). The overall presence of disorders as per HADS-M was found to be 23%, and borderline conditions were found in 19.3%. In 24% of the students, disorders were revealed on the anxiety subscale and in 46.3% on the aggression subscale. On DJGLS, a very severe sense of loneliness was observed in 6.67% of the subjects, and in 42.3% of them, a moderate feeling of loneliness was indicated. On the social loneliness subscale, a severe sense of loneliness was found in 22.7%, while on the emotional loneliness subscale, it was found in 16.7% of the subjects. Conclusions: In this study, a quarter of the student participants experienced anxiety and depression disorders. Students showing higher levels of anxiety, depression, and aggression also showed enhanced loneliness. Girls showed higher levels of anxiety, depression and aggression, as well as emotional loneliness.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Agreement between Physicians and a Consultation–Liaison Psychiatry Team at a General Hospital: An Exploratory Study across 20 Years of Referrals

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
Mattia Marchi ◽  
Federica Maria Magarini ◽  
Giorgio Mattei ◽  
Luca Pingani ◽  
Maria Moscara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Liaison Psychiatry ◽  
Consultation Liaison Psychiatry ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Diagnostic Concordance

Consultation–liaison psychiatry (CLP) manages psychiatric care for patients admitted to a general hospital (GH) for somatic reasons. We evaluated patterns in psychiatric morbidity, reasons for referral and diagnostic concordance between referring doctors and CL psychiatrists. Referrals over the course of 20 years (2000–2019) made by the CLP Service at Modena GH (Italy) were retrospectively analyzed. Cohen’s kappa statistics were used to estimate the agreement between the diagnoses made by CL psychiatrist and the diagnoses considered by the referring doctors. The analyses covered 18,888 referrals. The most common referral reason was suspicion of depression (n = 4937; 32.3%), followed by agitation (n = 1534; 10.0%). Psychiatric diagnoses were established for 13,883 (73.8%) referrals. Fair agreement was found for depressive disorders (kappa = 0.281) and for delirium (kappa = 0.342), which increased for anxiety comorbid depression (kappa = 0.305) and hyperkinetic delirium (kappa = 0.504). Moderate agreement was found for alcohol or substance abuse (kappa = 0.574). Referring doctors correctly recognized psychiatric conditions due to their exogenous etiology or clear clinical signs; in addition, the presence of positive symptoms (such as panic or agitation) increased diagnostic concordance. Close daily collaboration between CL psychiatrists and GH doctors lead to improvements in the ability to properly detect comorbid psychiatric conditions.

scholarly journals Using the 11-item Version of the RCADS to Identify Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerica Radez ◽  
Polly Waite ◽  
Bruce Chorpita ◽  
Cathy Creswell ◽  
Faith Orchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Adolescent Report ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Anxiety Depression

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify items from the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale – RCADS-C/P that provided a brief, reliable and valid screen for anxiety and/or depressive disorders in adolescents. In addition, we examined whether adding items assessing suicidal ideation (Moods and Feelings Questionnaire – MFQ- C/P) and symptom impact and duration (items adapted from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire – SDQ) improved the identification of adolescents with anxiety and/or depressive disorders. We compared two samples of adolescents and their parents – a community sample, recruited through secondary schools in England (n = 214) and a clinic-referred sample, who met diagnostic criteria for anxiety and/or depressive disorder and were recruited through a university-based research clinic (n = 246). Participants completed the RCADS-C/P with additional symptom impact and duration items, and the MFQ-C/P. Using ROC curve analyses, we identified a set of 11 RCADS-C/P items (6 addressing anxiety and 5 depression symptoms) for adolescent- and parent-report. This set of 11 symptom items achieved sensitivity/specificity values > .75, which were comparable to corresponding values for the RCADS-47-C/P. Combining adolescent and parent-report improved the identification of anxiety/depression in adolescents compared to using adolescent-report alone. Finally, adding two symptom impact items further improved the sensitivity/specificity of the 11 symptom items, whereas adding suicidal ideation items did not. The 11 RCADS items accurately discriminated between the community and clinic-referred sample with anxiety and/or depressive disorders and have the potential to quickly and accurately identify adolescents with these disorders in community settings.

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