Despite Decentralization: Disadvantages, Dependence and Ongoing Central Power in the Inland - the Case of Wuhan

1996 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Solinger
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

The decentralization of fiscal and administrative powers to lower echelons of government is arguably the most outstanding facet of the economic reforms of the past decade and a half. Following this move, the relationship between the centralgovernment and the localities – which has certainly undergone shifts of some sort since 1980 – has been the subject of endless analysis and conjecture, both scholarly and in the press.

scholarly journals Tocopherols and Tocotrienols—Bioactive Dietary Compounds; What Is Certain, What Is Doubt?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6222
Author(s):  
Kacper Szewczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Chojnacka ◽  
Magdalena Górnicka
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Biological Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Tocopherols and tocotrienols are natural compounds of plant origin, available in the nature. They are supplied in various amounts in a diet, mainly from vegetable oils, some oilseeds, and nuts. The main forms in the diet are α- and γ-tocopherol, due to the highest content in food products. Nevertheless, α-tocopherol is the main form of vitamin E with the highest tissue concentration. The α- forms of both tocopherols and tocotrienols are considered as the most metabolically active. Currently, research results indicate also a greater antioxidant potential of tocotrienols than tocopherols. Moreover, the biological role of vitamin E metabolites have received increasing interest. The aim of this review is to update the knowledge of tocopherol and tocotrienol bioactivity, with a particular focus on their bioavailability, distribution, and metabolism determinants in humans. Almost one hundred years after the start of research on α-tocopherol, its biological properties are still under investigation. For several decades, researchers’ interest in the biological importance of other forms of vitamin E has also been growing. Some of the functions, for instance the antioxidant functions of α- and γ-tocopherols, have been confirmed in humans, while others, such as the relationship with metabolic disorders, are still under investigation. Some studies, which analyzed the biological role and mechanisms of tocopherols and tocotrienols over the past few years described new and even unexpected cellular and molecular properties that will be the subject of future research.

New Agendas for Special Education Policy: What the National Reports Haven't Said

1987 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleen Pugach ◽  
Mara Sapon-Shevin
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Educational Reform ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Special Education Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The calls for educational reform that have dominated the professional and lay literature for the past few years have been decidedly silent in discussing the role of special education either as a contributor or a solution to the problems being raised. As an introduction to this “Special Focus” on the relationship between general educational reform and special education, this article summarizes some of the more prominent reports with regard to their treatment (and nontreatment) of special education. The impact of proposed reforms for the conceptualization and operation of special education is the subject of the five articles that follow.

I. The Augustan Historian

1974 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 5-7
Keyword(s):  
Nazi Germany ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ab Urbe Condita ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

During the past forty years the dominant preoccupation of scholars writing on Livy has been the relationship between the historian and the emperor Augustus, and its effects on the Ab Urbe Condita. Tacitus’ testimony that the two were on friendly terms, and Suetonius’ revelation that Livy found time to encourage the historical studies of the future emperor Claudius, appeared to have ominous overtones to scholars writing against the political backcloth of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Though the subject had not been wholly ignored previously, the success of the German cultural propaganda-machine stimulated a spate of approving or critical treatments. While some were hailing Livy as the historian whose work signalled and glorified the new order, others following a similar interpretation were markedly scathing.

scholarly journals Operant Matching as a Nash Equilibrium of an Intertemporal Game

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 2755-2773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonatan Loewenstein ◽  
Drazen Prelec ◽  
H. Sebastian Seung
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Matching Law ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Multiple Selves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aggregate Behavior ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mutual Defection

Over the past several decades, economists, psychologists, and neuroscientists have conducted experiments in which a subject, human or animal, repeatedly chooses between alternative actions and is rewarded based on choice history. While individual choices are unpredictable, aggregate behavior typically follows Herrnstein's matching law: the average reward per choice is equal for all chosen alternatives. In general, matching behavior does not maximize the overall reward delivered to the subject, and therefore matching appears inconsistent with the principle of utility maximization. Here we show that matching can be made consistent with maximization by regarding the choices of a single subject as being made by a sequence of multiple selves—one for each instant of time. If each self is blind to the state of the world and discounts future rewards completely, then the resulting game has at least one Nash equilibrium that satisfies both Herrnstein's matching law and the unpredictability of individual choices. This equilibrium is, in general, Pareto suboptimal, and can be understood as a mutual defection of the multiple selves in an intertemporal prisoner's dilemma. The mathematical assumptions about the multiple selves should not be interpreted literally as psychological assumptions. Human and animals do remember past choices and care about future rewards. However, they may be unable to comprehend or take into account the relationship between past and future. This can be made more explicit when a mechanism that converges on the equilibrium, such as reinforcement learning, is considered. Using specific examples, we show that there exist behaviors that satisfy the matching law but are not Nash equilibria. We expect that these behaviors will not be observed experimentally in animals and humans. If this is the case, the Nash equilibrium formulation can be regarded as a refinement of Herrnstein's matching law.

The Pathogenesis of Anaërobic Microbic Infections in the Major and Minor Psychoses, with Control Cases

1932 ◽  
Vol 78 (320) ◽  
pp. 12-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Ford-Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of this thesis is the outcome of what might be termed a hereditary interest in the complex problem of the relationship of chronic infections to the psychoses and allied mental disorders. Circumstances enabled me, while still a student, to undertake very humbly the continuation of my father's researches in the Scottish Asylums' Laboratory at a point where his illness and death might have proved the closing of a long and arduous chapter. That this would have been so is, as far as I know, borne out by the fact that up to the present no work directly bearing on his later bacteriological studies has been published. The researches I have undertaken during the past six years have been an attempt to elucidate more clearly what exactly are the bacteriological factors at work, and, further, in what manner they attack the economy generally, and with what result. In my endeavour to verify and extend Ford-Robertson's views I have been singularly fortunate.

The Mechanical Requirements of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution

1941 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
The Relationship

After dealing briefly with the historical and general aspects of the subject, the author touches on the disposition of lifeboats round the coast and the factors which govern this distribution. Details of the boats themselves and their equipment are not given, but the paper concentrates on the difficulties involved, and the methods and equipment employed, in launching from the beach. Certain difficult beach conditions have been met by mounting the 11 tons of lifeboat and carriage on track units of the rigid girder type. Reference is made to the wheels employed in launching lighter boats in the past. Excessive rolling resistance made these wheels impracticable for soft beaches. The relationship between rolling resistance and the width and diameter of steel-tyred wheels is given, together with a description of the girdled wheels devised some forty years ago by Commander Gartside-Tipping, R.N. The development and construction of the girder track units now employed in place of wheels is fully dealt with. The method of launching a lifeboat by tractor is described, and shows how necessary are extreme reliability and watertightness in the tractor employed. The lifeboat “roadless” tractor is then described in detail and particulars given of the methods by which it is made waterproof. Special mention is made of gear for extracting the tractor from quicksand or mud pockets, and a résumé is given of the experience gained in this direction with tanks during the war of 1914–18. An alternative method to that adopted for waterproofing the tractor is referred to. A summary is provided of the submergence and other tests to which the tractor is subjected and of the special precautions which are taken in service to prevent trouble arising from internal corrosion due to condensation. The paper closes with the possible applications in other directions of the experience gained with the machinery described.

scholarly journals Evaluation the courses of the Department of Educational Media College of Specific Education in light of the electronic press addressing the challenges of national security - Kafr El-Sheikh University - Egypt: تقويم مقررات قسم الاعلام التربوي بكليه التربية النوعية في ضوء تناول الصحافة الالكترونية لتحديات الامن القومي-جامعة كفر الشيخ –جمهورية مصر العربية

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihad Mustafa Karam
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Educational Media ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Education

The study aimed to identify issues related to the challenges of national security, which should be included in the courses of media and electronic journalism, and to analyze the decisions of media and electronic journalism in the Department of Educational Media in the light of these challenges. The study is based on an analysis of the qualitative content of the concepts that have been conducted on the subject of the study and the relationship between its components and the views expressed about them and the processes involved and the effects they produce. The problem of the Arab national security stems from the dangers, threats and challenges facing the Arab nation in all political, strategic, cultural, economic, religious and technological aspects. Qualitative education of the content of electronic journalism, which dealt with only (13.2%) of the courses of the study sample despite the technological advancement of the press National security, which amounted to (11.81%) only in spite of the instability experienced by the Arab world now.    

scholarly journals El acceso al pasado en una sociedad acelerada

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 11-32
Author(s):  
Iker Samper Ayape
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Objects ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Context ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
With Memory ◽  
Sobre Todo

Tras los acontecimientos bélicos que asolaron el mundo durante el siglo XX, en concreto, a partid de 1980, aumento el interés y el acercamiento teórico sobre el pasado y la memoria. Partiendo de ello, la cuestión a tratar en el presente trabajo es: qué características tiene nuestro presente y cómo esto determina algunas formas de acceso al pasado. Para luego preguntarnos sobre la relación que se establece con los memoriales, es decir, en qué medida el contexto o condiciones del sujeto mediatizan su relación con la memoria. Dado que la reflexión acerca de la memoria puede estar condicionada por las características propias de nuestro contexto: aceleración social. El acercamiento que puede tener un sujeto perteneciente a las generaciones más alejadas de lo acontecido en el siglo XX difiere mucho de la relación que pueden tener aquellos que vivieron el suceso o las consecuencias de una forma más inmediata. Por ello, debemos preguntarnos: ¿Hemos -sobre todo las generaciones más jóvenes- volcado la memoria y el conocimiento en objetos externos a los que recurrir y de esa manera no llevar el peso y poder adaptarnos al contexto actual? Estos objetos portadores de la memoria y conocimiento, como las imágenes, internet, o los memoriales, etc. ¿Están sólo bajo una lógica del consumo inmediato?, o ¿es el tipo de uso más potenciado? ¿Qué relación establecemos con los memoriales? Monumentos creados con el fin de recordar. After the warlike events that devastated the world during the 20th century, specifically, from 1980, interest and the theoretical approach on the past and memory increased. Starting from this, the question to be dealt with in the present work is: what characteristics does our present have and how this determines some forms of access to the past. To then ask ourselves about the relationship that is established with memorials, that is, to what extent the context or conditions of the subject mediate his relationship with memory. Since the reflection on memory can be conditioned by the characteristics of our context: social acceleration. The approach that a subject belonging to the generations furthest away from what happened in the twentieth century may have differs greatly from the relationship that those who experienced the event or the consequences can have in a more immediate way. For this reason, we must ask ourselves: Have we - especially the younger generations - turned memory and knowledge into external objects to turn to and thus not carry the weight and be able to adapt to the current context? These objects that carry memory and knowledge, such as images, the internet, or memorials, etc. Are they only under a logic of immediate consumption? Or is it the most enhanced type of use? What relationship do we establish with the memorials? Monuments created in order to remember.

scholarly journals Public communication from research institutes: is it science communication or public relations?

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. C01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca B. Carver
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Press Release ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Relationship

There is growing competition among publicly funded scientific institutes and universities to attract staff, students, funding and research partners. As a result, there has been increased emphasis on science communication activities in research institutes over the past decade. But are institutes communicating science simply for the sake of improving the institute’s image? In this set of commentaries we explore the relationship between science communication and public relations (PR) activities, in an attempt to clarify what research institutes are actually doing. The overall opinion of the authors is that science communication activities are almost always a form of PR. The press release is still the most popular science communication and PR tool. There is however disagreement over the usefulness of the press release and whether or not gaining public attention is actually good for science.

scholarly journals Constructing ‘suspect’ communities and Britishness: Mapping British press coverage of Irish and Muslim communities, 1974–2007

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri C Nickels ◽  
Lyn Thomas ◽  
Mary J Hickman ◽  
Sara Silvestri
Keyword(s):  
Press Coverage ◽  
State Security ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
British Press ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
Negative Stereotyping

There exist many parallels between the experiences of Irish communities in Britain in the past and those of Muslim communities today. However, although they have both been the subject of negative stereotyping, intelligence profiling, wrongful arrest and prejudice, little research has been carried out comparing how these communities are represented in the media. This article addresses this gap by mapping British press coverage of events involving Irish and Muslim communities that occurred between 1974 and 2007. The analysis shows that both sets of communities have been represented as ‘suspect’ to different degrees, which the article attributes to varying perceptions within the press as to the nature of the threat Irish and Muslim communities are thought to pose to Britain. The article concludes that a central concern of the press lies with defending its own constructions of Britishness against perceived extremists, and against abuses of power and authority by the state security apparatus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document