scholarly journals 14C Activity in Different Sections and Chemical Fractions of Oak Tree Rings, AD 1938–1981

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid U. Olsson ◽  
Göran Possnert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Regional Contamination

The 14C activity in rings from an oak tree grown in a suburb of Uppsala, Sweden has been studied for the period, AD 1938 to 1981. We compare the results with the atmospheric carbon dioxide records from Abisko, northern Sweden, where local or regional contamination from fossil-fuel combustion can be disregarded. We assess the influence from different chemical pretreatment procedures in use and compare HCl-NaOH-HCl treatment with cellulose extraction. We split each ring into two samples corresponding to early (spring) and late wood. A more refined partitioning has been applied to the years 1963 and 1964.

Foreseeable Effects of CO2 -induced Climatic Change: Freshwater Concerns

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Coutant
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Precipitation Regimes ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Freshwater Environments

Freshwater environments are expected to be particularly responsive to temperature rises and changed precipitation régimes that are anticipated to result from progressive increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion. Recognition of potential impacts on aquatic systems should strengthen research and management planning for the future, and provide more confident estimates of the risks from CO2 elevation than those at present available. This report briefly evaluates those aquatic impacts that are believed to be important and worthy of investigation and quantitative forecasting.Priorities for additional research have been suggested for the issues discussed herein. These priorities vary according to the use of pertinent data, the credibility of presumed risk (which may change as, for example, climatic models are better refined), the timing in relation to prerequisite information, current efforts already under way, and the feasibility of obtaining the desired data. The ranking remains subjective, however, and debatable.

scholarly journals Sources of carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in North America determined from high-resolution atmospheric data

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 11395-11451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Miller ◽  
D. M. Matross ◽  
A. E. Andrews ◽  
D. B. Millet ◽  
M. Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
North America ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion

Abstract. We analyze the North American budget for carbon monoxide using data for CO and formaldehyde concentrations from tall towers and aircraft in a model-data assimilation framework. The Stochastic Time-Inverted, Lagrangian Transport model for CO (STILT-CO) determines local to regional-scale CO contributions associated with production from fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using an ensemble of Lagrangian particles driven by high resolution assimilated meteorology. In most cases, the model demonstrates high fidelity simulations of hourly surface data from tall towers and point measurements from aircraft, with somewhat less satisfactory performance in coastal regions and when CO from large biomass fires in Alaska and the Yukon Territory influence the continental US. Inversions of STILT-CO simulations for CO and formaldehyde show that current inventories of CO emissions from fossil fuel combustion are significantly too high, by almost a factor of three in summer and a factor two in early spring, consistent with recent analyses of data from the INTEX-A aircraft program. Formaldehyde data help to show that sources of CO from oxidation of CH4 and other VOCs represent the dominant sources of CO over North America in summer.

Evaluating the Carbon Embedded in the US Public Water Supply

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Twomey ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
The Us

The United States uses approximately 5% of its primary energy and 6% of its electricity to pump, convey, treat, distribute, heat, and recondition water in the US public water supply. Allocating this energy towards water has contributed to a national public water distribution system that is considered among the best in the world, providing its users with a clean and reliable water supply. This water supply, treated to stringent water standards defined by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Safe Drinking Water Act, has been critical to the health and livelihood of United States’ citizens. However, this energy-expenditure comes at an environmental cost, since the majority of water-related energy is derived from burning fossil fuels. Fossil-fuel combustion emits carbon-dioxide, a greenhouse gas that has become of concern in recent years because of its connection to anthropogenic climate change. The amount of carbon-dioxide that is emitted from fossil-fuel combustion is principally a function of the quantity and type of fuel that is burned for energy. This first-order analysis quantifying national water-related carbon dioxide emissions is the second in a series of several analyses by the authors, quantifying the energy and greenhouse emissions embedded in the US public water supply. Results indicate that water withdrawal, conveyance, treatment, distribution, end-use preparation, and wastewater treatment produces approximately 301 million metric tonnes of CO2 emissions annually. This quantity is 5.1% of total US CO2 emissions in 2009, which is approximately equal to emissions from the gasoline consumed by one-quarter of the US passenger fleet in the same year. Considering that the emissions associated with water for industrial, municipal and self-supplied sectors (such as agriculture) were not included in this analysis, the actual quantity of carbon emissions released as a result of water-related activities is likely to be higher. Consequently, identifying efficiency measures and conservation schemes to reduce the amount of water-related energy consumed in the US might be significant in achieving future greenhouse gas emission reduction goals.

scholarly journals Sources of carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in North America determined from high-resolution atmospheric data

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (24) ◽  
pp. 7673-7696 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Miller ◽  
D. M. Matross ◽  
A. E. Andrews ◽  
D. B. Millet ◽  
M. Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
North America ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion

Abstract. We analyze the North American budget for carbon monoxide using data for CO and formaldehyde concentrations from tall towers and aircraft in a model-data assimilation framework. The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model for CO (STILT-CO) determines local to regional-scale CO contributions associated with production from fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using an ensemble of Lagrangian particles driven by high resolution assimilated meteorology. In many cases, the model demonstrates high fidelity simulations of hourly surface data from tall towers and point measurements from aircraft, with somewhat less satisfactory performance in coastal regions and when CO from large biomass fires in Alaska and the Yukon Territory influence the continental US. Inversions of STILT-CO simulations for CO and formaldehyde show that current inventories of CO emissions from fossil fuel combustion are significantly too high, by almost a factor of three in summer and a factor two in early spring, consistent with recent analyses of data from the INTEX-A aircraft program. Formaldehyde data help to show that sources of CO from oxidation of CH4 and other VOCs represent the dominant sources of CO over North America in summer.

Short-rotation woody crop systems, atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon management: A U.S. case study

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Tuskan ◽  
Marie E. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Carbon Management ◽  
Short Rotation Woody Crops ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Woody Crop

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are increasing along with global use of fossil fuels and worldwide rates of deforestation. These trends have led international panels and organizations to devise carbon management strategies in an effort to curb increases in CO2. The goal of this paper is to explore the potential role of short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) in the U.S. as one option in a carbon-managed future economy. On a scale of 40 × 106 ha, and at an average productivity rate of 21 Mg oven-dry biomass ha−1 yr−1, SRWC systems could account for an average of 0.30 Pg of C yr−1 when prorated over the 50-year deployment life of a typical SRWC system. Most of the accounted carbon (76%) would come from fossil fuel displacement as opposed to direct carbon sequestration. The proportion of accounted carbon associated with fossil fuel displacement increases with longer time frames due to the relatively rapid saturation of the carbon sequestration pool. Key words: Populus, biomass, carbon sequestration, carbon displacement, Kyoto Protocol, CO2

scholarly journals A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1299-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Andres ◽  
T. A. Boden ◽  
F.-M. Bréon ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
S. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Interval Uncertainty ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Abstract. This synthesis discusses the emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production. While much is known about these emissions, there is still much that is unknown about the details surrounding these emissions. This synthesis explores our knowledge of these emissions in terms of why there is concern about them; how they are calculated; the major global efforts on inventorying them; their global, regional, and national totals at different spatial and temporal scales; how they are distributed on global grids (i.e. maps); how they are transported in models; and the uncertainties associated with these different aspects of the emissions. The magnitude of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels has been almost continuously increasing with time since fossil fuels were first used by humans. Despite events in some nations specifically designed to reduce emissions, or which have had emissions reduction as a byproduct of other events, global total emissions continue their general increase with time. Global total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions are known to within 10% uncertainty (95% confidence interval). Uncertainty on individual national total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions range from a few percent to more than 50%. The information discussed in this manuscript synthesizes global, regional and national fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions, their distributions, their transport, and the associated uncertainties.

The Implications of Fossil Fuel Combustion for Climate Change

2005 ◽  
Vol 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy Eileen Ross ◽  
Stuart J. Piketh
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion

ABSTRACTEmissions from fossil fuel combustion alter the composition of the atmosphere and have been touted as a major cause of climate change. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, for example, has increased by more than 30% since pre-industrial times. Average global surface temperature has increased by approximately 0.6 ± 0.2°C since the late 19th Century, and surface temperature records indicate that the 1990s are likely to have been the warmest decade of the last millennium. The anthropogenically-induced warming is superimposed on natural climatic variability. Proxy records show a regular oscillation, on a roughly 100,000-year cycle, between glacials and interglacials. Superimposed on these long-term oscillations are shorter scale variations. It is thought that changes in the seasonality and location of radiation from the Sun trigger the onset or end of glaciation, and the change is then amplified by feedbacks in the earth-atmosphere system. A firm link between atmospheric composition and temperature has been established from ice core records spanning the last 420,000 years, which show that changes in time of global temperature and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane are tightly coupled. Global average surface temperature is projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8°C by 2100, with the warming being greatest over land and polar regions. Precipitation is predicted to increase in the tropical, mid- and high-latitude regions, but to decrease in the subtropical regions. Alternative energy technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce climate problems and costs.

scholarly journals Computation and analysis of atmospheric carbon dioxide annual mean growth rates from satellite observations during 2003–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 17355-17370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Buchwitz ◽  
Maximilian Reuter ◽  
Oliver Schneising ◽  
Stefan Noël ◽  
Bettina Gier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) reflects the net effect of emissions and uptake resulting from anthropogenic and natural carbon sources and sinks. Annual mean CO2 growth rates have been determined from satellite retrievals of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2, i.e. XCO2, for the years 2003 to 2016. The XCO2 growth rates agree with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) growth rates from CO2 surface observations within the uncertainty of the satellite-derived growth rates (mean difference ± standard deviation: 0.0±0.3 ppm year−1; R: 0.82). This new and independent data set confirms record-large growth rates of around 3 ppm year−1 in 2015 and 2016, which are attributed to the 2015–2016 El Niño. Based on a comparison of the satellite-derived growth rates with human CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices, we estimate by how much the impact of ENSO dominates the impact of fossil-fuel-burning-related emissions in explaining the variance of the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. Our analysis shows that the ENSO impact on CO2 growth rate variations dominates that of human emissions throughout the period 2003–2016 but in particular during the period 2010–2016 due to strong La Niña and El Niño events. Using the derived growth rates and their uncertainties, we estimate the probability that the impact of ENSO on the variability is larger than the impact of human emissions to be 63 % for the time period 2003–2016. If the time period is restricted to 2010–2016, this probability increases to 94 %.

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