Public men, private interests: the origins, structure and practice of police courts in Scotland, c.1800–1833

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID G. BARRIE ◽  
SUSAN BROOMHALL
Keyword(s):  
Economic Interests ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
New Class ◽  
Private Interests

ABSTRACTThis article examines how civic tensions and the rise to prominence of a new class of businessmen contributed to the evolution of police courts in Scottish towns, c.1800 to 1833. It argues that men of property intertwined civic imperatives with their own moral and economic interests in order to effect reform and defend their position, status and influence. It also contends that police courts were important institutions in reflecting and exposing the divisions and shared interests that existed among ‘public men’ and the private interests they sought to promote and safeguard. In doing so, the article highlights social hierarchies – both between men of property and different classes – as an important force in shaping the development and institutional workings of police courts.

scholarly journals Pembentukan Wilayah Pertahanan Dan Persoalan Agraria Di Pesisir Selatan Kebumen-Cilacap

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Devi Dhian Cahyati
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis paper describes the formation of defence area that often triggers agrarian questions at local level. The determination of defence area frequently aroused conflicts with local community having evidence of land ownership and cultivating the land for productive purposes. Ironically, military power, as an instrument for national defence claimed those land and use it for economic interests. This research uses qualitative method. Data collection was conducted by literature study, in-depth interviews and observation. This paper concludes that military defence was used as a tool to secure economic interests of the Colonial Government in colonial era. Furthermore, Indonesian military following this pattern in post-reform era. This means that there is a dislocation of authority when the Military uses public assets for their private interests.    Intisari Tulisan ini menjelaskan mengenai pembentukan wilayah pertahanan yang sering kali memicu persoalan agraria di ranah lokal. Penentuan wilayah pertahanan sering kali memunculkan persoalan dengan masyarakat lokal yang memiliki bukti kepemilikan tanah dan menggunakan tanah tersebut untuk kegiatan produktif. Militer sebagai alat pertahanan negara secara ironis melakukan klaim tanah dan memanfaatkan tanah untuk kepentingan ekonomi mereka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data melaluistudi pustaka, wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa pertahanan menjadi alat untuk mengamankan kepentingan ekonomi pemerintah kolonial dan diikuti oleh militer Indonesia pasca reformasi. Artinya terjadi dislokasi wewenang ketika militer menggunakan aset publik untuk kepentingan privat. 

In the Interest of Others

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Ahlquist ◽  
Margaret Levi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Unions ◽  
Original Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Material Benefits ◽  
Governance Institutions

This book develops a new theory of organizational leadership and governance to explain why some organizations expand their scope of action in ways that do not benefit their members directly. The book documents eighty years of such activism by the International Longshore and Warehouse Union in the United States and the Waterside Workers Federation in Australia. The book systematically compares the ILWU and WWF to the Teamsters and the International Longshoremen's Association, two American transport industry labor unions that actively discouraged the pursuit of political causes unrelated to their own economic interests. Drawing on a wealth of original data, the book shows how activist organizations can profoundly transform the views of members about their political efficacy and the collective actions they are willing to contemplate. The book finds that leaders who ask for support of projects without obvious material benefits must first demonstrate their ability to deliver the goods and services members expect. These leaders must also build governance institutions that coordinate expectations about their objectives and the behavior of members. The book reveals how activist labor unions expand the community of fate and provoke preferences that transcend the private interests of individual members. The book then extends this logic to other membership organizations, including religious groups, political parties, and the state itself.

Part II Substantive Aspects, Ch.21 Cultural Heritage in International Investment Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadi Valentina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
International Investment Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Investment Law

This chapter evaluates whether the existing legal framework adequately protect cultural heritage vis-à-vis the economic interests of foreign investors. It aims to address this question by examining recent arbitrations and proposing three principal legal tools to foster a better balance between economic and cultural interests in international investment law and arbitration. This recent jurisprudence highlights that arbitral tribunals are increasingly providing consideration to cultural concerns. Yet, the interplay between the protection of cultural heritage and the promotion of foreign direct investment in international investment law and arbitration continues to pose two main problems: one ontological, concerning the essence of international investment law and international law more generally; and one epistemological, concerning the mandate of arbitral tribunals. The chapter then considers three principal avenues that can facilitate a better balance between the public and private interests in international investment law: a ‘treaty-driven approach’; a ‘judicially driven approach’; and counterclaims.

Maps and Atlases of the Middle East

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry A. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
National Development ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Main Thrust ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Current State ◽  
Historical Cartography

The current state of mapping for the Middle East has been conditioned by the particular needs of indigenous countries, by foreign national and private interests, by the demands of the Western public, and by the research interests of scholars. Middle Eastern countries themselves require maps for the purposes of administration and national development and thereby provide the main thrust for the production of maps by national and international agencies. Foreign states and companies having strategic or economic interests in the region, past or present, have also produced maps. The West’s long concern with the origins and evolution of its civilization has fostered efforts in historical cartography. Not the least have been the research interests of scholars, which have led to the drawing of maps to suit their sometimes peculiar needs.

Public Goods, Private Interests, and Representation

1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1143-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Jackson ◽  
David C. King
Keyword(s):  
Roll Call ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
The Difference ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Voting Decisions ◽  
Party Voting

We estimate a model of House members' roll call voting decisions embodying some hypotheses about representation, including estimates of the influence of district opinion on broad collective issues relative to personal economic interests, of the effect of electoral security on constituency responsiveness, and of the difference in constituency and party voting among Republicans and Democrats. This model is estimated with votes taken during deliberations on the 1978 Tax Reform Act, important because it was a significant change from the tax reforms passed in the late 1960s and 1970s, marked the first appearance of the Kemp-Roth proposed tax cut, and represented a concerted effort by Republicans to make tax policy a broad national issue. Findings indicate that constituent preferences for redistribution are important influences on representatives' decisions and that Republicans exhibited a greater degree of party voting than the Democrats while the Democrats better represented their constituent's preferences.

scholarly journals Parafiscalities: Problems and Prospects of Legal Regulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 2014-2022
Author(s):  
Victor V. Ignatenko ◽  
Natalya W. Vasilyeva ◽  
Yulia W. Pyatkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Payment System ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Interests

The article refers to investigating problems of legal regulation of parafiscal payments and ways of their solving. It marks the increasing number of payments as well as strengthening scientists’ interest to the issue in recent years. However, it has not led to legal regulation improvement of the sphere. While studying the issues the authors use the conceptual approach to consider the obligatory payments accumulated out of the budgetary system as “parafiscalities” that is supported by law enforcement practice. Analysing the main characteristics of parafiscal payments, the authors compare them with taxes and levies, separating the last, first of all, according to the purpose of establishing and collecting ones that are expected to satisfy not the state (municipal), but other public social or economic interests. The article also reveals negative sides of current parafiscal system that are mostly caused by legal regulation insufficiency in the sphere. In addition, it highlights the necessity of legislative definition for basic fundamentals to establish, introduce and levy payments providing public and private interests balance and that will ensure protection of payers’ rights who make parafiscal payments. The article also raises the problem of strengthening the financial control over the parafiscal payment system that is also possible only in case of complex legal regulation of all obligatory payments coming to the decentralized public funds

METHODOLOGY FOR STUDYING THE TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Andrii GRYTSENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Public Economic ◽  
Empirical Generalization ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
The One

It is shown that modern socio-economic transformations of planetary scale are significantly changing the place and role of the state in the local, national and global dimensions, which increases the importance of discussing the problems of transformation of its functions in the context of globalization. It is argued that globalization processes create a contradiction between the interests of transnational and international structures and the political and economic interests of nation states. This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, part of the socioeconomic processes within countries come from the influence of the nation state and, on the other, private international structures are beginning to largely determine the course of events in a particular state. It is shown that the empirical generalization of economic functions of the state has a superficial character, a logical-historical methodology substantiated, the application of which allows to conclude that the market as a mechanism for reconciling the private interests of economic entities and the state as the embodiment of general economic interests are complementary structures. A logical-historical methodology is developed, which, in contrast to the empirical approach, contains other formulations and classification grouping of economic functions of the state, defining the main ones as follows: expression and representation of general economic interests, ensuring economic needs of society as a whole and protection of public economic interests. All other functions are derivative. Within the logical-historical methodology, it is substantiated that the main directions of transformation of the main economic functions of the state are: weakening of the monopoly component of its function in representation of public economic interests and growth of value in this process of state-public institutions; increasing the level of socialization and humanization of economic needs and ways to meet them; internationalization of mechanisms for protection of economic interests of states. It is noted that these areas of transformation of the main economic functions of the state should be given due attention by scientists, experts and developers of socioeconomic policy.

The private interests of consumers in the healthcare market

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Norén
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Times ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Insurance Company ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Health Related

PurposeThis paper sets out to examine how private health insurance (PHI) supports the private interests of consumers of healthcare services. The focus is on how insurance companies promote PHI to consumers.Design/methodology/approachUsing interviews with insurance company marketing managers and others, the paper is a case study on the introduction of PHI in Sweden.FindingsThe interviewed insurance company managers argue that PHI supports two types of consumers' private economic interests. One type is the employers' interest in managing their total health‐related costs for their employees and the promise of PHI to reduce these costs. The second type relates to the interests of employees, particularly sports professionals, in managing economic risks and the promise of PHI to limit such risks.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper focuses on how insurance companies promote PHI to consumers. There is no exploration of how PHI policyholders actually use their insurance. The study focuses on Sweden where private companies are the major PHI policyholders. In other European countries, PHI may be adapted to other consumer groups in order to develop other private interests. The paper points to the value of short waiting times in public healthcare.Originality/valueThe paper provides valuable insights for academics and practitioners who are interested in how the private interests of consumers may affect the healthcare sector.

scholarly journals The safeguard of a rural landscape and of its use. Study on the western-south of Lazio (Italy).

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Nora Lombardini
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reclaimed Land ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Rural World

The paper analyses the policy of the preservation and enhancement (from the economic point of view) of the rural landscape in the western-south of Lazio, and especially in the territory of Agro Pontino. The final act of the reclaimed land, during the Fascism, was realized with the development of the main preservation laws on what, nowadays, is defined as “cultural heritage” but, at that time, was described as “things of historical and artistic interests” and “natural beauties”. The development of the policy of the Italian preservation went in parallel with a deep interesting on the rural world, representing the base of the national economy. The paper starts from the Italian liberal policy of the first decade of the 20th century, considering the maturing attention on the Italian territory between the needs of the economic emergencies (and the rural settlement planning) and the necessary attention of the land management. The investigation on the interaction of the economic interests with the cultural (and political) necessity of the safeguard of the national territorymust underline the role of public and private interests, and their influence, on the use of the territories and on the realization of the marshes of the Agro Pontino, a new reclaimed geographical area, very close the beautiful land of the ancient Vulcan of Lazio (nowadays “Parco dei Castelli Romani”).

In Situ microscopy of the anodic etching of silicon

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 232-233
Author(s):  
Frances M. Ross ◽  
Peter C. Searson
Keyword(s):  
Composite Structures ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Selective Etching ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Porous Layers ◽  
New Class ◽  
Porous Semiconductors

Porous semiconductors represent a relatively new class of materials formed by the selective etching of a single or polycrystalline substrate. Although porous silicon has received considerable attention due to its novel optical properties1, porous layers can be formed in other semiconductors such as GaAs and GaP. These materials are characterised by very high surface area and by electrical, optical and chemical properties that may differ considerably from bulk. The properties depend on the pore morphology, which can be controlled by adjusting the processing conditions and the dopant concentration. A number of novel structures can be fabricated using selective etching. For example, self-supporting membranes can be made by growing pores through a wafer, films with modulated pore structure can be fabricated by varying the applied potential during growth, composite structures can be prepared by depositing a second phase into the pores and silicon-on-insulator structures can be formed by oxidising a buried porous layer. In all these applications the ability to grow nanostructures controllably is critical.

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